1.
2.
3.
Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 11e
Chapter 108: Allergic Rhinitis: Breathe In, Breathe Out Level I Jon P. Wietholter
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email User Services ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Recognize common signs and symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis.
Educate patients on appropriate measures to limit or avoid exposure to specific antigens.
Select an appropriate pharmacotherapeutic regimen for managing allergic rhinitis, focusing on specific symptoms.
Educate patients with allergic rhinitis on appropriate medication use, including instillation technique for intranasal medications.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“I can’t breathe!”
HPI
Aidan Evans is a 17yearold AfricanAmerican boy presenting to his outpatient internal medicine clinic with complaints of severe congestion, intermittent bilateral rhinorrhea, and persistent sneezing. He states that symptoms are at their worst when he is outdoors, particularly after it rains.
Because he spends time outdoors daily, the symptoms have been bothering him consistently over the past 1–2 months, and he is having trouble sleeping due to nasal congestion. He has struggled with these types of symptoms since he was a child, but they have significantly worsened over the past 2 years after his family moved to West Virginia from Arizona. He hasn’t noticed a fever or a sore throat, but the symptoms are becoming unbearable. He is seeking advice on how to cope with and manage these symptoms.
PMH
Moderatepersistent asthma (diagnosed when he was age 13)
FH
Father, age 44, with a history of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Mother, age 38, with a history of migraines. One younger sibling with no significant medical history.
SH
Is a high school junior; (–) tobacco, (–) illicit drugs, (+) social alcohol use (primarily on weekends when partying with friends); family has two cats and two dogs.
Meds
Diphenhydramine 25 mg PO Q 8 H PRN for allergy symptoms
Albuterol MDI two puffs Q 6 H PRN (uses roughly one inhaler per year for asthma symptoms) Ciclesonide (Alvesco MDI, 80 mcg/puff) one puff twice daily for asthma
All
Penicillin (hives); cephalexin (trouble breathing)
ROS
Denies headaches; no shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain, or abdominal discomfort
Physical Examination
G e n
Young AfricanAmerican boy who appears tired and sounds congested. Although sneezing and rhinorrhea are complaints, they are not ongoing during this evaluation.
V S
BP 112/74 mm Hg, P 68 bpm, RR 18, T 36.9°C; Wt 155 lb (70.5 kg), Ht 5′8″ (173 cm) Skin
Turgor normal, no rashes or lesions HEENT
NC/AT; PERRLA; EOMI; (–) periorbital edema or discoloration; TMs are intact; (+) swollen nasal mucous membranes and nasal turbinates with a pale, bluish hue and discharge down the posterior pharynx; (–) tenderness over frontal and maxillary sinuses; (–) oropharyngeal lesions; throat is nonerythematous.
Neck/Lymph Nodes
No lymphadenopathy or thyromegaly Chest
CTA bilaterally; no noticeable wheezing CV
RRR without murmur or rub A b d
Soft, nontender, (+) BS Genit/Rect
Deferred MS/Ext
No erythema, pain, or edema; pulses 2+
Neuro
A&O × 3; CN: visual fields and hearing intact; 5/5 strength throughout
Labs
Na 140 mEq/L Hgb 15.4 g/dL
K 3.9 mEq/L Hct 45.3%
Cl 108 mEq/L Plt 391 × 103/mm3
CO2 28 mEq/L WBC 9.6 × 103/mm3
BUN 10 mg/dL SCr 0.7 mg/dL Glu 88 mg/dL
Other
Peak expiratory flow (PEF): Patient states that readings are always >80% of personal best.
Assessment
This is a 17yearold boy complaining of signs and symptoms consistent with moderate–severe persistent allergic rhinitis.
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of allergic rhinitis?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s allergic rhinitis?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of allergic rhinitis based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy for allergic rhinitis in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic alternatives are available for treating this patient’s allergic rhinitis?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for this patient’s allergic rhinitis and other drug therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to a patient receiving an intranasal corticosteroid to enhance compliance, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
Followup: Monitor and Evaluate
5.a. What clinical and laboratory parameters should be used to evaluate the therapy for achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and to detect or prevent adverse effects?
5.b. Develop a plan for followup that includes appropriate time frames to assess progress toward achievement of the goals of therapy.
CLINICAL COURSE: ALTERNATIVE THERAPY
Aidan’s mother is quite concerned about drowsiness associated with treatments for his symptoms because he has a tendency to nap when he is supposed to be doing homework. Mrs Patrick uses butterbur extract for migraine prophylaxis and has heard that it is effective for allergy symptoms;
she asks about using the same product for James. See Section 19 of this Casebook for questions regarding the use of butterbur extract for allergy symptoms.
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . Describe how the recommended treatment plan might differ if this was instead a 78yearold person or a 5yearold child.
2 . Describe a situation where monotherapy with an antihistamine, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, or an oral decongestant would be appropriate or preferred for managing allergic rhinitis. Support your recommendations with efficacy and safety data.
3 . Evaluate the utility of herbal medications that have been recommended for managing allergic rhinitis. Develop a list of positives and negatives regarding their potential use.
CLINICAL PEARL
For patients interested in only nonpharmacologic therapy, some studies have suggested that acupuncture can improve allergic rhinitis symptom scores and quality of life. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, there is some evidence that acupuncture may inhibit cytokine production.
REFERENCES
Seidman MD, Gurgel RK, Lin SY, et al. Clinical practice guideline: allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;152(IS):S1–S43. [PubMed:
25644617]
Blaiss MS, Hammerby E, Robinson S, KennedyMartin T, Buchs S. The burden of allergic rhinitis and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis on adolescents: a literature review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018;121:43–52. [PubMed: 29626629]
Dykewicz MS, Wallace DV, Baroody F, et al. Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: an evidencebased focused 2017 guideline update. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017;119(6):489–511. [PubMed: 29103802]
University of San Carlos.
Access Provided by:
Downloaded 2022824 5:11 A Your IP is 131.226.67.168
Chapter 108: Allergic Rhinitis: Breathe In, Breathe Out Level I, Jon P. Wietholter
©2022 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use • Privacy Policy • Notice • Accessibility
Page 1 / 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 11e
Chapter 108: Allergic Rhinitis: Breathe In, Breathe Out Level I Jon P. Wietholter
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email User Services ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Recognize common signs and symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis.
Educate patients on appropriate measures to limit or avoid exposure to specific antigens.
Select an appropriate pharmacotherapeutic regimen for managing allergic rhinitis, focusing on specific symptoms.
Educate patients with allergic rhinitis on appropriate medication use, including instillation technique for intranasal medications.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“I can’t breathe!”
HPI
Aidan Evans is a 17yearold AfricanAmerican boy presenting to his outpatient internal medicine clinic with complaints of severe congestion, intermittent bilateral rhinorrhea, and persistent sneezing. He states that symptoms are at their worst when he is outdoors, particularly after it rains.
Because he spends time outdoors daily, the symptoms have been bothering him consistently over the past 1–2 months, and he is having trouble sleeping due to nasal congestion. He has struggled with these types of symptoms since he was a child, but they have significantly worsened over the past 2 years after his family moved to West Virginia from Arizona. He hasn’t noticed a fever or a sore throat, but the symptoms are becoming unbearable. He is seeking advice on how to cope with and manage these symptoms.
PMH
Moderatepersistent asthma (diagnosed when he was age 13)
FH
Father, age 44, with a history of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Mother, age 38, with a history of migraines. One younger sibling with no significant medical history.
SH
Is a high school junior; (–) tobacco, (–) illicit drugs, (+) social alcohol use (primarily on weekends when partying with friends); family has two cats and two dogs.
Meds
Diphenhydramine 25 mg PO Q 8 H PRN for allergy symptoms
Albuterol MDI two puffs Q 6 H PRN (uses roughly one inhaler per year for asthma symptoms) Ciclesonide (Alvesco MDI, 80 mcg/puff) one puff twice daily for asthma
All
Penicillin (hives); cephalexin (trouble breathing)
ROS
Denies headaches; no shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain, or abdominal discomfort
Physical Examination
G e n
Young AfricanAmerican boy who appears tired and sounds congested. Although sneezing and rhinorrhea are complaints, they are not ongoing during this evaluation.
V S
BP 112/74 mm Hg, P 68 bpm, RR 18, T 36.9°C; Wt 155 lb (70.5 kg), Ht 5′8″ (173 cm) Skin
Turgor normal, no rashes or lesions HEENT
NC/AT; PERRLA; EOMI; (–) periorbital edema or discoloration; TMs are intact; (+) swollen nasal mucous membranes and nasal turbinates with a pale, bluish hue and discharge down the posterior pharynx; (–) tenderness over frontal and maxillary sinuses; (–) oropharyngeal lesions; throat is nonerythematous.
Neck/Lymph Nodes
No lymphadenopathy or thyromegaly Chest
CTA bilaterally; no noticeable wheezing CV
RRR without murmur or rub A b d
Soft, nontender, (+) BS Genit/Rect
Deferred MS/Ext
No erythema, pain, or edema; pulses 2+
Neuro
A&O × 3; CN: visual fields and hearing intact; 5/5 strength throughout
Labs
Na 140 mEq/L Hgb 15.4 g/dL
K 3.9 mEq/L Hct 45.3%
Cl 108 mEq/L Plt 391 × 103/mm3
CO2 28 mEq/L WBC 9.6 × 103/mm3
BUN 10 mg/dL SCr 0.7 mg/dL Glu 88 mg/dL
Other
Peak expiratory flow (PEF): Patient states that readings are always >80% of personal best.
Assessment
This is a 17yearold boy complaining of signs and symptoms consistent with moderate–severe persistent allergic rhinitis.
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of allergic rhinitis?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s allergic rhinitis?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of allergic rhinitis based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy for allergic rhinitis in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic alternatives are available for treating this patient’s allergic rhinitis?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for this patient’s allergic rhinitis and other drug therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to a patient receiving an intranasal corticosteroid to enhance compliance, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
Followup: Monitor and Evaluate
5.a. What clinical and laboratory parameters should be used to evaluate the therapy for achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and to detect or prevent adverse effects?
5.b. Develop a plan for followup that includes appropriate time frames to assess progress toward achievement of the goals of therapy.
CLINICAL COURSE: ALTERNATIVE THERAPY
Aidan’s mother is quite concerned about drowsiness associated with treatments for his symptoms because he has a tendency to nap when he is supposed to be doing homework. Mrs Patrick uses butterbur extract for migraine prophylaxis and has heard that it is effective for allergy symptoms;
she asks about using the same product for James. See Section 19 of this Casebook for questions regarding the use of butterbur extract for allergy symptoms.
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . Describe how the recommended treatment plan might differ if this was instead a 78yearold person or a 5yearold child.
2 . Describe a situation where monotherapy with an antihistamine, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, or an oral decongestant would be appropriate or preferred for managing allergic rhinitis. Support your recommendations with efficacy and safety data.
3 . Evaluate the utility of herbal medications that have been recommended for managing allergic rhinitis. Develop a list of positives and negatives regarding their potential use.
CLINICAL PEARL
For patients interested in only nonpharmacologic therapy, some studies have suggested that acupuncture can improve allergic rhinitis symptom scores and quality of life. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, there is some evidence that acupuncture may inhibit cytokine production.
REFERENCES
Seidman MD, Gurgel RK, Lin SY, et al. Clinical practice guideline: allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;152(IS):S1–S43. [PubMed:
25644617]
Blaiss MS, Hammerby E, Robinson S, KennedyMartin T, Buchs S. The burden of allergic rhinitis and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis on adolescents: a literature review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018;121:43–52. [PubMed: 29626629]
Dykewicz MS, Wallace DV, Baroody F, et al. Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: an evidencebased focused 2017 guideline update. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017;119(6):489–511. [PubMed: 29103802]
Wheatley LM, Togias A. Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. N Engl J Med 2015;372:456–463. [PubMed: 25629743]
Brozek JL, Bousquet J, Agache I, et al. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) guidelines: 2016 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017;140:950–958. [PubMed: 28602936]
Sur DKC, Plesa ML. Treatment of allergic rhinitis. Am Fam Physician 2015;92(11):985–992. [PubMed: 26760413]
Bousquet J, Schunemann HJ, Hellings PW, et al. MACVIA clinical decision algorithm in adolescents and adults with allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016;138(2):367–374. [PubMed: 27260321]
University of San Carlos.
Access Provided by:
Downloaded 2022824 5:11 A Your IP is 131.226.67.168
Chapter 108: Allergic Rhinitis: Breathe In, Breathe Out Level I, Jon P. Wietholter
©2022 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use • Privacy Policy • Notice • Accessibility
Page 2 / 5
1.
2.
3.
Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 11e
Chapter 108: Allergic Rhinitis: Breathe In, Breathe Out Level I Jon P. Wietholter
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email User Services ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Recognize common signs and symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis.
Educate patients on appropriate measures to limit or avoid exposure to specific antigens.
Select an appropriate pharmacotherapeutic regimen for managing allergic rhinitis, focusing on specific symptoms.
Educate patients with allergic rhinitis on appropriate medication use, including instillation technique for intranasal medications.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“I can’t breathe!”
HPI
Aidan Evans is a 17yearold AfricanAmerican boy presenting to his outpatient internal medicine clinic with complaints of severe congestion, intermittent bilateral rhinorrhea, and persistent sneezing. He states that symptoms are at their worst when he is outdoors, particularly after it rains.
Because he spends time outdoors daily, the symptoms have been bothering him consistently over the past 1–2 months, and he is having trouble sleeping due to nasal congestion. He has struggled with these types of symptoms since he was a child, but they have significantly worsened over the past 2 years after his family moved to West Virginia from Arizona. He hasn’t noticed a fever or a sore throat, but the symptoms are becoming unbearable. He is seeking advice on how to cope with and manage these symptoms.
PMH
Moderatepersistent asthma (diagnosed when he was age 13)
FH
Father, age 44, with a history of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Mother, age 38, with a history of migraines. One younger sibling with no significant medical history.
SH
Is a high school junior; (–) tobacco, (–) illicit drugs, (+) social alcohol use (primarily on weekends when partying with friends); family has two cats and two dogs.
Meds
Diphenhydramine 25 mg PO Q 8 H PRN for allergy symptoms
Albuterol MDI two puffs Q 6 H PRN (uses roughly one inhaler per year for asthma symptoms) Ciclesonide (Alvesco MDI, 80 mcg/puff) one puff twice daily for asthma
All
Penicillin (hives); cephalexin (trouble breathing)
ROS
Denies headaches; no shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain, or abdominal discomfort
Physical Examination
G e n
Young AfricanAmerican boy who appears tired and sounds congested. Although sneezing and rhinorrhea are complaints, they are not ongoing during this evaluation.
V S
BP 112/74 mm Hg, P 68 bpm, RR 18, T 36.9°C; Wt 155 lb (70.5 kg), Ht 5′8″ (173 cm) Skin
Turgor normal, no rashes or lesions HEENT
NC/AT; PERRLA; EOMI; (–) periorbital edema or discoloration; TMs are intact; (+) swollen nasal mucous membranes and nasal turbinates with a pale, bluish hue and discharge down the posterior pharynx; (–) tenderness over frontal and maxillary sinuses; (–) oropharyngeal lesions; throat is nonerythematous.
Neck/Lymph Nodes
No lymphadenopathy or thyromegaly Chest
CTA bilaterally; no noticeable wheezing CV
RRR without murmur or rub A b d
Soft, nontender, (+) BS Genit/Rect
Deferred MS/Ext
No erythema, pain, or edema; pulses 2+
Neuro
A&O × 3; CN: visual fields and hearing intact; 5/5 strength throughout
Labs
Na 140 mEq/L Hgb 15.4 g/dL
K 3.9 mEq/L Hct 45.3%
Cl 108 mEq/L Plt 391 × 103/mm3
CO2 28 mEq/L WBC 9.6 × 103/mm3
BUN 10 mg/dL SCr 0.7 mg/dL Glu 88 mg/dL
Other
Peak expiratory flow (PEF): Patient states that readings are always >80% of personal best.
Assessment
This is a 17yearold boy complaining of signs and symptoms consistent with moderate–severe persistent allergic rhinitis.
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of allergic rhinitis?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s allergic rhinitis?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of allergic rhinitis based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy for allergic rhinitis in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic alternatives are available for treating this patient’s allergic rhinitis?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for this patient’s allergic rhinitis and other drug therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to a patient receiving an intranasal corticosteroid to enhance compliance, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
Followup: Monitor and Evaluate
5.a. What clinical and laboratory parameters should be used to evaluate the therapy for achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and to detect or prevent adverse effects?
5.b. Develop a plan for followup that includes appropriate time frames to assess progress toward achievement of the goals of therapy.
CLINICAL COURSE: ALTERNATIVE THERAPY
Aidan’s mother is quite concerned about drowsiness associated with treatments for his symptoms because he has a tendency to nap when he is supposed to be doing homework. Mrs Patrick uses butterbur extract for migraine prophylaxis and has heard that it is effective for allergy symptoms;
she asks about using the same product for James. See Section 19 of this Casebook for questions regarding the use of butterbur extract for allergy symptoms.
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . Describe how the recommended treatment plan might differ if this was instead a 78yearold person or a 5yearold child.
2 . Describe a situation where monotherapy with an antihistamine, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, or an oral decongestant would be appropriate or preferred for managing allergic rhinitis. Support your recommendations with efficacy and safety data.
3 . Evaluate the utility of herbal medications that have been recommended for managing allergic rhinitis. Develop a list of positives and negatives regarding their potential use.
CLINICAL PEARL
For patients interested in only nonpharmacologic therapy, some studies have suggested that acupuncture can improve allergic rhinitis symptom scores and quality of life. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, there is some evidence that acupuncture may inhibit cytokine production.
REFERENCES
Seidman MD, Gurgel RK, Lin SY, et al. Clinical practice guideline: allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;152(IS):S1–S43. [PubMed:
25644617]
Blaiss MS, Hammerby E, Robinson S, KennedyMartin T, Buchs S. The burden of allergic rhinitis and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis on adolescents: a literature review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018;121:43–52. [PubMed: 29626629]
Dykewicz MS, Wallace DV, Baroody F, et al. Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: an evidencebased focused 2017 guideline update. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017;119(6):489–511. [PubMed: 29103802]
University of San Carlos.
Access Provided by:
Downloaded 2022824 5:11 A Your IP is 131.226.67.168
Chapter 108: Allergic Rhinitis: Breathe In, Breathe Out Level I, Jon P. Wietholter
©2022 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use • Privacy Policy • Notice • Accessibility
Page 3 / 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 11e
Chapter 108: Allergic Rhinitis: Breathe In, Breathe Out Level I Jon P. Wietholter
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email User Services ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Recognize common signs and symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis.
Educate patients on appropriate measures to limit or avoid exposure to specific antigens.
Select an appropriate pharmacotherapeutic regimen for managing allergic rhinitis, focusing on specific symptoms.
Educate patients with allergic rhinitis on appropriate medication use, including instillation technique for intranasal medications.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“I can’t breathe!”
HPI
Aidan Evans is a 17yearold AfricanAmerican boy presenting to his outpatient internal medicine clinic with complaints of severe congestion, intermittent bilateral rhinorrhea, and persistent sneezing. He states that symptoms are at their worst when he is outdoors, particularly after it rains.
Because he spends time outdoors daily, the symptoms have been bothering him consistently over the past 1–2 months, and he is having trouble sleeping due to nasal congestion. He has struggled with these types of symptoms since he was a child, but they have significantly worsened over the past 2 years after his family moved to West Virginia from Arizona. He hasn’t noticed a fever or a sore throat, but the symptoms are becoming unbearable. He is seeking advice on how to cope with and manage these symptoms.
PMH
Moderatepersistent asthma (diagnosed when he was age 13)
FH
Father, age 44, with a history of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Mother, age 38, with a history of migraines. One younger sibling with no significant medical history.
SH
Is a high school junior; (–) tobacco, (–) illicit drugs, (+) social alcohol use (primarily on weekends when partying with friends); family has two cats and two dogs.
Meds
Diphenhydramine 25 mg PO Q 8 H PRN for allergy symptoms
Albuterol MDI two puffs Q 6 H PRN (uses roughly one inhaler per year for asthma symptoms) Ciclesonide (Alvesco MDI, 80 mcg/puff) one puff twice daily for asthma
All
Penicillin (hives); cephalexin (trouble breathing)
ROS
Denies headaches; no shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain, or abdominal discomfort
Physical Examination
G e n
Young AfricanAmerican boy who appears tired and sounds congested. Although sneezing and rhinorrhea are complaints, they are not ongoing during this evaluation.
V S
BP 112/74 mm Hg, P 68 bpm, RR 18, T 36.9°C; Wt 155 lb (70.5 kg), Ht 5′8″ (173 cm) Skin
Turgor normal, no rashes or lesions HEENT
NC/AT; PERRLA; EOMI; (–) periorbital edema or discoloration; TMs are intact; (+) swollen nasal mucous membranes and nasal turbinates with a pale, bluish hue and discharge down the posterior pharynx; (–) tenderness over frontal and maxillary sinuses; (–) oropharyngeal lesions; throat is nonerythematous.
Neck/Lymph Nodes
No lymphadenopathy or thyromegaly Chest
CTA bilaterally; no noticeable wheezing CV
RRR without murmur or rub A b d
Soft, nontender, (+) BS Genit/Rect
Deferred MS/Ext
No erythema, pain, or edema; pulses 2+
Neuro
A&O × 3; CN: visual fields and hearing intact; 5/5 strength throughout
Labs
Na 140 mEq/L Hgb 15.4 g/dL
K 3.9 mEq/L Hct 45.3%
Cl 108 mEq/L Plt 391 × 103/mm3
CO2 28 mEq/L WBC 9.6 × 103/mm3
BUN 10 mg/dL SCr 0.7 mg/dL Glu 88 mg/dL
Other
Peak expiratory flow (PEF): Patient states that readings are always >80% of personal best.
Assessment
This is a 17yearold boy complaining of signs and symptoms consistent with moderate–severe persistent allergic rhinitis.
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of allergic rhinitis?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s allergic rhinitis?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of allergic rhinitis based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy for allergic rhinitis in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic alternatives are available for treating this patient’s allergic rhinitis?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for this patient’s allergic rhinitis and other drug therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to a patient receiving an intranasal corticosteroid to enhance compliance, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
Followup: Monitor and Evaluate
5.a. What clinical and laboratory parameters should be used to evaluate the therapy for achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and to detect or prevent adverse effects?
5.b. Develop a plan for followup that includes appropriate time frames to assess progress toward achievement of the goals of therapy.
CLINICAL COURSE: ALTERNATIVE THERAPY
Aidan’s mother is quite concerned about drowsiness associated with treatments for his symptoms because he has a tendency to nap when he is supposed to be doing homework. Mrs Patrick uses butterbur extract for migraine prophylaxis and has heard that it is effective for allergy symptoms;
she asks about using the same product for James. See Section 19 of this Casebook for questions regarding the use of butterbur extract for allergy symptoms.
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . Describe how the recommended treatment plan might differ if this was instead a 78yearold person or a 5yearold child.
2 . Describe a situation where monotherapy with an antihistamine, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, or an oral decongestant would be appropriate or preferred for managing allergic rhinitis. Support your recommendations with efficacy and safety data.
3 . Evaluate the utility of herbal medications that have been recommended for managing allergic rhinitis. Develop a list of positives and negatives regarding their potential use.
CLINICAL PEARL
For patients interested in only nonpharmacologic therapy, some studies have suggested that acupuncture can improve allergic rhinitis symptom scores and quality of life. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, there is some evidence that acupuncture may inhibit cytokine production.
REFERENCES
Seidman MD, Gurgel RK, Lin SY, et al. Clinical practice guideline: allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;152(IS):S1–S43. [PubMed:
25644617]
Blaiss MS, Hammerby E, Robinson S, KennedyMartin T, Buchs S. The burden of allergic rhinitis and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis on adolescents: a literature review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018;121:43–52. [PubMed: 29626629]
Dykewicz MS, Wallace DV, Baroody F, et al. Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: an evidencebased focused 2017 guideline update. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017;119(6):489–511. [PubMed: 29103802]
Wheatley LM, Togias A. Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. N Engl J Med 2015;372:456–463. [PubMed: 25629743]
Brozek JL, Bousquet J, Agache I, et al. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) guidelines: 2016 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017;140:950–958. [PubMed: 28602936]
Sur DKC, Plesa ML. Treatment of allergic rhinitis. Am Fam Physician 2015;92(11):985–992. [PubMed: 26760413]
Bousquet J, Schunemann HJ, Hellings PW, et al. MACVIA clinical decision algorithm in adolescents and adults with allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016;138(2):367–374. [PubMed: 27260321]
University of San Carlos.
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Chapter 108: Allergic Rhinitis: Breathe In, Breathe Out Level I, Jon P. Wietholter
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Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 11e
Chapter 108: Allergic Rhinitis: Breathe In, Breathe Out Level I Jon P. Wietholter
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email User Services ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Recognize common signs and symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis.
Educate patients on appropriate measures to limit or avoid exposure to specific antigens.
Select an appropriate pharmacotherapeutic regimen for managing allergic rhinitis, focusing on specific symptoms.
Educate patients with allergic rhinitis on appropriate medication use, including instillation technique for intranasal medications.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“I can’t breathe!”
HPI
Aidan Evans is a 17yearold AfricanAmerican boy presenting to his outpatient internal medicine clinic with complaints of severe congestion, intermittent bilateral rhinorrhea, and persistent sneezing. He states that symptoms are at their worst when he is outdoors, particularly after it rains.
Because he spends time outdoors daily, the symptoms have been bothering him consistently over the past 1–2 months, and he is having trouble sleeping due to nasal congestion. He has struggled with these types of symptoms since he was a child, but they have significantly worsened over the past 2 years after his family moved to West Virginia from Arizona. He hasn’t noticed a fever or a sore throat, but the symptoms are becoming unbearable. He is seeking advice on how to cope with and manage these symptoms.
PMH
Moderatepersistent asthma (diagnosed when he was age 13)
FH
Father, age 44, with a history of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Mother, age 38, with a history of migraines. One younger sibling with no significant medical history.
SH
Is a high school junior; (–) tobacco, (–) illicit drugs, (+) social alcohol use (primarily on weekends when partying with friends); family has two cats and two dogs.
Meds
Diphenhydramine 25 mg PO Q 8 H PRN for allergy symptoms
Albuterol MDI two puffs Q 6 H PRN (uses roughly one inhaler per year for asthma symptoms) Ciclesonide (Alvesco MDI, 80 mcg/puff) one puff twice daily for asthma
All
Penicillin (hives); cephalexin (trouble breathing)
ROS
Denies headaches; no shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain, or abdominal discomfort
Physical Examination
G e n
Young AfricanAmerican boy who appears tired and sounds congested. Although sneezing and rhinorrhea are complaints, they are not ongoing during this evaluation.
V S
BP 112/74 mm Hg, P 68 bpm, RR 18, T 36.9°C; Wt 155 lb (70.5 kg), Ht 5′8″ (173 cm) Skin
Turgor normal, no rashes or lesions HEENT
NC/AT; PERRLA; EOMI; (–) periorbital edema or discoloration; TMs are intact; (+) swollen nasal mucous membranes and nasal turbinates with a pale, bluish hue and discharge down the posterior pharynx; (–) tenderness over frontal and maxillary sinuses; (–) oropharyngeal lesions; throat is nonerythematous.
Neck/Lymph Nodes
No lymphadenopathy or thyromegaly Chest
CTA bilaterally; no noticeable wheezing CV
RRR without murmur or rub A b d
Soft, nontender, (+) BS Genit/Rect
Deferred MS/Ext
No erythema, pain, or edema; pulses 2+
Neuro
A&O × 3; CN: visual fields and hearing intact; 5/5 strength throughout
Labs
Na 140 mEq/L Hgb 15.4 g/dL
K 3.9 mEq/L Hct 45.3%
Cl 108 mEq/L Plt 391 × 103/mm3
CO2 28 mEq/L WBC 9.6 × 103/mm3
BUN 10 mg/dL SCr 0.7 mg/dL Glu 88 mg/dL
Other
Peak expiratory flow (PEF): Patient states that readings are always >80% of personal best.
Assessment
This is a 17yearold boy complaining of signs and symptoms consistent with moderate–severe persistent allergic rhinitis.
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of allergic rhinitis?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s allergic rhinitis?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of allergic rhinitis based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy for allergic rhinitis in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic alternatives are available for treating this patient’s allergic rhinitis?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for this patient’s allergic rhinitis and other drug therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to a patient receiving an intranasal corticosteroid to enhance compliance, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
Followup: Monitor and Evaluate
5.a. What clinical and laboratory parameters should be used to evaluate the therapy for achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and to detect or prevent adverse effects?
5.b. Develop a plan for followup that includes appropriate time frames to assess progress toward achievement of the goals of therapy.
CLINICAL COURSE: ALTERNATIVE THERAPY
Aidan’s mother is quite concerned about drowsiness associated with treatments for his symptoms because he has a tendency to nap when he is supposed to be doing homework. Mrs Patrick uses butterbur extract for migraine prophylaxis and has heard that it is effective for allergy symptoms;
she asks about using the same product for James. See Section 19 of this Casebook for questions regarding the use of butterbur extract for allergy symptoms.
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . Describe how the recommended treatment plan might differ if this was instead a 78yearold person or a 5yearold child.
2 . Describe a situation where monotherapy with an antihistamine, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, or an oral decongestant would be appropriate or preferred for managing allergic rhinitis. Support your recommendations with efficacy and safety data.
3 . Evaluate the utility of herbal medications that have been recommended for managing allergic rhinitis. Develop a list of positives and negatives regarding their potential use.
CLINICAL PEARL
For patients interested in only nonpharmacologic therapy, some studies have suggested that acupuncture can improve allergic rhinitis symptom scores and quality of life. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, there is some evidence that acupuncture may inhibit cytokine production.
REFERENCES
Seidman MD, Gurgel RK, Lin SY, et al. Clinical practice guideline: allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;152(IS):S1–S43. [PubMed:
25644617]
Blaiss MS, Hammerby E, Robinson S, KennedyMartin T, Buchs S. The burden of allergic rhinitis and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis on adolescents: a literature review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018;121:43–52. [PubMed: 29626629]
Dykewicz MS, Wallace DV, Baroody F, et al. Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: an evidencebased focused 2017 guideline update. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017;119(6):489–511. [PubMed: 29103802]
Wheatley LM, Togias A. Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. N Engl J Med 2015;372:456–463. [PubMed: 25629743]
Brozek JL, Bousquet J, Agache I, et al. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) guidelines: 2016 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017;140:950–958. [PubMed: 28602936]
Sur DKC, Plesa ML. Treatment of allergic rhinitis. Am Fam Physician 2015;92(11):985–992. [PubMed: 26760413]
Bousquet J, Schunemann HJ, Hellings PW, et al. MACVIA clinical decision algorithm in adolescents and adults with allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016;138(2):367–374. [PubMed: 27260321]
University of San Carlos.
Access Provided by:
Downloaded 2022824 5:11 A Your IP is 131.226.67.168
Chapter 108: Allergic Rhinitis: Breathe In, Breathe Out Level I, Jon P. Wietholter
©2022 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use • Privacy Policy • Notice • Accessibility
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