Some perpetrators believe that a trial is important to achieve justice for victims. The establishment of the ECCC and the trial of KR leaders is only one way to resolve the past and improve the reconciliation process in the transitional justice era.
Proses Munculnya Euro-Islam sebagai Transnational Norms di kalangan Muslim Eropa
Tentu ada jawaban mengapa Uni Eropa lebih toleran terhadap upaya penyebaran norma-norma Euro-Islam oleh ormas Islam. Dari semua aktor sasaran, Uni Eropa adalah aktor yang sangat mendukung norma-norma Euro-Islam.
Migrasi, Kewarganegaraan, dan Partisipasi Imigran: Studi Kasus Imigran Turki di Belanda
Aliran orang ke Eropa tidak hanya datang dari negara-negara Eropa, tetapi juga dari negara-negara di luar Eropa. Padahal, migrasi transnasional di masa depan diperkirakan akan didominasi oleh imigran dari negara non-Eropa. Selanjutnya, perekrutan tenaga kerja tahun 1960-an diarahkan ke negara-negara Mediterania, seperti Turki5, Tunisia dan Maroko.
Pada akhirnya, para pekerja atau imigran dari beberapa negara yang terkena dampak krisis mencari pekerjaan di negara-negara yang lebih makmur, terutama negara-negara di kawasan Eropa. Pemerintah UE menetapkan bahwa perekrutan tenaga kerja asing untuk pekerja tidak terampil diprioritaskan bagi mereka yang berasal dari negara-negara di kawasan yang sama. Negara-negara anggota UE setuju bahwa orang-orang dari negara-negara tersebut dapat memasuki wilayah Eropa.
Turkey
Sejarah diaspora Turki dimulai ketika pemerintah Belanda membutuhkan tenaga kerja pada tahun 1960-an untuk menjadi alat ekspansi ekonomi. Pada tahun 2007 terdapat sekitar 740.000 orang Turki di Belanda dan saat ini mereka adalah kelompok imigran terbesar. Data dari SOPEMI (Continues Reporting System on Migration) menyebutkan bahwa jumlah orang Turki di Eropa meningkat dari tahun ke tahun.
Alasannya karena mereka lahir, tinggal dan mengenyam pendidikan di Belanda, sehingga identitas mereka sebagai orang Turki tidak diperlukan lagi. Salah satu penyebab rendahnya partisipasi warga Turki dalam pendidikan adalah larangan perempuan Turki mengenyam pendidikan tinggi. Identitas budaya sebagai orang Turki akan digunakan ketika seorang imigran memasuki dunia bisnis untuk pertama kalinya.
Transformasi Ekonomi-Politik Jerman dan Regionalisasi Ekonomi di Asia
Dalam konteks geoekonomi pada tahun 1990-an, globalisasi ekonomi memaksa negara-negara untuk merestrukturisasi ekonomi politiknya dan meningkatkan daya saing industrinya. Di negara-negara Eropa Barat, jumlah perusahaan yang berafiliasi dengan perusahaan transnasional Jerman meningkat dari 13.602 pada tahun 1991 menjadi 17.341 pada awal tahun 2000. Dari jumlah tersebut, sebagian besar perusahaan yang berafiliasi dengan perusahaan transnasional Jerman tersebar di negara-negara Asia Timur. , Asia Tenggara dan Asia Selatan.
Sedangkan pada tahun 2000, perbandingannya naik menjadi 84ºº, atau dari 3.097 perusahaan di Asia yang terkait dengan Jerman, 2.596 berada di negara-negara ketiga subkawasan tersebut. Sedangkan pada tahun 2000, dari total 34.357 perusahaan yang terhubung ke Jerman, 50% atau 17.341 perusahaan tersebut berlokasi di negara-negara Eropa Barat. Sedangkan pada tahun 2000, dari total 34.357 perusahaan yang terhubung ke Jerman, 50% atau 7,34 perusahaan tersebut berlokasi di negara-negara Eropa Barat.
Multilateralism in East Asia
Analysis of Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI) within ASEAN+3 Framework
Indivisibility Principle in CMI
This part of Section 3 will focus on the principle of indivisibility of multilateralism in the second track of the CMI, the control mechanism. First, it will discuss what the principle of indivisibility means according to Ruggie, and then it will discuss the formation of the collectivity of the ASEAN+3 member states in the historical process of the formation of the CMI control mechanism. First, it added to the sense of shared history that emerged in the region.
The establishment of the CMI in the ASEAN+3 framework has built the sense of solidarity among ASEAN+3 member states in terms of economy and trade, especially in the financial sector. The problem of establishing CMI monitoring mechanism is due to the strong principle of non-interference in the history of ASEAN in particular and the 3 states in general. This is due to the role of the major (economic) powers, the informal negotiations and consensus-based decisions and the lack of clear formal rules in the scheme.
Diffuse-Reciprocity Principle in CMI
In other words, Griffits said states are expanding what is sometimes called "the shadow of the future." The standard of conduct can be found in the Code of Conduct Governing States in the CMI Arrangement. ASEAN+3 member states do not yet have full confidence in the CMI mechanism, especially regarding its monitoring mechanism.
As previously discussed, Asian Financial Crisis brought new perspective in the minds of ASEAN+3 member countries (see page 7). As stated in the CMI agreement that ASEAN+3 member states have common intention to contribute to the reform of international financial structure. Lu Wen,"The Current Situation of Sino Japanese Relations and the Role of Media", Journal of Japan Studies�.
Religion, Imperialism, and Resistance in Nineteenth Century’s Netherlands Indies and Spanish Philippines
More than any other factor, religious devotion kept the Spanish state in the economically unfavorable colony of the Philippines. He was conservative in the sense that he was moving towards complete government control of the economy, rather than. Besides being the guardians of the Christian religion, they were the paladins of Spanish sovereignty in the Philippines.
The judicial functions of the Church were performed by the Archbishop's Court and the Holy Inquisition (Zaide, 177-8). In such a system, the real authority in Philippine cities was the pastor, the "virtual ruler of the city." He confirmed the character and civil status of the quintet (every fifth man drawn by lot for military service).
Indonesia and Nigeria, 965-985
Structural Factors, Technocracy and the Politics of Rural Development
Format and Structure of the State
The state's format and the structure of the government are outcomes of the long political process, mostly before independence. In a way that the format and structure of the state is also an institutional manifestation of the country's state ideology. Ethnicity became the defining territorial boundaries and the basis for regionalization and the creation of the sub-state.
Federalism as the format of the state thus represents the political consensus between the existing sub-states at the time of independence. The struggle for independence advocated by the nationalist leaders urgently needed to unite all forces in order to counter the strong attempt of the Dutch colonial government to weaken the nationalist movement using the 'divide and rule' political strategy to oppose, strongly emphasized. In Indonesia, the decision to form a unitary state rather than a federal state was therefore strongly influenced by the spirit of the nationalist movement and the struggle for independence.
Ethnic Politics, War and Secessionist Movements
The Role of the Military
In Indonesia, the military was heavily influenced by the strong nationalist movement and struggle for independence. The country's Pancasila ideology and the country's "1945 Constitution" were considered the military's fundamental basis for its mission to protect the country from all threats, external and internal. The military also deeply penetrated the political parties, which were reduced to three main political parties under Soeharto.
In addition to appointing military personnel as party leaders, the military also scrutinized all civilian candidates during party conventions to elect its leaders. Soeharto's total control of the military contrasted sharply with the military situation in Nigeria. Although the Nigerian military as a group could be described as nationalist, it became factional when the political dynamics created by the federal character of the country became susceptible to power struggles among military elites.
Party System
In this regard, the Indonesian military often claimed itself as the national guard of the state ideology and defender of the unitary state. Under General Soeharto, the military organization was restructured to secure the Soeharto regime, in particular to suppress any potential internal threats, both from the left and the right, as well as from the military itself.11 The doctrine of the dual function of army that was introduced by General Nasution as part of his military strategy to prevent communism, under Soeharto it became the main policy to legitimize the placement of military personnel deep in the civilian bureaucracy. The fragility of Nigeria's party system has become more problematic as the military also split into different factions and political patronages.
The ideology and state formation are the political basis upon which the system of political parties has been adopted. In Indonesia, the strong appeal of nationalism and the unitary form of the state influenced the centralist and top-down character of the party organization. The political parties in Indonesia were formatted as a national political party with the branches in the province and the districts.
Regional Dynamics and Contagion Effects
Inherited political fragmentation also resulted in the divided foreign influence that occurred during the Biafran war in 1967, when the Biafran rebels were supported by the US and the federal government by the Soviet Union. The direct impact of US land reform policy, for example, has clearly provided the fundamental basis for industrial development in Northeast Asian countries. The establishment of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in which Indonesia became a major member in 1967 was strongly supported by the US as this regional grouping expanded US interest in the region.
The emergence of the East Asian "economic tigers" in the 1970s and 1980s laid the foundations for economic development in Southeast Asia, of which Indonesia was an important member. Chomsky said, “The most important country was Indonesia, which of course was the richest country in terms of natural resources. International factors (foreign aid, loan and foreign investment) The role of international factors in the form of foreign aid, foreign loans and.
International Factors (Foreign Aid, Loan, and Foreign Investment) The role of international factors in the form of foreign aid, foreign loans and
In addition to foreign investment, Indonesia received substantial development assistance (loans and grants) provided bilaterally or by the International Consortium of Donor Countries (IGGI) led by the Dutch government and strongly supported by the IMF and the World Bank. Indonesia was treated as a strategic partner by Western countries, while Nigeria, on the other hand, given its fragmented political institutions, was unable to attract the necessary concerted international support.
The Economist-Technocrats Group
The following trends were radically interrupted by three unexpected events at the end of the decade. Agriculture and, more broadly, rural development became the focus of Indonesia's technocrats led by Widjojo Nitisastro. According to Bresnan (1993), Java was almost as heavily irrigated as Japan at the turn of the century.
The situation in Nigeria is obviously very different from Indonesia, where most of the farming communities are concentrated on the island of Java. Over the next two decades, the politics and policy of the two countries took very different paths. Ethnic Structure, Inequality and Public Sector Governance in Nigeria”, Democracy, Governance and Human Rights �� Paper no.
