The effect of gender difference on students' perceptions of instructional technology in a problem-based environment. Evaluation of high school students' perceptions of the combination of digital learning technology for learning physics.
A survey on Learners’ Technology Acceptance Toward Virtual Self- organized Community
Model for Developing Teachers’ Theoretical and Practical Performance regarding Learning Management by Using LIISMF
The Impact of Badges on Course Participation and Interaction Chientzu Candace CHOU, Shi-Jen HE & Jeffrey OLSEN
Applying Social Media for Measure Earth's Circumference from Different Locations on the Vernal Equinox
The Application of Blackboard Platform in a Chinese Higher Education Setting: A Case Study of Beijing University of Posts and
Application of the Blackboard System in an EFL Course for Science and Engineering Students in China
Investigating the Changes in Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge through Mobile Material Development Activities
A Case Study on the Problem Representation of College Science Students in the Lego Building Process
The 2nd ICCE Workshop on Learning Analytics (LA): In search of evidence for the benefits of data-driven learning and teaching
- Lea’s Box: A Competency-oriented Approach to Facilitate Learning Analytics in School Settings
- Analysis of how the students’ behaviors in doing homework relate to their learning performance
- Learning Analytics of Core Competencies: A Comparative Study of Students, Academics, and Industries
- Analysis on Learning Efficiency in the Context of Mobile e-Learning Shengyuan SHU & Xiaoming JU
- Who Will Pass? Analyzing Learner Behaviors in MOOCs
- Heartbeat Feedback for Learners’ Emotional Self Control Yasuhisa TAMURA & Koichi MURAKAMI
- Error Log Analysis for Improving Educational Materials in C Programming Language Courses
- A Clustering Method using Entropy for Grouping Students Byoung Wook KIM, Jon MASON & Jin Gon SHON
- A method of visualizing students’ reactions by creation of a time series cross table from the in class page view history of the Learning Management
- Exploring Forum Dynamics in a Chinese MOOC: A Longitudinal Probabilistic Social Network Analysis
- Designing a Reference Model for Learning Analytics Interoperability Jae-Hyeong BAE, Yong-Sang CHO & Jaeho LEE
Core Competency Learning Analysis: A Comparative Study of Students, Academics, and Industry Students, Academics, and Industries. Chih-Yueh CHOU, Shu-Fen TSENG, Zhi-Hong CHEN, Po-Yao CHAO, Kung-Chen PENG & Yi-Lung LIN.
The 4th Workshop on application of innovative educational technologies in STEM education
- Design two systems to improve students Environmental Education knowledge - a case for the Barclay Memorial Park
- Game-based Learning Combined with the Somatosensory Operation of Effectiveness Evaluation - global warming science myths solving
- The Effects of Integrating Metacognitive Scaffolding in Chemistry Educational Computer Games in High School Students’ Learning
- A Preliminary Creative Process Exploration of Learners’ Behavioral Patterns in a Collaborative Green Building Design Learning Activity Using
- Non Numerical Aspects of School Mathematics Khalid KHAN & Jon MASON
- Integration of Reciprocal Teaching-ICT Model To Improve Students’
- Developing STS Projectile motion Unit for Providing Students’ perception of the relationship between Science Technology Engineering and
- Revisit: Wide Field of View in Visualization Kikuo ASAI & Kimio KONDO
- Investigating a Scientist's Use of a Visualization Tool to Visualize the Concepts of Carbon Cycling
- Motivation is Important When They Learn Chemical Equilibrium with Computer-simulated Experimentation: A Pilot Study
- Using Mobile Augmented Reality for Chemistry Learning of Acid-base Titration : Correlation between Motivation and Perception
A method of visualizing student responses by creating a time series crosstab based on the classroom page view history of the Learning Management crosstab from the classroom page view history of the Learning Management system. Development of STS Projectile Motion Unit to give students the perception of the relationship between Science Technology Engineering and of the relationship between Science Technology Engineering and.
The 8th Workshop on Technology Enhanced Learning by Posing/Solving Problems/Questions
- Online Student-Constructed Tests with Citing Capability: Perceived Uses, Usage, and Considerations
- A learning environment for externalizing procedural knowledge in problem solving: A preliminary trial for tutoring problem posing skills
- Scoping Research with a Focus on Questioning Jon MASON
- Analysis of Problem-Posing Activity Sequences toward Modeling Thinking Process and Detection of Trap States
The Effects of Integrating Metacognitive Scaffolding in Chemistry Educational Computer Games in High School Students' Learning Educational Computer Games in High School Students' Learning Outcomes and Game-Based Learning. Non-Numerical Aspects of School Mathematics Khalid KHAN & Jon MASON Khalid KHAN & Jon MASON.
International Workshop on “Technology Enhanced Language Learning”
- An Integrated Model of Flipped Classrooms and M-Learning in Workplace English
- Impact of Misplaced Words in Reading Comprehension of Chinese Sentences: Evidences from Eye Movement and Electroencephalography
- Identifying Context Familiarity for Incidental Word Learning Task Recommendations
- Wikis: the effects of corrective feedback on EFL learners’ written accuracy Sarah Hsueh-Jui LIU & Yu-Ju LAN
A learning environment for the externalization of procedural knowledge in problem solving: A preliminary trial for tutoring problem posing skills solving: A preliminary trial for tutoring problem posing skills. Analysis of problem-posing activity sequences towards modeling thought process and detection of trap conditions Process and detection of trap conditions.
1st International Workshop on e-Book Based Educational Big Data for Enhancing Teaching and Learning
- Analysis of Preview Behavior in E-Book System
- An interactive e-book approach to supporting flipped learning in an elementary school math course
- A Proposal of e-Book Based Seamless Learning System Mahiro KIYOTA, Kousuke MOURI & Hiroaki OGATA
- Analyzing the Features of Learning Behaviors of Students using e-Books Chengjiu YIN, Fumiya OKUBO, Atsushi SHIMADA, Misato OI, Sachio
- Learning Style Verification with use of Questionnaire and Page Flip History
- Development of Cloud e-Bookcase System--- Perspective of User Satisfaction
- Visualization Supports for E-book Users from Meaningful Learning Perspective
- Cubic Gantt Chart as Visualization Tool for Learning Activity Data Shohei NAKAMURA, Kosuke KANEKO, Yoshihiro OKADA, Chengjiu YIN
- Visualization of e-Book Learning Logs
- Developing a neurofeedback-based e-book system to maintain an effective learning status
Analyse af egenskaberne ved elevers læringsadfærd ved hjælp af e-bøger Chengjiu YIN, Fumiya OKUBO, Atsushi SHIMADA, Misato OI, Sachio Chengjiu YIN, Fumiya OKUBO, Atsushi SHIMADA, Misato OI, Sachio HIROKAWA, Masanori YAMADAIA, OGHIROKIA, OGHIROKIA. Links blandt e-bøger i studerendes e-bogslogfiler Misato OI, Chengjiu YIN, Fumiya OKUBO, Atsushi SHIMADA, Kentaro Misato OI, Chengjiu YIN, Fumiya OKUBO, Atsushi SHIMADA, Kentaro KOJIMA, Masanori YAMADA & Hiroaki OGATA.
Harnessing Constructivist Online Game-based Learning in School Education
Hybrid Game-based Learning Research at English Class of Primary School Ximei QU & Junjie SHANG
Using Digital Game-Based Adventure Education Counseling Course to Adjust Primary Students’ Interpersonal Deviant Behaviors
Implementation of Mario-like Digital Game in Chemistry Education
The 6th International Workshop on “Innovative Designs for Mobile and Ubiquitous Learning: 1:1 and Beyond”
Recommendation Method in the Context of Real-world Language Learning Kousuke MOURI, Hiroaki OGATA & Noriko UOSAKI
The 1st Workshop on technology-enhanced learning in early years education
Interest-Driven Creators (IDC): The Roles of Technology in Nurturing Learners' Interests, Creation and/or Habits
The development of epistemological theories: Beliefs about knowledge and knowing and their relation to learning. The role of epistemological beliefs and learned helplessness in middle school students' learning of science concepts from text.
The Relationship between Senior High School Students’ robotics and 21 st century
Introduction 1 Robotics Learning
On the other hand, cooperative learning encourages thinking outside the knowledge-based box. Collaborative learning uses different levels to think about problems, and the learning of knowledge is placed in the social constructivist model.
Method 1 Participants
The main purpose of robotics learning self-efficacy explored students' confidence in learning robotics. The scale includes six aspects, which are conceptual understanding, practical work, daily use, higher order cognitive abilities, social communication, and self-efficacy.
Comparison of students’ perceptions of small group discussion in online and face-to-face
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Implication and Discussion
Therefore, the results indicate that students were more negative towards online discussion than face-to-face discussion (t = 5,954, p < .001). Because of the design of the online and face-to-face discussion, students tended to engage in rebuttal or argumentation with other students.
Research on the Normal Students' Professional Development in Self
Study
- Research Questions
- The Self-organized Model of the Normal Students' Teacher Professional Development
- the practice case of the normal students’ teaching skills in self-organizatied learning environment
- the practical effect of teaching skills of the normal students
- conclusion
Refer to the practical effect of the case "how to help children in grades 4-6 to avoid accidental injury?". In this paper, the following conclusions have been reached: First, meeting the needs for the personal growth of the normal students and teachers is the prerequisite for the existence and development of.
- Research background and hypotheses
- Methodology
- Instrument
- Results
- Discussion
- Limitations and Future Research
Technology acceptance toward virtual self-organized community is an important character to reflect learning achievement (Davis, 1993). Surprisingly, in this research, self-efficacy has no significant relationship with technology acceptance in virtual self-organized community.
Model for Developing Teachers’ Theoretical and Practical Performance regarding Learning
Management by Using LIISMF
- Research objectives
- Research methodology
- Research instruments
- Data collection
- Data analysis
- Conclusion and discussion
- Recommendations
The figure shows the model for teacher development in learning management and the use of learning innovations that sufficiently integrate economics, morals and Thai values for sustainable and . balanced development. The participants were then able to apply learning innovations that integrate sufficiency economics philosophy, moral and Thai values to synthesize an educational model.
The Impact of Badges on Course Participation and Interaction
Literature Review
The study of badges is emerging and most recognize that more research into the mechanisms and context is needed. More research is also needed to explore the impact of badges across a range of contexts, such as organizational settings, technical infrastructure, student demographics, and.
Research Design
In particular, more research is needed to better understand the role and impact of badge systems in classrooms that differ from MOOCs in enrollment, integrated, and dynamic activities. Most of the students are pre- and in-service educators or school administrators.
Data Analysis And Discussion
Analysis of simple main effects (Table 1.1) shows that badges did not have a statistically significant effect for online technology courses (F p = 0.5290) but did have a statistically significant effect for online research courses (F p < 0.001) in increasing the total number of original posts, comments and replies. It suggests that a token system appears to have an effect on increasing student participation in online research classes.
Applying Social Media for Measure Earth's Circumference from Different Locations
- Applying social media for measured the circumferences of the Earth on the 2014 Vernal Equinox
- Evaluated activities used by participants in term of the result of the measurement, and their opinions
- Methodology Participants
- Design integrated and participatory learning activities for measured the Earth’s circumferences on the 2014 Vernal Equinox using mathematics, astronomy, and information
- The participants learn the lesson of Vernal Equinox Eratosthenes’ measurement from the blog three days before starting the project
- The participants reported the results of the measurement and gave their opinions about the activity through the facebook’s group and Google Docs questionnaire online
- The result of the measurement and participants’ opinions were analyzed and described
- Finding and Discussion
- Participants’ Opinions after attend in the Earth’s circumference measurement
- All participants know the Earth’s circumference measurement on 2014 Vernal Equinox from the author’s facebook and they submit to this activity through the facebook
- They were only learning the content from the weblog, 82.32% of them intensively understand all steps before the measurement
- They first time downloads, setting and using the Google earth program, 82.32% of teams selected it for measure the distance between their locations to equator, while others
- Conclusion and Suggestion
The results of measuring the circumference of the Earth at the Vernal Equinox 2014 from different geographical locations (March 20-21), as shown in Table 1. I also thank all the teachers and students who participated in "Measuring the circumference of the Earth at the Vernal Equinox 2014. ".
The Application of Blackboard Platform in a Chinese Higher Education Setting: A Case
Study of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Application of the Blackboard Platform at BUPT 1 Favorable policies for promoting the application
The university also offered various facilitating conditions to promote the application of the blackboard system. In addition, the university released a user manual and a demo video for the Blackboard platform, providing a live demonstration of the system's application.
Results and Discussion 1 Overview of the application
To promote the use of the platform at BUPT, two favorable policies have been adopted. About half of the students agreed that the platform can eliminate the time and space limitation.
Conclusion
Application of the Blackboard System in an EFL Course for Science and Engineering
Students in China
Results and Discussion
A 5-point Likert scale ranging from one (Strongly disagree) to five (Strongly agree) was used to assess students' views of the blackboard system. The results show that the students had a positive attitude towards the use of the blackboard system in the EFL course.
Conclusion
From the interview, we found that students were more willing to use the blackboard system for varied learning. Researching language learning processes in open CALL settings for advanced learners. Computer-assisted language learning.
Investigating the Changes in Teachers’
Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge through Mobile Material Development
Activities
Method 1 Participants
To explore changes in teachers' knowledge about content, pedagogy, teaching methods, and technology integration before and after mobile material development activities, this study used paired sample t tests. Pearson's correlation was used to show the relationships between teachers' TPACK after the activities and learning outcomes.
Discussion and conclusions
Exploring the changes in in-service teachers' perceptions of technological pedagogical content knowledge and effectiveness for ICT design thinking. Exploring teachers' perceived self-efficacy and technological pedagogical content knowledge in relation to educational use of the World Wide Web.
A Case Study on the Problem Representation of College Science Students in the Lego Building
- Literature Review 1 Problem Representation
- Design 1 Participants
- Results and Discussions 1 Results
- Conclusions
This study used two types of coding tables that include the different stages of the Lego construction process and the type of problem representation. The correct and appropriate representation of the problem plays a very important role in the successful solution of the problem.
Lea’s Box: A Competency-oriented Approach to Facilitate Learning Analytics in School Settings
Lea’s Box – A learning Analytics Toolbox
Such indicators can be test items, but can refer to any kind of performance or behavior (for example, the concrete steps when working with a spreadsheet application). The set of objects A is called the extension of the formal concept; it is the set of objects that comprise the formal concept.
Visualizing Competence-centered Learning Outcomes
Similar to Rusch and Wille (1996), who were the first to apply FCA to students and their performance data, we propose formal contexts with students as “attributes” and competencies and skills as “objects”. Visualization for teachers to show poor (left image) and good (right image) performance and their competencies.
Conclusions
Twelve teachers were exposed to the model and various visualizations in the context of qualitative design studies. Therefore, recent efforts, such as in the Lea's Box project, seek to adapt and advance classic Hasse diagrams to such visualizations that teachers can intuitively understand and at the same time contain the same information density.
Analysis of how the students’ behaviors in doing homework relate to their learning performance
Method 1 Participants
Students' homework behaviors were correlated with their self-regulation variables and time spent doing homework. Meanwhile, students' final test scores in mathematics, Chinese and English are collected as indicators of their academic achievement.
Results and analysis
In other words, a high self-efficacy on homework will somehow be related to students' low scores. Self-evaluation is positively and significantly related to Maths and English grades, which means that self-checking and evaluating your homework is helpful for students' academic performance when they complete homework.
Conclusions and future work
However, no significant relationship was found between the time spent on homework and the student's academic performance so far in the study. The relationship between homework time and performance is not universal: evidence from multi-level analyzes in 40 countries.
Learning Analytics of Core Competencies: A Comparative Study of Students, Academics, and
Industries
However, there is a lack of good techniques and universal tools to estimate the core competences of students in practice. The results of the student learning analysis of core competencies by the VACC system from the year 2013 to 2015 are shown in Figure 1.
Analysis on Learning Efficiency in the Context of Mobile e-Learning
Related Works
To learn the success factors of e-learning, a lot of research has been done, here are some of them that are related to this paper. They can be further categorized into 8 types, each including several CSFs, and the level of criticality is measured by its validity coefficient. 2012) also revealed 6 dimensions and 20 critical success factors that influence learning performance for e-learning systems, and are recommended to implement e-learning systems.
Data Extracting and Pretreatment 1 Learning Situation Distinguish
The instructor is enthusiastic about teaching” (in the “instructor” category) and “The student enjoys using personal computers” (in the “student” category). Although the k-means algorithm has been presented for almost 50 years, it is still considered one of the most popular clustering algorithms (Anil, 2010).
Analysis on Learning Efficiency
A+,A,B,C,D} where EQT(j,Te) means that a student with a j score has an equivalent learning time of Te. With the stabilized bis, the equivalent durations of learning time of the calculated students, classified according to the score, are shown in Figure 6.
Who Will Pass? Analyzing Learner Behaviors in MOOCs
Methods
We used Ward and K-means clustering algorithms to determine the number of clusters and to classify different types of learners in MOOCs. Descriptive analyses, including chi-square tests and mean-difference tests (ANOVA), were performed to measure the learning outcomes of different types of learners.
Findings
The results showed that students with different types of learning behaviors in MOOCs revealed different levels of learning outcomes. In addition, statistical tests showed that active use of discussion forums in MOOCS improved student learning outcomes.
Heartbeat Feedback for Learners’ Emotional Self Control
Introduction 1 Learning Analytics
An academic journal called Journal of Learning Analytics is published by SOLAR (Society for Learning Analytics Research) (SOLAR, 2015). At the WG8 meeting in Rouen France, a general framework of Learning Analytics was discussed.
Developed System
In this paper, the authors focus on a method to assist with self-awareness of a student's emotional status using the biofeedback method. Students get feedback on their change in heart rate using a PC camera based heart rate monitor system, due to solving various quizzes.
Preliminary Experiment
The second is that the authors must explain the correlation between the correctness of the answer and the use of the proposed system. The preliminary results of the experiment show that the proposed system helps test subjects to recognize their nervous state and prevents them from falling into a depressed state.
Error Log Analysis for Improving Educational Materials in C Programming Language
Courses
Related Research
We consider that if the WPASC system does not effectively manage cooperative programming, less able students may not do their best to solve errors in their programs. This system is also a type of collaborative programming: students can share knowledge and problem solving through agent software.
System Design and Methods 1 Environment and Data Source
We are considering how we can make the error logs and BookLooper reading logs more useful, and how we can make the teaching material more specific. Based on these results, we suggest combining error messages to make more accurate classification of error logs.
Conclusions and Future Work
2014) Visualization for Analysis of Ubiquitous Learning Logs, Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE. 9 Multi-dimensional Array 6 Exercises of Multi-dimensional Array 10 Multiple For Loop 6 Exercises of Multiple For Loop 11 While--Do- while loop 6 exercises of While--Do-while loop 12 string functions 6 exercises of string functions 13 user-defined functions 6 exercises of user-defined functions.
A Clustering Method using Entropy for Grouping Students
Analysis of Item Response Data
Research relevant to the proposed method uses item response data analysis. 2005) proposed information-based pruning to identify interesting association rules in item response data using data mining techniques. 2002) used goodness of fit to rank item response scores using error of relaxation, which is one type of clustering method. Richard (1979) used goodness of fit to rank scores in response to a task also using relaxation error as a clustering method.
Clustering Evaluation Methods
In general, only some aspects of the feature vectors will be relevant, and the extraction of these relevant features is an area where clustering plays a key role (Tishby, 1999). Clustering is a fundamental tool in unsupervised learning used to group similar objects together (Jain and Dube, 1988) and has practical importance in a wide variety of applications such as text, web-log, and shopping cart data analysis. the market.
Experimental Classification Results and Analysis
SSE and Relaxation Error use one variable is score (TS1, …, TSm) in item response data. We have developed a method for clustering item response data using entropy within a continuous numerical attribute such as test scores.
A method of visualizing students’ reactions by creation of a time series cross table from the in
- Related research
- Time series cross table
- Time series cross table of unused digital teaching material
- Conclusion and future work
We then created a time series cross-tabulation based on the number of students and viewing time for each of the digital educational materials. Time series analysis of class page view history for digital learning materials using cross-tabulation.
Exploring Forum Dynamics in a Chinese MOOC: A Longitudinal Probabilistic Social
Network Analysis 1
- Network Concepts and Hypotheses
- Context of the Study
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion and Conclusion
The positive transition effect means that actors prefer to create links with the line "the friend of my friend is my friend". Preferential attachment is present in the studied networks, commonly referred to as "the rich get richer effect".
Designing a Reference Model for Learning Analytics Interoperability
- Related Work
- Reference model for learning analytics interoperability
- Deployment of the Reference Model
- Discussion and Future Work
The Society for Learning Analytics Research (SoLAR) is an interdisciplinary network of leading international researchers who are exploring the role and impact of analytics in teaching, learning, training and development (The Society for Learning Analytics Research, 2015). ALAS-KA: An extension of learning analytics to better understand the learning process on the Khan Academy platform.
Design two systems to improve students Environmental Education knowledge - a case
Literature review of Environmental Education
Many countries have reached consensus on the necessity of environmental education in school. Annelise & J. William Hug, 2010) environmental education that is heavily dependent on direct experiences of natural phenomena outside the classroom.
Technology
In the process of creating the Street View system for the "Testing Student Diploma", we use this system, which is intended to test the ecological knowledge of Barclay Memorial Park. However, the panorama in Google Street View is not oriented in the right direction (see Figure 7), so we use PhotoScape tools to do some processing.
The result of two system
When we make Street View system for "self-learning", we provide a system for students to learn. In the Street View system for "self-teaching" we use the same set of the Street View service, but we do not test the student's ability.
Game-based Learning Combined with the Somatosensory Operation of
Literature review
Compared to the general mode of operation of the game, somatosensory games more people enter the game situation, and because the operation in the form of intuition allows users to experience the content of which (Lu et al., 2012). In recent years to bring people many somatosensory entertainment functions, and now the city also has an interview produced by various operating platform companies, which some studies have found that the somatosensory platform can even integrate into a lesson in education for use in.
Method
According to the description of the statistical data, the analysis showed that: In some pre-test experimental groups, the corresponding analysis of scientific knowledge results: (1) which is part of the correct Arctic ice rate of 62%, (2) the ice layer of Antarctica is the answer type below the norm of 49%, (3) sea level rise of Arctic ice melting will result in the correct rate if the melting of Antarctic ice will cause the correct rate of sea level rise of the sea of 64.6%. The test part before the group, the corresponding analysis of scientific knowledge results: (1) what type of Arctic ice is the correct rate below 56%, (2) the Antarctic ice sheet is the correct rate that belongs to the melting of the Arctic ice in sea level rise will result in the correct rate if the melting of Antarctic ice will cause sea level to rise at the correct rate of 56.5%.
The Effects of Integrating Metacognitive Scaffolding in Chemistry Educational
Learning Outcomes and Game-based Learning
The C-ECG group (i.e., the control group in this study) consisted of 84 students, while the MS-ECG group (i.e., the experimental group) consisted of 87 students. They were randomly assigned to a control group (i.e. with C-ECG) and an experimental group (i.e. with MS-ECG).
Major findings and Conclusions 1 Major findings
Based on the findings in this study, the "The Adventure of Mr. Dalton" can be improved and applied to the teaching practices. This study was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, ROC, under grant contract numbers MOST103-2511-S-008-007-MY3 and MOST104-2511-S-008-015-MY3, but the opinions expressed in this article reflect not the position of the Ministry of Science and Technology.
A Preliminary Creative Process Exploration of Learners’ Behavioral Patterns in a
Learning Activity Using Minecraft
Research method 1 Participants
- The project-based creativity learning activity
- The assessment of the creative performance
- The procedure of QCA and LSA
The discussion board was also used for students' creative project work in this study. Each group had a dedicated discussion board where they had to discuss a creative project.
Data Analysis and Results 1 Results of QCA
- Results of LSA
In general, all groups showed behavioral continuity patterns of 'idea development and evaluation (Cre5)' and 'off-topic discussion (Cre61, Cre62)'. Meanwhile, behavioral transition patterns from 'idea development and evaluation (cre5)' to 'off-topic discussion (cre61, cre62)' were observed.
Conclusion and subsequent research
Paper presented at the 2013 Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States.
Non Numerical Aspects of School Mathematics
Numeracy – a Misnomer?
The Australian Curriculum defines numeracy as “the ability to recognize and understand the role of mathematics in the world and the ability and capacity to use mathematical knowledge and skills purposefully” (Numeracy, 2012). So even in the simplest cases with minimal language and maximum numerical involvement, such as 13 + 5.
Context, Connections and Experiences
Such a problem deliberately clashes with conventional common sense, but in mathematics such a problem can lead to ideas like clock arithmetic, which in turn can mark modular arithmetic that makes sense later in the curriculum. As teachers, we must plan to teach and think: what are the ideas that numbers or numerical data cannot or do not capture in the problem as mentioned.
