1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 11e
Chapter 106: Gout and Hyperuricemia: The King of Oktoberfest Level II Erik D. Maki
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email User Services ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Identify major risk factors for developing gout in a given patient, including drugs that may contribute to or cause this disorder.
Develop a pharmacotherapeutic plan for a patient with acute gouty arthritis that includes individualized drug selection and assessment of the treatment for efficacy or toxicity.
Identify patients in whom maintenance therapy for gout and hyperuricemia is warranted.
Identify medications not used primarily for gout that may have a beneficial effect on serum uric acid (SUA) levels.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“My toe is on fire.”
HPI
Roy Huff is a 78yearold man who presents to the ED complaining of significant toe pain. Mr Huff states, “I think I’m paying the price for my fun at Oktoberfest.” He reports having spent the weekend indulging on beer and sausage at the local Oktoberfest festival. In the early hours of Monday morning (approximately 3 hours ago), he awoke to sudden excruciating pain in his right big toe. Over the past hour, this toe has become red, swollen, and so painful that he cannot walk. He has not experienced any trauma or injuries. He also denies having experienced these symptoms previously.
PMH
HTN × 28 years PUD × 15 years Obesity × 40 years
SH
The patient typically drinks “a can of beer or two” daily but drank significantly on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. He does not smoke or use illicit drugs.
Meds
Chlorthalidone 25 mg PO daily, started 1 month ago Pantoprazole 20 mg PO daily
All
NKDA
ROS
Other than feeling somewhat dehydrated from all of his drinking, the patient has no major complaints prior to this ED visit. No chest pain, nausea/vomiting, or respiratory symptoms. Bowel habits are normal. He has no prior history of arthritic symptoms or joint problems.
P E
G e nA healthyappearing, obese, white man in acute distress V S
BP 135/70 mm Hg, P 105 bpm, RR 17, T 37.5°C; Wt 88 kg, Ht 5′6″
Skin
Poor skin turgor. No rashes or other dermatologic abnormalities.
HEENT
PERRLA, dry mucous membranes, throat/ears clear of redness or inflammation Neck/Lymph Nodes
Negative for lymph node swelling or masses Lungs/Thorax
Clear to auscultation bilaterally, symmetric movement with inspiration CV
Tachycardic, normal rhythm, normal S1 and S2 A b d
Obese, but soft, nontender; positive bowel sounds in all quadrants.
Genit/Rect
Deferred MS/Ext
Erythematous, edematous right first metatarsophalangeal joint, which is very warm to touch; joint is exquisitely painful with patient relating the pain as currently a 10/10 (on a 1–10 scale with 0 being no pain and 10 being the worse pain the patient has ever suffered); no swelling of any other joints. No signs of tophi present.
Neuro
A&O × 3; CN II–XII grossly intact, no focal neurologic deficits
Labs
Ankle and foot radiographs: negative for break or damage
Aspirated fluid from first metatarsophalangeal joint tap: >50 WBC/hpf, containing negatively birefringent monosodium urate crystals
Na 143 mEq/L K 3.7 mEq/L Cl 99 mEq/L CO2 22 mEq/L BUN39 mg/dL SCr 3.0 mg/dL Glu 101 mg/dL SUA 11.6 mg/dL
Hgb 15 g/dL Hct 44%
RBC 4.9 × 106/mm3 Plt 225 × 103/mm3 MCV 84 μm3 MCHC 37 g/dL ESR 47 mm/hr
WBC 12.9 × 103/mm3 Neutros 88%
Bands 0%
Eos 1%
Lymphs 10%
Monos 1%
RF negative
Fasting lipid panel HDL 55 mg/dL Trig 188 mg/dL LDL 97 mg/dL T. chol 179 mg/dL
Assessment
1. Primary presentation of acute gouty arthritis 2. ARF
3. Hypertension 4. PUD
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of gout?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s gout?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of gout based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies for gout might be useful for this patient?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic alternatives are available for treating gout?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for this patient’s gout and other drug therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
3.e. What alternatives would be appropriate if the initial care plan fails or cannot be used?
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to the patient to enhance adherence, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
Followup: Monitor and Evaluate
5.a. What clinical and laboratory parameters should be used to evaluate the therapy for achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and to detect or prevent adverse effects?
5.b. Develop a plan for followup that includes appropriate time frames to assess progress toward achievement of the goals of therapy.
CLINICAL COURSE
The patient responded to the therapy you recommended, and within 96 hours his pain has subsided significantly. Toe redness and swelling have decreased to near normal. Additionally, with fluids, his SCr has returned to baseline (0.8 mg/dL). After consultation with you, the patient’s physician decides against maintenance therapy to decrease SUA levels. The patient, remembering the severe pain this episode caused, follows your
recommended lifestyle changes and is adherent to the new medication you recommended for his hypertension. At his 6month followup
appointment, he reports no more attacks of gout. He has lost 20 lb and no longer drinks ethanol. His SUA level has decreased to 6.9 mg/dL, and his BP is 130/80 mm Hg.
ADDITIONAL CASE QUESTIONS
1 . Should chronic treatment to decrease the patient’s SUA level be initiated at this time? Why or why not?
2 . If at some point maintenance therapy to decrease SUA is begun, what additional therapy is needed to prevent acute flares?
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . List antihyperuricemic agents that are available in the United States and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Describe new agents that are being studied for this indication and what clinical data support their use.
2 . List medications that can either increase or decrease serum uric acid concentrations.
CLINICAL PEARL
Historically, colchicine was used for treating acute gout flares at doses of 0.6 mg Q 1–2 H until symptoms resolved or adverse GI symptoms developed (6 mg maximum). GI side effects were employed as a clinical endpoint for discontinuing the drug because these side effects tended to occur prior to the more severe adverse effects of colchicineinduced myopathy and myelosuppression. However, current recommendations are to use lowdose colchicine at a dose of 1.2 mg, followed in 1 hour with a single dose of 0.6 mg. For patients receiving prophylactic colchicine prior to the flare, it is recommended to wait 12 hours after treatment dosing before resuming prophylactic dosing.
REFERENCES
Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:1431–1446. [PubMed:
23024028]
Richette P, Doherty M, Pascual E, et al. 2016 updated EULAR evidencebased recommendations for the management of gout. Ann Rheum Dis 2017;76(1):29–42. [PubMed: 27457514]
Hui M, Carr A, Cameron S, et al. The British Society for Rheumatology guideline for the management of gout. Rheumatology 2017;56(7):e1–e20.
[PubMed: 28549177]
Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:1447–1461. [PubMed: 23024029]
Abhishek A, Doherty M. Education and nonpharmacological approaches for gout. Rheumatology 2018;57:i51–i58. [PubMed: 29272507]
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 Evidencebased guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA 2014;311:507–520. [PubMed: 24352797]
Wilson L, Nair KV, Saseen JJ. Comparison of newonset gout in adults prescribed chlorthalidone vs hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2014;16:864–868. [PubMed: 25258088]
Wolff ML, Cruz JL, Vanderman AJ, Brown JN. The effect of angiotensin II receptor blockers on hyperuricemia. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2015;6:339–
346. [PubMed: 26568810]
Choi H, Soriano, L, Zhang Y, et al. Antihypertensive drugs and risk of incident gout among patients with hypertension: population based case
control study. BMJ 2012;344:d8190. [PubMed: 22240117]
Dalbeth N, Merriman TR, Stamp LK. Gout. Lancet 2016;388:2039–2052.
University of San Carlos.
Access Provided by:
Downloaded 2022824 5:6 A Your IP is 131.226.67.168
Chapter 106: Gout and Hyperuricemia: The King of Oktoberfest Level II, Erik D. Maki
©2022 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use • Privacy Policy • Notice • Accessibility
Page 1 / 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 11e
Chapter 106: Gout and Hyperuricemia: The King of Oktoberfest Level II Erik D. Maki
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email User Services ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Identify major risk factors for developing gout in a given patient, including drugs that may contribute to or cause this disorder.
Develop a pharmacotherapeutic plan for a patient with acute gouty arthritis that includes individualized drug selection and assessment of the treatment for efficacy or toxicity.
Identify patients in whom maintenance therapy for gout and hyperuricemia is warranted.
Identify medications not used primarily for gout that may have a beneficial effect on serum uric acid (SUA) levels.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“My toe is on fire.”
HPI
Roy Huff is a 78yearold man who presents to the ED complaining of significant toe pain. Mr Huff states, “I think I’m paying the price for my fun at Oktoberfest.” He reports having spent the weekend indulging on beer and sausage at the local Oktoberfest festival. In the early hours of Monday morning (approximately 3 hours ago), he awoke to sudden excruciating pain in his right big toe. Over the past hour, this toe has become red, swollen, and so painful that he cannot walk. He has not experienced any trauma or injuries. He also denies having experienced these symptoms previously.
PMH
HTN × 28 years PUD × 15 years Obesity × 40 years
SH
The patient typically drinks “a can of beer or two” daily but drank significantly on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. He does not smoke or use illicit drugs.
Meds
Chlorthalidone 25 mg PO daily, started 1 month ago Pantoprazole 20 mg PO daily
All
NKDA
ROS
Other than feeling somewhat dehydrated from all of his drinking, the patient has no major complaints prior to this ED visit. No chest pain, nausea/vomiting, or respiratory symptoms. Bowel habits are normal. He has no prior history of arthritic symptoms or joint problems.
P E
G e nA healthyappearing, obese, white man in acute distress V S
BP 135/70 mm Hg, P 105 bpm, RR 17, T 37.5°C; Wt 88 kg, Ht 5′6″
Skin
Poor skin turgor. No rashes or other dermatologic abnormalities.
HEENT
PERRLA, dry mucous membranes, throat/ears clear of redness or inflammation Neck/Lymph Nodes
Negative for lymph node swelling or masses Lungs/Thorax
Clear to auscultation bilaterally, symmetric movement with inspiration CV
Tachycardic, normal rhythm, normal S1 and S2 A b d
Obese, but soft, nontender; positive bowel sounds in all quadrants.
Genit/Rect
Deferred MS/Ext
Erythematous, edematous right first metatarsophalangeal joint, which is very warm to touch; joint is exquisitely painful with patient relating the pain as currently a 10/10 (on a 1–10 scale with 0 being no pain and 10 being the worse pain the patient has ever suffered); no swelling of any other joints. No signs of tophi present.
Neuro
A&O × 3; CN II–XII grossly intact, no focal neurologic deficits
Labs
Ankle and foot radiographs: negative for break or damage
Aspirated fluid from first metatarsophalangeal joint tap: >50 WBC/hpf, containing negatively birefringent monosodium urate crystals
Na 143 mEq/L K 3.7 mEq/L Cl 99 mEq/L CO2 22 mEq/L BUN39 mg/dL SCr 3.0 mg/dL Glu 101 mg/dL SUA 11.6 mg/dL
Hgb 15 g/dL Hct 44%
RBC 4.9 × 106/mm3 Plt 225 × 103/mm3 MCV 84 μm3 MCHC 37 g/dL ESR 47 mm/hr
WBC 12.9 × 103/mm3 Neutros 88%
Bands 0%
Eos 1%
Lymphs 10%
Monos 1%
RF negative
Fasting lipid panel HDL 55 mg/dL Trig 188 mg/dL LDL 97 mg/dL T. chol 179 mg/dL
Assessment
1. Primary presentation of acute gouty arthritis 2. ARF
3. Hypertension 4. PUD
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of gout?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s gout?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of gout based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies for gout might be useful for this patient?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic alternatives are available for treating gout?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for this patient’s gout and other drug therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
3.e. What alternatives would be appropriate if the initial care plan fails or cannot be used?
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to the patient to enhance adherence, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
Followup: Monitor and Evaluate
5.a. What clinical and laboratory parameters should be used to evaluate the therapy for achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and to detect or prevent adverse effects?
5.b. Develop a plan for followup that includes appropriate time frames to assess progress toward achievement of the goals of therapy.
CLINICAL COURSE
The patient responded to the therapy you recommended, and within 96 hours his pain has subsided significantly. Toe redness and swelling have decreased to near normal. Additionally, with fluids, his SCr has returned to baseline (0.8 mg/dL). After consultation with you, the patient’s physician decides against maintenance therapy to decrease SUA levels. The patient, remembering the severe pain this episode caused, follows your
recommended lifestyle changes and is adherent to the new medication you recommended for his hypertension. At his 6month followup
appointment, he reports no more attacks of gout. He has lost 20 lb and no longer drinks ethanol. His SUA level has decreased to 6.9 mg/dL, and his BP is 130/80 mm Hg.
ADDITIONAL CASE QUESTIONS
1 . Should chronic treatment to decrease the patient’s SUA level be initiated at this time? Why or why not?
2 . If at some point maintenance therapy to decrease SUA is begun, what additional therapy is needed to prevent acute flares?
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . List antihyperuricemic agents that are available in the United States and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Describe new agents that are being studied for this indication and what clinical data support their use.
2 . List medications that can either increase or decrease serum uric acid concentrations.
CLINICAL PEARL
Historically, colchicine was used for treating acute gout flares at doses of 0.6 mg Q 1–2 H until symptoms resolved or adverse GI symptoms developed (6 mg maximum). GI side effects were employed as a clinical endpoint for discontinuing the drug because these side effects tended to occur prior to the more severe adverse effects of colchicineinduced myopathy and myelosuppression. However, current recommendations are to use lowdose colchicine at a dose of 1.2 mg, followed in 1 hour with a single dose of 0.6 mg. For patients receiving prophylactic colchicine prior to the flare, it is recommended to wait 12 hours after treatment dosing before resuming prophylactic dosing.
REFERENCES
Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:1431–1446. [PubMed:
23024028]
Richette P, Doherty M, Pascual E, et al. 2016 updated EULAR evidencebased recommendations for the management of gout. Ann Rheum Dis 2017;76(1):29–42. [PubMed: 27457514]
Hui M, Carr A, Cameron S, et al. The British Society for Rheumatology guideline for the management of gout. Rheumatology 2017;56(7):e1–e20.
[PubMed: 28549177]
Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:1447–1461. [PubMed: 23024029]
Abhishek A, Doherty M. Education and nonpharmacological approaches for gout. Rheumatology 2018;57:i51–i58. [PubMed: 29272507]
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 Evidencebased guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA 2014;311:507–520. [PubMed: 24352797]
Wilson L, Nair KV, Saseen JJ. Comparison of newonset gout in adults prescribed chlorthalidone vs hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2014;16:864–868. [PubMed: 25258088]
Wolff ML, Cruz JL, Vanderman AJ, Brown JN. The effect of angiotensin II receptor blockers on hyperuricemia. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2015;6:339–
346. [PubMed: 26568810]
Choi H, Soriano, L, Zhang Y, et al. Antihypertensive drugs and risk of incident gout among patients with hypertension: population based case
control study. BMJ 2012;344:d8190. [PubMed: 22240117]
Dalbeth N, Merriman TR, Stamp LK. Gout. Lancet 2016;388:2039–2052.
University of San Carlos.
Access Provided by:
Downloaded 2022824 5:6 A Your IP is 131.226.67.168
Chapter 106: Gout and Hyperuricemia: The King of Oktoberfest Level II, Erik D. Maki
©2022 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use • Privacy Policy • Notice • Accessibility
Page 2 / 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 11e
Chapter 106: Gout and Hyperuricemia: The King of Oktoberfest Level II Erik D. Maki
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email User Services ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Identify major risk factors for developing gout in a given patient, including drugs that may contribute to or cause this disorder.
Develop a pharmacotherapeutic plan for a patient with acute gouty arthritis that includes individualized drug selection and assessment of the treatment for efficacy or toxicity.
Identify patients in whom maintenance therapy for gout and hyperuricemia is warranted.
Identify medications not used primarily for gout that may have a beneficial effect on serum uric acid (SUA) levels.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“My toe is on fire.”
HPI
Roy Huff is a 78yearold man who presents to the ED complaining of significant toe pain. Mr Huff states, “I think I’m paying the price for my fun at Oktoberfest.” He reports having spent the weekend indulging on beer and sausage at the local Oktoberfest festival. In the early hours of Monday morning (approximately 3 hours ago), he awoke to sudden excruciating pain in his right big toe. Over the past hour, this toe has become red, swollen, and so painful that he cannot walk. He has not experienced any trauma or injuries. He also denies having experienced these symptoms previously.
PMH
HTN × 28 years PUD × 15 years Obesity × 40 years
SH
The patient typically drinks “a can of beer or two” daily but drank significantly on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. He does not smoke or use illicit drugs.
Meds
Chlorthalidone 25 mg PO daily, started 1 month ago Pantoprazole 20 mg PO daily
All
NKDA
ROS
Other than feeling somewhat dehydrated from all of his drinking, the patient has no major complaints prior to this ED visit. No chest pain, nausea/vomiting, or respiratory symptoms. Bowel habits are normal. He has no prior history of arthritic symptoms or joint problems.
P E
G e nA healthyappearing, obese, white man in acute distress V S
BP 135/70 mm Hg, P 105 bpm, RR 17, T 37.5°C; Wt 88 kg, Ht 5′6″
Skin
Poor skin turgor. No rashes or other dermatologic abnormalities.
HEENT
PERRLA, dry mucous membranes, throat/ears clear of redness or inflammation Neck/Lymph Nodes
Negative for lymph node swelling or masses Lungs/Thorax
Clear to auscultation bilaterally, symmetric movement with inspiration CV
Tachycardic, normal rhythm, normal S1 and S2 A b d
Obese, but soft, nontender; positive bowel sounds in all quadrants.
Genit/Rect
Deferred MS/Ext
Erythematous, edematous right first metatarsophalangeal joint, which is very warm to touch; joint is exquisitely painful with patient relating the pain as currently a 10/10 (on a 1–10 scale with 0 being no pain and 10 being the worse pain the patient has ever suffered); no swelling of any other joints. No signs of tophi present.
Neuro
A&O × 3; CN II–XII grossly intact, no focal neurologic deficits
Labs
Ankle and foot radiographs: negative for break or damage
Aspirated fluid from first metatarsophalangeal joint tap: >50 WBC/hpf, containing negatively birefringent monosodium urate crystals
Na 143 mEq/L K 3.7 mEq/L Cl 99 mEq/L CO2 22 mEq/L BUN39 mg/dL SCr 3.0 mg/dL Glu 101 mg/dL SUA 11.6 mg/dL
Hgb 15 g/dL Hct 44%
RBC 4.9 × 106/mm3 Plt 225 × 103/mm3 MCV 84 μm3 MCHC 37 g/dL ESR 47 mm/hr
WBC 12.9 × 103/mm3 Neutros 88%
Bands 0%
Eos 1%
Lymphs 10%
Monos 1%
RF negative
Fasting lipid panel HDL 55 mg/dL Trig 188 mg/dL LDL 97 mg/dL T. chol 179 mg/dL
Assessment
1. Primary presentation of acute gouty arthritis 2. ARF
3. Hypertension 4. PUD
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of gout?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s gout?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of gout based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies for gout might be useful for this patient?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic alternatives are available for treating gout?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for this patient’s gout and other drug therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
3.e. What alternatives would be appropriate if the initial care plan fails or cannot be used?
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to the patient to enhance adherence, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
Followup: Monitor and Evaluate
5.a. What clinical and laboratory parameters should be used to evaluate the therapy for achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and to detect or prevent adverse effects?
5.b. Develop a plan for followup that includes appropriate time frames to assess progress toward achievement of the goals of therapy.
CLINICAL COURSE
The patient responded to the therapy you recommended, and within 96 hours his pain has subsided significantly. Toe redness and swelling have decreased to near normal. Additionally, with fluids, his SCr has returned to baseline (0.8 mg/dL). After consultation with you, the patient’s physician decides against maintenance therapy to decrease SUA levels. The patient, remembering the severe pain this episode caused, follows your
recommended lifestyle changes and is adherent to the new medication you recommended for his hypertension. At his 6month followup
appointment, he reports no more attacks of gout. He has lost 20 lb and no longer drinks ethanol. His SUA level has decreased to 6.9 mg/dL, and his BP is 130/80 mm Hg.
ADDITIONAL CASE QUESTIONS
1 . Should chronic treatment to decrease the patient’s SUA level be initiated at this time? Why or why not?
2 . If at some point maintenance therapy to decrease SUA is begun, what additional therapy is needed to prevent acute flares?
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . List antihyperuricemic agents that are available in the United States and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Describe new agents that are being studied for this indication and what clinical data support their use.
2 . List medications that can either increase or decrease serum uric acid concentrations.
CLINICAL PEARL
Historically, colchicine was used for treating acute gout flares at doses of 0.6 mg Q 1–2 H until symptoms resolved or adverse GI symptoms developed (6 mg maximum). GI side effects were employed as a clinical endpoint for discontinuing the drug because these side effects tended to occur prior to the more severe adverse effects of colchicineinduced myopathy and myelosuppression. However, current recommendations are to use lowdose colchicine at a dose of 1.2 mg, followed in 1 hour with a single dose of 0.6 mg. For patients receiving prophylactic colchicine prior to the flare, it is recommended to wait 12 hours after treatment dosing before resuming prophylactic dosing.
REFERENCES
Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:1431–1446. [PubMed:
23024028]
Richette P, Doherty M, Pascual E, et al. 2016 updated EULAR evidencebased recommendations for the management of gout. Ann Rheum Dis 2017;76(1):29–42. [PubMed: 27457514]
Hui M, Carr A, Cameron S, et al. The British Society for Rheumatology guideline for the management of gout. Rheumatology 2017;56(7):e1–e20.
[PubMed: 28549177]
Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:1447–1461. [PubMed: 23024029]
Abhishek A, Doherty M. Education and nonpharmacological approaches for gout. Rheumatology 2018;57:i51–i58. [PubMed: 29272507]
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 Evidencebased guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA 2014;311:507–520. [PubMed: 24352797]
Wilson L, Nair KV, Saseen JJ. Comparison of newonset gout in adults prescribed chlorthalidone vs hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2014;16:864–868. [PubMed: 25258088]
Wolff ML, Cruz JL, Vanderman AJ, Brown JN. The effect of angiotensin II receptor blockers on hyperuricemia. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2015;6:339–
346. [PubMed: 26568810]
Choi H, Soriano, L, Zhang Y, et al. Antihypertensive drugs and risk of incident gout among patients with hypertension: population based case
control study. BMJ 2012;344:d8190. [PubMed: 22240117]
Dalbeth N, Merriman TR, Stamp LK. Gout. Lancet 2016;388:2039–2052.
University of San Carlos.
Access Provided by:
Downloaded 2022824 5:6 A Your IP is 131.226.67.168
Chapter 106: Gout and Hyperuricemia: The King of Oktoberfest Level II, Erik D. Maki
©2022 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use • Privacy Policy • Notice • Accessibility
Page 3 / 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 11e
Chapter 106: Gout and Hyperuricemia: The King of Oktoberfest Level II Erik D. Maki
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email User Services ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Identify major risk factors for developing gout in a given patient, including drugs that may contribute to or cause this disorder.
Develop a pharmacotherapeutic plan for a patient with acute gouty arthritis that includes individualized drug selection and assessment of the treatment for efficacy or toxicity.
Identify patients in whom maintenance therapy for gout and hyperuricemia is warranted.
Identify medications not used primarily for gout that may have a beneficial effect on serum uric acid (SUA) levels.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“My toe is on fire.”
HPI
Roy Huff is a 78yearold man who presents to the ED complaining of significant toe pain. Mr Huff states, “I think I’m paying the price for my fun at Oktoberfest.” He reports having spent the weekend indulging on beer and sausage at the local Oktoberfest festival. In the early hours of Monday morning (approximately 3 hours ago), he awoke to sudden excruciating pain in his right big toe. Over the past hour, this toe has become red, swollen, and so painful that he cannot walk. He has not experienced any trauma or injuries. He also denies having experienced these symptoms previously.
PMH
HTN × 28 years PUD × 15 years Obesity × 40 years
SH
The patient typically drinks “a can of beer or two” daily but drank significantly on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. He does not smoke or use illicit drugs.
Meds
Chlorthalidone 25 mg PO daily, started 1 month ago Pantoprazole 20 mg PO daily
All
NKDA
ROS
Other than feeling somewhat dehydrated from all of his drinking, the patient has no major complaints prior to this ED visit. No chest pain, nausea/vomiting, or respiratory symptoms. Bowel habits are normal. He has no prior history of arthritic symptoms or joint problems.
P E
G e nA healthyappearing, obese, white man in acute distress V S
BP 135/70 mm Hg, P 105 bpm, RR 17, T 37.5°C; Wt 88 kg, Ht 5′6″
Skin
Poor skin turgor. No rashes or other dermatologic abnormalities.
HEENT
PERRLA, dry mucous membranes, throat/ears clear of redness or inflammation Neck/Lymph Nodes
Negative for lymph node swelling or masses Lungs/Thorax
Clear to auscultation bilaterally, symmetric movement with inspiration CV
Tachycardic, normal rhythm, normal S1 and S2 A b d
Obese, but soft, nontender; positive bowel sounds in all quadrants.
Genit/Rect
Deferred MS/Ext
Erythematous, edematous right first metatarsophalangeal joint, which is very warm to touch; joint is exquisitely painful with patient relating the pain as currently a 10/10 (on a 1–10 scale with 0 being no pain and 10 being the worse pain the patient has ever suffered); no swelling of any other joints. No signs of tophi present.
Neuro
A&O × 3; CN II–XII grossly intact, no focal neurologic deficits
Labs
Ankle and foot radiographs: negative for break or damage
Aspirated fluid from first metatarsophalangeal joint tap: >50 WBC/hpf, containing negatively birefringent monosodium urate crystals
Na 143 mEq/L K 3.7 mEq/L Cl 99 mEq/L CO2 22 mEq/L BUN39 mg/dL SCr 3.0 mg/dL Glu 101 mg/dL SUA 11.6 mg/dL
Hgb 15 g/dL Hct 44%
RBC 4.9 × 106/mm3 Plt 225 × 103/mm3 MCV 84 μm3 MCHC 37 g/dL ESR 47 mm/hr
WBC 12.9 × 103/mm3 Neutros 88%
Bands 0%
Eos 1%
Lymphs 10%
Monos 1%
RF negative
Fasting lipid panel HDL 55 mg/dL Trig 188 mg/dL LDL 97 mg/dL T. chol 179 mg/dL
Assessment
1. Primary presentation of acute gouty arthritis 2. ARF
3. Hypertension 4. PUD
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of gout?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s gout?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of gout based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies for gout might be useful for this patient?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic alternatives are available for treating gout?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for this patient’s gout and other drug therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
3.e. What alternatives would be appropriate if the initial care plan fails or cannot be used?
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to the patient to enhance adherence, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
Followup: Monitor and Evaluate
5.a. What clinical and laboratory parameters should be used to evaluate the therapy for achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and to detect or prevent adverse effects?
5.b. Develop a plan for followup that includes appropriate time frames to assess progress toward achievement of the goals of therapy.
CLINICAL COURSE
The patient responded to the therapy you recommended, and within 96 hours his pain has subsided significantly. Toe redness and swelling have decreased to near normal. Additionally, with fluids, his SCr has returned to baseline (0.8 mg/dL). After consultation with you, the patient’s physician decides against maintenance therapy to decrease SUA levels. The patient, remembering the severe pain this episode caused, follows your
recommended lifestyle changes and is adherent to the new medication you recommended for his hypertension. At his 6month followup
appointment, he reports no more attacks of gout. He has lost 20 lb and no longer drinks ethanol. His SUA level has decreased to 6.9 mg/dL, and his BP is 130/80 mm Hg.
ADDITIONAL CASE QUESTIONS
1 . Should chronic treatment to decrease the patient’s SUA level be initiated at this time? Why or why not?
2 . If at some point maintenance therapy to decrease SUA is begun, what additional therapy is needed to prevent acute flares?
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . List antihyperuricemic agents that are available in the United States and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Describe new agents that are being studied for this indication and what clinical data support their use.
2 . List medications that can either increase or decrease serum uric acid concentrations.
CLINICAL PEARL
Historically, colchicine was used for treating acute gout flares at doses of 0.6 mg Q 1–2 H until symptoms resolved or adverse GI symptoms developed (6 mg maximum). GI side effects were employed as a clinical endpoint for discontinuing the drug because these side effects tended to occur prior to the more severe adverse effects of colchicineinduced myopathy and myelosuppression. However, current recommendations are to use lowdose colchicine at a dose of 1.2 mg, followed in 1 hour with a single dose of 0.6 mg. For patients receiving prophylactic colchicine prior to the flare, it is recommended to wait 12 hours after treatment dosing before resuming prophylactic dosing.
REFERENCES
Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:1431–1446. [PubMed:
23024028]
Richette P, Doherty M, Pascual E, et al. 2016 updated EULAR evidencebased recommendations for the management of gout. Ann Rheum Dis 2017;76(1):29–42. [PubMed: 27457514]
Hui M, Carr A, Cameron S, et al. The British Society for Rheumatology guideline for the management of gout. Rheumatology 2017;56(7):e1–e20.
[PubMed: 28549177]
Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:1447–1461. [PubMed: 23024029]
Abhishek A, Doherty M. Education and nonpharmacological approaches for gout. Rheumatology 2018;57:i51–i58. [PubMed: 29272507]
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 Evidencebased guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA 2014;311:507–520. [PubMed: 24352797]
Wilson L, Nair KV, Saseen JJ. Comparison of newonset gout in adults prescribed chlorthalidone vs hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2014;16:864–868. [PubMed: 25258088]
Wolff ML, Cruz JL, Vanderman AJ, Brown JN. The effect of angiotensin II receptor blockers on hyperuricemia. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2015;6:339–
346. [PubMed: 26568810]
Choi H, Soriano, L, Zhang Y, et al. Antihypertensive drugs and risk of incident gout among patients with hypertension: population based case
control study. BMJ 2012;344:d8190. [PubMed: 22240117]
Dalbeth N, Merriman TR, Stamp LK. Gout. Lancet 2016;388:2039–2052.
University of San Carlos.
Access Provided by:
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Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 11e
Chapter 106: Gout and Hyperuricemia: The King of Oktoberfest Level II Erik D. Maki
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email User Services ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Identify major risk factors for developing gout in a given patient, including drugs that may contribute to or cause this disorder.
Develop a pharmacotherapeutic plan for a patient with acute gouty arthritis that includes individualized drug selection and assessment of the treatment for efficacy or toxicity.
Identify patients in whom maintenance therapy for gout and hyperuricemia is warranted.
Identify medications not used primarily for gout that may have a beneficial effect on serum uric acid (SUA) levels.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“My toe is on fire.”
HPI
Roy Huff is a 78yearold man who presents to the ED complaining of significant toe pain. Mr Huff states, “I think I’m paying the price for my fun at Oktoberfest.” He reports having spent the weekend indulging on beer and sausage at the local Oktoberfest festival. In the early hours of Monday morning (approximately 3 hours ago), he awoke to sudden excruciating pain in his right big toe. Over the past hour, this toe has become red, swollen, and so painful that he cannot walk. He has not experienced any trauma or injuries. He also denies having experienced these symptoms previously.
PMH
HTN × 28 years PUD × 15 years Obesity × 40 years
SH
The patient typically drinks “a can of beer or two” daily but drank significantly on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. He does not smoke or use illicit drugs.
Meds
Chlorthalidone 25 mg PO daily, started 1 month ago Pantoprazole 20 mg PO daily
All
NKDA
ROS
Other than feeling somewhat dehydrated from all of his drinking, the patient has no major complaints prior to this ED visit. No chest pain, nausea/vomiting, or respiratory symptoms. Bowel habits are normal. He has no prior history of arthritic symptoms or joint problems.
P E
G e nA healthyappearing, obese, white man in acute distress V S
BP 135/70 mm Hg, P 105 bpm, RR 17, T 37.5°C; Wt 88 kg, Ht 5′6″
Skin
Poor skin turgor. No rashes or other dermatologic abnormalities.
HEENT
PERRLA, dry mucous membranes, throat/ears clear of redness or inflammation Neck/Lymph Nodes
Negative for lymph node swelling or masses Lungs/Thorax
Clear to auscultation bilaterally, symmetric movement with inspiration CV
Tachycardic, normal rhythm, normal S1 and S2 A b d
Obese, but soft, nontender; positive bowel sounds in all quadrants.
Genit/Rect
Deferred MS/Ext
Erythematous, edematous right first metatarsophalangeal joint, which is very warm to touch; joint is exquisitely painful with patient relating the pain as currently a 10/10 (on a 1–10 scale with 0 being no pain and 10 being the worse pain the patient has ever suffered); no swelling of any other joints. No signs of tophi present.
Neuro
A&O × 3; CN II–XII grossly intact, no focal neurologic deficits
Labs
Ankle and foot radiographs: negative for break or damage
Aspirated fluid from first metatarsophalangeal joint tap: >50 WBC/hpf, containing negatively birefringent monosodium urate crystals
Na 143 mEq/L K 3.7 mEq/L Cl 99 mEq/L CO2 22 mEq/L BUN39 mg/dL SCr 3.0 mg/dL Glu 101 mg/dL SUA 11.6 mg/dL
Hgb 15 g/dL Hct 44%
RBC 4.9 × 106/mm3 Plt 225 × 103/mm3 MCV 84 μm3 MCHC 37 g/dL ESR 47 mm/hr
WBC 12.9 × 103/mm3 Neutros 88%
Bands 0%
Eos 1%
Lymphs 10%
Monos 1%
RF negative
Fasting lipid panel HDL 55 mg/dL Trig 188 mg/dL LDL 97 mg/dL T. chol 179 mg/dL
Assessment
1. Primary presentation of acute gouty arthritis 2. ARF
3. Hypertension 4. PUD
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of gout?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s gout?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of gout based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies for gout might be useful for this patient?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic alternatives are available for treating gout?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for this patient’s gout and other drug therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
3.e. What alternatives would be appropriate if the initial care plan fails or cannot be used?
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to the patient to enhance adherence, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
Followup: Monitor and Evaluate
5.a. What clinical and laboratory parameters should be used to evaluate the therapy for achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and to detect or prevent adverse effects?
5.b. Develop a plan for followup that includes appropriate time frames to assess progress toward achievement of the goals of therapy.
CLINICAL COURSE
The patient responded to the therapy you recommended, and within 96 hours his pain has subsided significantly. Toe redness and swelling have decreased to near normal. Additionally, with fluids, his SCr has returned to baseline (0.8 mg/dL). After consultation with you, the patient’s physician decides against maintenance therapy to decrease SUA levels. The patient, remembering the severe pain this episode caused, follows your
recommended lifestyle changes and is adherent to the new medication you recommended for his hypertension. At his 6month followup
appointment, he reports no more attacks of gout. He has lost 20 lb and no longer drinks ethanol. His SUA level has decreased to 6.9 mg/dL, and his BP is 130/80 mm Hg.
ADDITIONAL CASE QUESTIONS
1 . Should chronic treatment to decrease the patient’s SUA level be initiated at this time? Why or why not?
2 . If at some point maintenance therapy to decrease SUA is begun, what additional therapy is needed to prevent acute flares?
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . List antihyperuricemic agents that are available in the United States and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Describe new agents that are being studied for this indication and what clinical data support their use.
2 . List medications that can either increase or decrease serum uric acid concentrations.
CLINICAL PEARL
Historically, colchicine was used for treating acute gout flares at doses of 0.6 mg Q 1–2 H until symptoms resolved or adverse GI symptoms developed (6 mg maximum). GI side effects were employed as a clinical endpoint for discontinuing the drug because these side effects tended to occur prior to the more severe adverse effects of colchicineinduced myopathy and myelosuppression. However, current recommendations are to use lowdose colchicine at a dose of 1.2 mg, followed in 1 hour with a single dose of 0.6 mg. For patients receiving prophylactic colchicine prior to the flare, it is recommended to wait 12 hours after treatment dosing before resuming prophylactic dosing.
REFERENCES
Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:1431–1446. [PubMed:
23024028]
Richette P, Doherty M, Pascual E, et al. 2016 updated EULAR evidencebased recommendations for the management of gout. Ann Rheum Dis 2017;76(1):29–42. [PubMed: 27457514]
Hui M, Carr A, Cameron S, et al. The British Society for Rheumatology guideline for the management of gout. Rheumatology 2017;56(7):e1–e20.
[PubMed: 28549177]
Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:1447–1461. [PubMed: 23024029]
Abhishek A, Doherty M. Education and nonpharmacological approaches for gout. Rheumatology 2018;57:i51–i58. [PubMed: 29272507]
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 Evidencebased guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA 2014;311:507–520. [PubMed: 24352797]
Wilson L, Nair KV, Saseen JJ. Comparison of newonset gout in adults prescribed chlorthalidone vs hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2014;16:864–868. [PubMed: 25258088]
Wolff ML, Cruz JL, Vanderman AJ, Brown JN. The effect of angiotensin II receptor blockers on hyperuricemia. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2015;6:339–
346. [PubMed: 26568810]
Choi H, Soriano, L, Zhang Y, et al. Antihypertensive drugs and risk of incident gout among patients with hypertension: population based case
control study. BMJ 2012;344:d8190. [PubMed: 22240117]
Dalbeth N, Merriman TR, Stamp LK. Gout. Lancet 2016;388:2039–2052.
University of San Carlos.
Access Provided by:
Downloaded 2022824 5:6 A Your IP is 131.226.67.168
Chapter 106: Gout and Hyperuricemia: The King of Oktoberfest Level II, Erik D. Maki
©2022 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use • Privacy Policy • Notice • Accessibility
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