COVID-19, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND GENDER

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Covid-19, Domestic Violence And Gender oleh Ikhwanuddin Harahap |169 COVID-19, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND GENDER

Oleh

Ikhwanuddin Harahap

Dosen Fakultas Syariah dan Ilmu Hukum e-mail : ikhwanuddinharahap@iain-padangsidimpuan

Abstract

Ideally, home is the safest place for household members. But in fact, the house can be “the hell” for family members. Covid-19 has impact on the harmony of the family, especially husband and wife. They stay at home during Covid-19 for a long time. In fact, living together create the new problem, namely domestic violence. This study tent to investigate the domestic violence during Covid-19 and analyze it from gender perspective. It can be seen that the domestic violence was increasing during Covid-19, where wives were victims. Wives have double burden in home.

Keywords: Covid-19, Domestic Violence, Gender

Introduction

The quarantine policy during Covid-19 has increased the number of domestic violence against women and children globally. This happens because many women are forced to isolate or "isolated" at home with the perpetrators of acts of violence. Dian Kartikasari, Chair of the INFID Management Board and Secretary General of the Indonesian Women's Coalition (KPI) 2009-2020 stated that the independent isolation period had an effect on creating conflict in the household.¹

Reporting from VOA, UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres stated that increasing social and economic pressure due to the corona virus pandemic has led to an increase in cases of domestic violence against women and girls. He said, for women and girls, the biggest threat came from the place where they should be the safest, namely the home. "So today I make a new call for peace in all homes around the world," Guterres said. Many countries have reported significant increases in cases of domestic violence (domestic violence) since the pandemic began spreading globally earlier this year.²In France, cases of domestic violence increased by a third in one week. Meanwhile, South Africa republik.

Jurnal el-Qanuniy: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Kesyariahan dan Pranata Sosial Fakultas Syariah dan Ilmu Hukum IAIN Padangsidimpuan Volume 7 Nomor 1 Edisi Januari-Juni 2021 ISSN : 2442-6652 e-ISSN: 2580-7307 Fakultas Syariah dan Ilmu Hukum

IAIN Padangsidimpuan

Fakultas Syariah dan Ilmu Hukum IAIN Padangsidimpuan

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Volume 7 Nomor 2 Edisi Juli-Desember 2021

Covid-19, Domestic Violence And Gender oleh Ikhwanuddin Harahap | 170 orted that local authorities received at least 90,000 complaints of domestic violence against women in the first week of lockdown. The Australian Government also reported that online searches for domestic violence assistance services increased by 75 per cent. In Turkey, activists are demanding better protection after murder cases of women increased rapidly during the lockdown period imposed on March 11, 2020.³

For the Indonesian context, the Minister of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection (PPPA) I Gusti Ayu Bintang Darmawati stated that women and children are vulnerable to violence following the implementation of the policy of doing activities at home during the Covid-19 pandemic. Bintang said that as of April 23, 2020, there were 205 cases of violence reported by female victims. "PPPA Symphony Data as of April 23 2020, there were 205 cases of domestic violence reported by female victims". She explained that the increased risk of violence, especially against women, is due to the double burden that women have to carry when doing activities at home. The double burden on women is created due to gender inequality at home. Bintang said these findings were based on a survey by the Ministry of PPPA on 717 children in 29 Indonesian provinces. As a result, as many as 91 percent of children receive parental assistance while studying from home, but it is only borne by women. "Based on survey results, as many as 91 percent of children receive assistance from their parents while studying from home, even though gender inequality creates a double burden, especially for working women.

Report on the results of research by the National Commission on Women on 2,285 respondents who were dominated by women, who came from the island of Java aged 31-50 years, graduated with a bachelor's degree/equivalent, with an income of 2-5 million rupiah, married, had children, and worked full time in the formal sector and did not having vulnerable family members stated that the majority of respondents claimed to take care of the household (Women 89%; Men 83.4%), where 96% reported that the burden of household work was increasing. Women work twice as much as men in terms of doing housework with a duration of more than 3 hours. 1 in 3 respondents reported that the addition of household chores made them experience stress.⁴

Violence in human life is a universal thing. It can happen anywhere and can happen to anyone, both men and women. However, in reality women are more often victims. Because the perpetrators of domestic violence are dominated by husbands; husband to wife and father to children.⁵ This is due to an imbalance in the socio-cultural structure that grows and

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Covid-19, Domestic Violence And Gender oleh Ikhwanuddin Harahap | 171 develops in people's lives. The dominative and hegemonic patriarchal socio-cultural structure tends to place women always in a subordinate position.

Talking specifically on the issue of violence against women will involve many perspectives. Both from the point of view of forms such as physical, non-physical or verbal violence and sexual violence, or types such as rape, assault, murder or a combination of the three, or according to the perpetrators such as people with close relationships or strangers, or the place where it occurred such as in public and at home.⁶

Regarding the last mentioned problem, namely violence against women that occurs in the household is not something new even though it is like fire in husks. That is, not many cases of domestic violence have surfaced even though women, especially wives, have experienced it in various forms of violence. Especially in the time of Covid-19. This paper tries to analyze and identify the forms of domestic violence during the Covid-19 period and at the same time conduct a gender analysis study on this problem.

Covid-19 and Domestic Violence

Coronavirus Disease is a new type of disease caused by a virus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2). The main source of infection with COVID-19 is infected patients who are symptomatic or asymptomatic. Patients infected with COVID-19 can experience mild symptoms such as the flu to lung infections such as pneumonia. Coronavirus is an RNA virus with a size of 120-160 nm which has a capsule and no segments. This virus is a genus of betacoronavirus. The results of the phylogenetic analysis show that the coronavirus belongs to the same subgenus as the sarbecovirus, namely the coronavirus which caused the Severe Acute Respiratory Ilness (SARS) outbreak in 2002- 2004. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses gave it the name SARS-CoV-2.

The COVID-19 pandemic first appeared when the first 5 cases were discovered in the city of Wuhan. After the discovery of the first 5 cases in Wuhan, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to increase every day in China and peaks between January and early February 2020. As of November 2021 there have been more than 255 million positive cases with more than 5.12 million victims who have died. . Most initial cases were in Italy with 86,498 cases, followed by America with 85,228 cases and finally China with 82,230 cases.⁷

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Covid-19, Domestic Violence And Gender oleh Ikhwanuddin Harahap | 172 Figure 1. Covid-19 in Indonesia

Violence is an act committed by a person or a number of people who are in a strong position (or are feeling strong) against a person or a number of people who are in a weaker position (or who are seen as being in a weak state), based on their strength-both physical and non-physical- superior, with the intention to be able to cause suffering on the part of those who are being the object of the violence.⁸ Another opinion states that violence is an attack or invasion (assault) against a person's physical and mental-psychological integrity.⁹

In general, physical violence can take the form of rape against women both outside and inside the home (marital rape), beatings that occur in the household (domestic violence), torture of children (child abuse), torture that leads to genital organs (genital mutilation) and so on. Meanwhile, non-physical or mental-psychological violence can take the form of prostitution, pornography, exploitation of women and others.

Violence as conceptualized above also applies to households, where so far the household area has been considered a safe place because all family members feel peaceful and protected in it. Various forms of domestic violence are committed by children, adolescents and adults. Even though the research results reveal data that most children who grow up in violent households will become cruel people. In fact, 50% of the men who hit their wives and or children turned out to be raised in a household where their father or husband beat their mother or wife. Ironically, they think that persecution is something that is normal.¹⁰

Even in many cases, for small examples, spanking or slapping a wife is certainly not surprising news in society. The treatment of acts of violence like this is still considered normal and commonplace. Our society is used to witnessing the abuse of a husband against his wife, either directly or through coverage in the mass media such as newspapers,

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Covid-19, Domestic Violence And Gender oleh Ikhwanuddin Harahap | 173 magazines and television. We will only be surprised if there are husbands who have the heart to attack their wives with deadly sharp weapons or husbands who force their wives to become sex workers.

Domestic violence can happen to anyone, including mothers, fathers, husbands, wives, children or housemaids. However, in general, the meaning of domestic violence has narrowed in meaning, namely the abuse of a husband against his wife. This is understandable because most of the victims of domestic violence are wives and the perpetrators are none other than their “beloved” husbands.¹¹

Even in a lot of literature, domestic violence is interpreted to only include the abuse of a husband against his wife because more victims of domestic violence are experienced by wives than other family members. Domestic violence can take the form of: 1) physical abuse (such as slapping, punching, kicking, throwing, banging the wife's head against the wall, burning cigarettes, pouring liquids such as acid, washing water and others, whipping, trampling, burning, slicing , pinched, strangled, dragged); 2) psychological or emotional abuse such as intimidation, threats, insults, ridicule, discouraging the wife, limiting the space for the wife to move, husband remarrying without the wife's knowledge, husband having another ideal woman (WIL), leaving wife without permission, authoritarian, gambling and drunkenness -drunkenness, threats with objects or firearms, the husband's family commits terror; 3) financial abuse, for example in the form of forced rationing of spending money from husbands; and 4) sexual abuse, divided into the first three forms of serious sexual violence in the form of a. Sexual harassment with physical contact, such as groping, touching sexual organs, forced kissing, embracing and other actions that cause disgust, terror, humiliation and feelings of being controlled, b. Forcing sexual intercourse without the consent of the wife or when the wife does not want it, c. Coercion of sexual intercourse in an unwelcome, humiliating or painful manner d. Forcing sexual relations with other people for the purpose of prostitution and or certain purposes, e. Sexual acts with physical violence with or without the aid of tools that cause pain, injury or injury, f. Forcing the wife to have anal sex (insert the penis into the anus), oral sex (insert the penis into the mouth), g. Forcing sexual intercourse many times at the same time while the wife does not agree, h. Use of stimulant drugs to prolong intercourse without the consent of the wife, i. Forcing sexual intercourse when the wife is menstruating/menstruating; second, minor sexual violence in the form of verbal sexual harassment such as verbal comments, pornographic jokes, whistling,

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Covid-19, Domestic Violence And Gender oleh Ikhwanuddin Harahap | 174 ridicule (forced sexual intercourse when the wife is not ready, torture or forced sexual intercourse in a way that the wife does not want).¹²

Thus it can be concluded that violence against women in the household includes all forms of actions that cause bad feelings (suffering), pain, injury, and intentionally damage health. Also included in the category of abuse of a wife is the neglect of the obligation to provide for one's body and mind.

Tracing the Causes of Domestic Violence

If observed, the emergence of domestic violence is at least caused by several factors: a).

Cultural values. The facts show that men and women are not equal in society. The emergence of the notion that women's position is lower than men or under the authority and control of men. Such relationships between women and men have been institutionalized within the structure of the patriarchal family and are supported by economic and political institutions and by belief systems, including religious ones, which make such relationships appear natural, morally just, and sacred. The weak position of women is a consequence of patriarchal values that are preserved through socialization and reproduction processes in various forms by society and the state. Values that justify men have the power and ability to defend themselves. Women in a patriarchal culture are haunted by messages that negate or belittle their existence. Patriarchal culture has placed the wife as the property of the husband so that she must always be under the husband's supervision. If the wife is wrong/wrong according to the husband's point of view, then they can do anything so that the wife "returns to the right path", including committing acts of violence.

b. Inadequate legal order. Legal aspects, in the form of legal substance (content of law), law enforcement officials (structure of law), as well as legal culture in society (culture of law) turned out to be impartial towards women's interests, especially in matters of violence. It is felt that the Criminal Code which is the reference for making legal decisions is no longer sufficient to cover the various realities of violence that occur in society. Cultural values that justify the subordinate position of women are instead reinforced in various laws, for example in the 1974 Marriage Law which clearly distinguishes the roles and positions between husband and wife. Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Law: "The husband is the head of the family and the wife is the housewife". Article 34 paragraphs 1 and 2 stipulate: "The husband is obliged to protect his wife and provide everything necessary for household life according to

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Covid-19, Domestic Violence And Gender oleh Ikhwanuddin Harahap | 175 his ability" and "The wife is obliged to manage household affairs as well as possible". It is clear that the law places the wife economically very dependent on the husband.

c. Culture encourages wives to depend on their husbands economically. This condition makes the wife almost completely under the power of the wife. This includes economic inequality between husband and wife which also triggers the occurrence of domestic violence, where more husbands work than wives, a culture of resolving domestic conflicts/arguments by means of violence, and a culture of authority or decision making in the hands of husbands.

d. Wrong perception. Society does not see domestic violence as a social problem, but a personal problem for husband and wife. Domestic violence is a family disgrace that must be wrapped up neatly. Wives do not have the courage to tell/report their husband's acts of violence to the authorities for various reasons and considerations. For example, a wife is afraid of her husband's revenge, there is no shelter, she is afraid of being ridiculed by society, she has low self-esteem, the interests of her children, and for reasons of maintaining the institution of marriage.

e. Myth. The problem of domestic violence is getting worse because of the presence of myths. Among the myths that have developed in society is that a husband beats his wife just because of a momentary oversight because the wife is considered too fussy, disloyal, and dares to disobey. In fact, the wives who came to report in general had experienced violence in quite a long period of time. There were almost no wives who reported this because they had only experienced violence before. Another myth, so far it is believed that a wife who is tortured is a disobedient type of wife. Likewise, victims and perpetrators of domestic violence are groups of people who are not educated. In fact, both victims and perpetrators came from various backgrounds; social status, level of education, and type of profession, it is not uncommon for the perpetrators of violence to be well-educated community leaders and religious leaders.¹³

Gender Analysis on Domestic Violence

Gender analysis is a set of criteria used by the feminist movement to question social injustice from the aspect of relations between the sexes. In identifying this injustice, gender analysis initially makes a distinction between what is called "sex" and "gender". Sex, thus

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Covid-19, Domestic Violence And Gender oleh Ikhwanuddin Harahap | 176 defined, is the distinction between men and women based on biological characteristics.

Meanwhile, gender is the social distinction between men and women.

In principle, gender analysis does not question these differences as long as they do not give rise to injustice. However, this analysis sees that gender differences have the potential to give birth to gender inequalities. Therefore, the next step for gender analysis is to challenge gender distinctions, especially those that give rise to injustice. According to gender analysis, gender inequality can be identified through various manifestations of injustice, namely:

marginalization (the process of economic impoverishment), subordination (assumptions of being unimportant), negative labeling (stereotype), violence (violence), and double workload (double burden). This is the criterion that feminists refer to in critically looking at every social rule regarding the relationship between men and women, including those born out of religious doctrine.

Thus, gender analysis assumes, at least implicitly, that there is "gender equality or equality" between men and women. Assumptions like this, whether we realize it or not, have greatly influenced the perspective of clergy in viewing their religious teachings. This can be seen, among other things, in the rejection of the practice of polygamy or the fatwa that prohibits women from becoming leaders.

It is hard to deny that behind the act of refusal there is an assumption of gender analysis that drives it. For them, such a practice or fatwa is a concrete form of injustice in the relationship between men and women. Women are victims of stereotyping prejudice, namely women are "naturally" weak and need protection from men and men's sexual needs exceed women's sexual needs.

The word "gender" is a term that is already popular among the people. The word

"gender" comes from English, gender, means "gender". In Webster's New World Dictionary, gender is defined as "the visible difference between men and women in terms of values and behavior." The Women'n Study Encyclopedia explains that gender is a cultural concept that seeks to make a distinction ) in terms of roles, behavior, mentality and emotional characteristics between men and women that develop in society. Hillary M. Lips defines gender as cultural expectations of men and women, while in Indonesia gender is defined as a mental and cultural interpretation of gender differences, namely men and women. Gender is usually used to indicate the division of labor that is considered appropriate for men and women. Furthermore, Elaine Showalter as quoted by Nasaruddin Umar stated that gender is

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Covid-19, Domestic Violence And Gender oleh Ikhwanuddin Harahap | 177 not just a distinction between men and women from socio-cultural constructions, but gender is an analytical concept that can explain something.¹⁴

Based on these definitions, it can be explained that gender is a distinction not from a biological point of view (sex) but from a non-biological point of view. This means that the nature of human creation of two types, namely men and women, must be recognized and accepted for its truth. but if then the sex differences give rise to forms of inhumane relations between the two, of course this cannot be accepted and acknowledged. Differences in biological anatomy should not have a negative effect on differences in gender relations.

Islam actually promotes the ideas of equality and equity and the idea of putting women's rights back – a problem that has been misunderstood and misinterpreted too much.

Fundamentalists, ignoring the social context of the verses of the qur'an, portray men as being superior to women--a view which has caused so much suffering among muslim women.¹⁵ in fact, ironically, this superiority is then crystallized in the fiqh books which are the basis for muslims.¹⁶ the same thing was also stated by masdar f. Mas'udi that in the yellow books generally place men above women.¹⁷ in prayer, for example, men only cover the private parts between the navel and knees while women cover it entirely except for the face and hands, men should pray in the mosque while women should stay at home. Likewise in linguistics which according to nasaruddin umar is a gender bias in understanding texts. In a more radical language, riffat hasan stated that religion has been used as a tool of oppression rather than as a means of liberation. Gender, which is a trait inherent in men and women that is constructed socially and culturally as men are known to be strong and rational while women are known to be weak and irrational, actually does not question gender (sex), which is an attribute or division of two sexes. Sex that is biologically determined attached to a particular sex, such as men have sperm while women have uterus, give birth and others. Gender differences are not a problem as long as they do not give birth to gender inequalities. However, the problem is that gender differences have given birth to various injustices, both for men and especially for women. In nasaruddin umar's language, the qur'an actually acknowledges that there is a difference (distinction) between men and women, but this difference is not a distinction (discrimination) that benefits one party and harms the other.¹⁸

Along with the emergence of gender discourse in the contemporary world, the feminist movement--which is a movement that departs from the awareness of the occurrence of oppression both physically and mentally against women in a society, in the workplace and

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Covid-19, Domestic Violence And Gender oleh Ikhwanuddin Harahap | 178 within the family--found its momentum as well. Furthermore, this awareness motivates an action from women or men to deliberately change the situation. Although the feminist movement was widely discussed in the 1960s, historically this movement began to develop in the west in the 18th century, along with the growing popularity of the new stream of thought in the enlightenment age.¹⁹

In their journey to end the oppression and exploitation of women, feminists have different opinions about what, why and how this oppression and exploitation occurs. This difference eventually gave birth to various schools of feminism, such as liberal feminism, radical feminism, socialist feminism, marxist feminism and ecofeminism. Even though there are differences, all schools of feminism agree that the nature of feminism's struggle is for equality, dignity and freedom to control one's body and life both inside and outside the home.

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One of the analytical tools used by feminists to see injustice against women is gender analysis. Gender analysis can mean an analysis that questions social injustice from the aspect of relations between the sexes. According to this analysis, one of the reasons for the emergence of injustice against women is because society does not distinguish between sex and gender. As a result of this equality, as mentioned earlier, gender differentiation and gender roles are often seen as natural and cannot be changed. In fact, these gender differences and roles, as a result of social and cultural construction, often lead to gender inequalities which are manifested in the form of marginalization, subordination, stereotypes, violence and double workloads against women.²¹

After looking at gender as an analytical knife to analyze social and structural injustice due to gender relations and differences, this gender analysis is then used as an analytical tool to look at the problem of domestic violence. According to gender analysis, gender inequality can be identified through various manifestations of injustice, namely: marginalization (the process of economic impoverishment), subordination (presumed unimportance), negative labeling (stereotype), violence (violence), and double workload (double burden). This is the criterion that feminists refer to in critically looking at every social rule regarding the relationship between men and women, including those born out of religious doctrine.

First, there is marginalization (marginalization/economic process of impoverishment) of women. In many household cases, the form of violence experienced by women or wives is to limit the space for the wife to move, insult/mock, belittle the role of the wife and so on.

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Covid-19, Domestic Violence And Gender oleh Ikhwanuddin Harahap | 179 From a gender perspective, this form of violence has created injustice for the wife. Because the wife should be used as a "partner" for the husband in the household, shoulder to shoulder, working together and helping each other in sailing the ark of the household. Another form of marginalization is a husband who forbids his wife to help support the family by working outside the home even though the wife has the capacity and potential to do so, both in terms of skills and education. Or the husband does a strict rationing of expenses or family spending.

Things like this include financial persecution, for example in the form of forced rationing of spending money from husbands,²² joint assets are not shared until the wife is not trusted to hold the money. Of course this is part of domestic violence.

Second, there is subordination (assumption is not important). Subordination is basically the belief that one sex is considered more important or more important than the other sex.

There has long been a view that places women's position and role lower than men. Or is there an assumption that the wife is often identified with sidekick wingking or a complement to men's interests.²³ There are many cases in tradition, interpretation of religious teachings as well as in bureaucratic rules that place women as subordinate to men. The fact shows that there are still societal values that limit the space for movement, especially for women in life.

For example, if a wife wants to take part in a study assignment, or wants to go abroad, she must get the husband's permission, but if the husband is going to go, he doesn't need permission from the wife. In the household context, the husband's subordination to women is very pronounced. Although the existence of women/wives is of course very central and urgent, even with the noble title of "housewife", the wife in some households has a function and role that almost resembles a housemaid.

Third, negative labeling (stereotype). The stereotype in question is a standard image of an individual or group that is not in accordance with the existing empirical reality. Negative labeling in general always breeds injustice. One of the stereotypes that develops based on the notion of gender, which occurs against one sex, namely women, this results in discrimination and various injustices that harm women. For example, the view of women whose duties and functions only carry out work related to domestic or household work. This does not only occur within the household sphere but also occurs in the workplace and society, even at the government and state levels. When a man is angry, he is considered assertive, but when a woman is angry or offended, it is considered emotional and uncontrollable. The value standards for the behavior of women and men are different, but these value standards judge

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Covid-19, Domestic Violence And Gender oleh Ikhwanuddin Harahap | 180 and harm women a lot. The label of women as "housewives" is detrimental, if you want to be active in "men's activities" such as politics, business or bureaucracy. Meanwhile, the label of men as the main breadwinners (breadwinners) causes anything that is produced by women to be considered as secondary or additional and tends not to be taken into account.

Fourth, violence (violence). Various forms of non-violence against women as a result of differences, appear in various forms. The word violence is a translation of violence, which means an attack on a person's physical or mental/psychological integrity. Physical abuse such as slapping, punching, kicking, throwing, banging against walls; psychological or emotional abuse such as intimidation, threats, insults, ridicule, discouraging the wife, limiting the space for the wife to move; financial abuse, for example in the form of forced rationing of spending money from husbands; and sexual abuse, forced sexual intercourse when the wife is not ready, torture or forced sexual intercourse in a way that the wife does not want.

Fifth, double workload (double burden). Another form of gender discrimination and injustice is the double burden that one particular type of calamine has to carry excessively. In a household, in general, several types of activities are carried out by men, and some are carried out by women. Various observations show that women do almost 90% of the work in the household.²⁴ So for those who work, apart from working at work, they still have to do household chores. Apart from being required to be able to complete household chores in society, working women are required to show good performance in the workplace. The term

"double burden" arises for working women and this is not the case for men. This is because men generally do not work double jobs, they are not required to complete household tasks as women do.²⁵

Conclusion

There is no doubt that domestic violence has increased during Covid-19. The gender relationship between husband and wife in the household should be a relationship/relationship that is mutually beneficial, happy, enjoyable and soothing for both parties. This is because gender differences have actually given rise to gender roles which do not cause problems, so there is no need to be sued. However, the facts show that the husband and wife relationship often brings injustice and even violence perpetrated by one party to the other. Ironically, wives who are labeled “housewives” often become victims of husband violence. From a gender perspective, the forms of domestic violence can be in the form of marginalization,

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Covid-19, Domestic Violence And Gender oleh Ikhwanuddin Harahap | 181 subordination, negative labeling (stereotype), violence (violence), and double burden. The case of double workload is the highest in the case of Covid-19. According to a gender perspective, all forms of violence should not occur in the household if each husband and wife understand and carry out their respective functions, roles and duties properly and correctly.

End Note:

1 Theresia Vania Radhitya, “Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga, Jurnal Kolaborasi Resolusi Konflik, Vol. 2 No. 2 ISSN 2655-8823 (p) ISSN 2656-1786 (e) p. 111-119

2 https://ykp.or.id/kasus-kdrt-di-dunia-meningkat-akibat-dampak-pandemi-covid-19/

3 https://ykp.or.id/kasus-kdrt-di-dunia-meningkat-akibat-dampak-pandemi-covid-19/

4https://komnasperempuan.go.id/uploadedFiles/webOld/file/pdf_file/2020/Hasil%20Survei%20Covid

% 2019-KP-2020_17.06.pdf

5 Hadijah dan La Jamaa, Hukum Islam dan Undang-Undang Anti Kekerasan Dlam Rumah Tangga, (Banten: STAIN Ambon Press, 2007), p. 1

7 Efriza, “Covid-19”, BRMJ: Baiturrahmah Medical Journal Vol I No 1 September 2021.

http/Users/Hp/Downloads/1054-3325-1-PB.pdf

8 Soetandyo Wignjosoebroto, “Tindak Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan” Makalah dalam Seminar Nasional “Islam, Seksualitas dan kekerasan terhadap Perempuan” Yogyakarta, 27-29 Juli 2000, tt. p. 1.

9 Mansour Fakih, Menggeser Konsepsi Jender dan Transformasi Sosial, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 1996), p. 12

10 Kalyanamitra, Menghadapi Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga, (Jakarta, tnp, 1999), p. 28

11 Farha Ciciek, Ikhtiar Mengatasi Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga, (Jakarta: The Asia Foundation, 1999), pl. 21-22

13 Farha Ciciek, Ikhtiar Mengatasi Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga, (Jakarta: The Asia Foundation, 1999), p. 21-22

14 Nasaruddin Umar, Argumen Kesetaraan Jender, Perspektif Al-Qur`an, (Jakarta : Paramadina, 1999), p. 33-35

15 Huzaemah Tahido Yanggo, “Pandangan Islam Tentang Jender”, dalam Mansour Faqih (et al.), Membincang Feminisme : Diskursus Jender Perspektif Islam,: Risalah Gusti, Surabaya, 1996, p. 151-152

16 Mai Yamani (ed.), Feminisme dan Islam, terj. Purwanto, (Jakarta : IKAPI, 2000), p. 37

17 Masdar F. Mas’udi, “Perempuan di antara Kitab Kuning”, dalam Mansour Faqih (et all.), Op. Cit., p.

167-180

18 Nasaruddin Umar, Argumen Kesetaraan Jender, Perspektif Al-Qur`an, (Jakarta : Paramadina, 1999), p. 33-35

19 Ratna Megawangi, Membiarkan Berbeda: Sudut Pandang Baru Relasi Jender, (Bandung : Mizan, 1999), p. 118

20 Janet A. Kourani dkk. (ed.), Feminist Philosophies, (New Jersey: Prentise Hall Inc., 1992), p. 16

21 Syamsiah Ahmad, “Keperluan Untuk Mengadakan Analisa Secara Spesifik Menurut Jender” in T. O. Ihrami, Kajian Wanita Dalam Pembangunan, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta, 1995, p. 171

22 Farha Ciciek, Ikhtiar Mengatasi Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga, (Jakarta: The Asia Foundation, 1999), p.

21-22

23 Siti Mufidah Mulia, Islam dan Inspirasi Kesetaraan Gender, (Yogyakarta: Kibar Press, 2007), p. 58

24 Mansour Fakih, Posisi Kaum Perempuan Dalam Islam; Tinjauan dari Analisis Gender, in Mansour Faqih (et al.), Mansour Faqih (et al.), Membincang Feminisme: Diskursus Jender Perspektif Islam: Risalah Gusti, Surabaya, 1996. p. 46 – 49

25 Siti Mufidah Mulia, Islam dan Inspirasi Kesetaraan Gender, (Yogyakarta: Kibar Press, 2007), p. 58

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