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PERSPEKTIF, 12 (2) (2023): 499-508, DOI: 10.31289/perspektif.v12i2.8896
PERSPEKTIF
Available online http://ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/perspektif
Depiction of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Tribunnews and Republika.co.id Using Topic Modeling
Rahma Mesi Shabrina
Department of Communication Science, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
Received: 16 January 2023; Reviewed: 27 March 2023; Accepted: 06 April 2023
Abstract
Breast milk is the best food for babies aged 0-6 months and is recommended to be continued until the baby is 2 years old. Exclusive breastfeeding can prevent stunting in toddlers. The prevalence of stunting in Indonesia in 2021 is still higher than the WHO target. The media can become friends in promoting the Exclusive Breastfeeding program through their coverage. This study uses the topic modeling method to see how the news coverage of exclusive breastfeeding by Tribunnews and Republika.co.id during 1 January 2021-15 November 2022. This research found five of the seven topics are same in these two media; world breastfeeding week, Mothers positive for Covid-19 can still give breast milk, nutrition of breast milk, Covid-19 vaccination for breastfeeding mothers and breast milk can prevent stunting. Different topics include health services for breastfeeding mothers and babies as well as health problems for breastfeeding mothers on Tribunnews. While Republika.co.id covers religion and breastfeeding as well as support for breastfeeding mothers. The tone of news regarding exclusive breastfeeding in both media is relatively positive. However, the coverage on exclusive breastfeeding is still lacking in quantity both on Tribunnews and Republika.co.id.
Keywords: Topic Modeling; Exclusive Breastfeeding; Breastfeeding; Media; Agenda Setting
How to Cite: Shabrina, R. M. (2023). Penggambaran ASI Eksklusif pada Berita Tribunnews dan Republika.co.id Menggunakan Topic Modeling. PERSPEKTIF, 12 (2): 499-508
*Corresponding author:
E-mail: rahma.mesi@ui.ac.id ISSN 2085-0328 (Print)
ISSN 2684-9305 (online)
INTRODUCTION
Breast milk is the best food for babies aged 0-6 months. Breast milk contains water, fat, protein, carbohydrates, various vitamins and minerals and antibodies. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) early and exclusive breastfeeding is very important for the survival of the child and protects him from various dangerous diseases such as diarrhea and pneumonia.
The Ministry of Health noted that in 2021 the percentage of exclusive breastfeeding for babies aged 0-5 months reached 71.58% higher than the previous year of 69.62%. However, there are several provinces whose achievements are still lower than the national figure, for example Gorontalo 52.75%, North Sumatra 57.83%
and DKI Jakarta 65.63%. To encourage the fulfillment of children's rights to exclusive breastfeeding, the government issued Government Regulation no. 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding. This PP was passed on March 1, 2012. This PP states that every mother is required to provide exclusive breastfeeding for her baby, unless there is a medical indication. Health workers are also prohibited from promoting formula milk to breastfeeding mothers.
Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months is also very important to prevent stunting.
Toddlers who are not given exclusive breastfeeding have a 61 times greater chance of experiencing stunting than toddlers who are given exclusive breastfeeding (Sr &
Sampe, 2020). Stunting is a chronic malnutrition problem caused by a long-term lack of nutritional intake because food does not meet nutritional needs. In Indonesia, the stunting rate is still quite high. In 2021 the national prevalence of stunting is 27.6%, the figure exceeds the standard set by WHO of 20%. The government is targeting to reduce the prevalence of stunting to 14% by 2024.
The mass media has a function to provide information, to educate and as entertainment (Ardianto et al., 2005). Judging from this function, the mass media plays an important role in the success of the Exclusive Breastfeeding program and reducing the prevalence of stunting in Indonesia. In addition, the media also plays an important role in shaping public opinion. Mass media is media that functions as both a communicator
and an agent of change, namely a pioneer of change in society that can influence society through messages in the form of information, entertainment, education, and others that can be accessed by the wider community (Khatimah, 2018).
A number of studies provide evidence of an association between media portrayals of exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding.
The results of Foss & Blake (2019) show that viewing breastfeeding activities in public places on United States television shows increases support for breastfeeding in public spaces.
Hitt et al. (2018) conducted research on breastfeeding coverage in 10 US print media for the 2008-2013 period. The results of this study found that the media saw breastfeeding as having health and normative benefits.
However, the coverage in the media is more about the obstacles to breastfeeding than being a facilitator.
Furthermore, Jillani et al. (2020) conducted research on breastfeeding coverage in the United States media for the 2007-2016 period. The findings of this study suggest that the media portray breastfeeding as positive and are increasingly being discussed. The most news topics are the health benefits and support for breastfeeding.
The mass media has the potential to be a strong friend or foe in promoting exclusive breastfeeding. The media can help by getting breastfeeding issues onto the policy agenda and by framing breastfeeding as healthy and normative for babies and mothers (Brown &
Peuchaud, 2008). The media can be a powerful communication tool for promoting exclusive breastfeeding programs, influencing the behavior of breastfeeding mothers and generating support among stakeholders for breastfeeding. The latter is the key to the successful implementation of the exclusive breastfeeding program (Ferré- Eguiluz et al., 2020).
According to data from the Press Council (2018) the number of mass media in Indonesia has reached 47,000 media. Among these, 43,300 are online media. Of course, this is a strength in itself because of the nature of online media which exceeds conventional media in terms of speed and affordability. The online media used in this research are Tribunnews and Republika.co.id.
Tribunnews is an online media managed by PT Tribun Digital Online.
Reporting from its website, Tribunnews with a network spread throughout Indonesia called the Tribun Network carries local values from 34 provinces. Based on data from Similarweb.com, Tribunnews ranks third as the news site with the most traffic in Indonesia. Republika.co.id (ROL) is an online media owned by Republika Daily which was born in 1995. ROL is an online media with Islamic inspiration. According to data from Similarweb, ROL is ranked the 23rd news site with the most traffic in Indonesia.
Each media must have its own agenda in writing an event or it is called agenda setting.
The Agenda Setting theory was coined by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw in 1972 which said that the media has influence in determining what is considered important by the public (Eriyanto, 2019). Media coverage of health issues also influences public health behavior.
What McCombs and Shaw put forward in the 1970s was the first level of agenda setting, where what was highlighted by the media were objects. In the 1990s, the idea emerged for experts to develop agenda setting theory by emphasizing the attributes reported by the media and the influence of these attributes on the public. This idea is known as the second level agenda setting (Eriyanto, 2019).
The first level of agenda setting is the transmission of object prominence. While at the second level is the transmission of the prominent attributes (McCombes, 2000).
Furthermore, McCombs & Valenzuela (2020) said that some attributes tend to be more noticed and remembered by the audience than others because of the frequency of their appearance or dominance in the message. In interpreting messages, some attributes are considered more appropriate than others.
Certain characteristics of the object can resonate in such a way with the public that it becomes a convincing argument for the issue, person or topic being highlighted.
This attribute can be classified into two parts. First, the more detailed sub dimensions of the object. Second, the attribute can also be the orientation of reporting tendencies, whether the news is positive, negative or neutral. The assumption of the second level of
agenda setting is that media coverage highlights certain attributes and as a result these attributes are also seen as important by the public (Eriyanto, 2019)
From the description above, researchers have not found research related to reporting on exclusive breastfeeding or breastfeeding in the Indonesian media. For this reason, this research is intended to fill this void. From the description above, the authors formulate research questions as follows: RQ1: What are the topics raised in the news on Tribunnews and ROL on exclusive breastfeeding? RQ2: Are there differences in news topics on exclusive breastfeeding in the two media? RQ3: What is the tone of news on exclusive breastfeeding on Tribunnews and ROL?
Then to answer the research question, this study aims to describe and see what different topics are raised by Tribunnews and ROL in reporting on exclusive breastfeeding.
In addition, this research also wants to see how the two online media represent news related to exclusive breastfeeding.
RESEARCH METHOD
To answer the research questions above, this study uses the text mining topic modeling method. Text mining is an emerging new discipline that is concerned with the process of extracting qualitative information from text. This information can be obtained by predicting patterns and trends using tools such as statistical pattern learning. The main purpose of text mining is to process unstructured data (text) to find patterns of meaning and track the best decision-making process (Ipmawati et al., 2017).
Topic modeling is a methodology used to analyze big data to find abstract topics that repeatedly appear in a collection of documents. When an author has certain keywords in mind, these keywords are repeated throughout the article. The keyword collection is modeled as a restricted mix on the basis of a topic probability set, and then assigns latent topics in a given document (Blei et al., 2003).
Topic modeling was chosen to identify topics by grouping related words (Kim, 2019), in accordance with the aim of this study to see the representation of news
topics based on word selection patterns. The Latent Dirichlet Allocation model was chosen in this study. This model assumes that every document contains words and each word is associated with a certain topic. There are five stages in this technique namely extraction, pre-processing, corpus creation, visualization and analysis of visualization results.
The digital footprint of this research is in the form of news from the sites Tribunnews.com and Republika.co.id. Digital footprints are collected using the keywords
"Exclusive Breastfeeding" and
"breastfeeding". Data was collected from news published on 1 January 2021 to 15 November 2022. This period was chosen because the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKN) predicts that in January 2021 Indonesia will experience a baby boom or birth rate explosion due to the Covid-19 pandemic (Ramadhan, 2020).
Data is retrieved using Media Cloud.
News that does not contain keywords in the title is excluded in this study. This exception is done manually.
After excluding irrelevant news, there are 154 stories with details of 68 news on Tribunnews and 86 news on ROL.
Then the researcher scraped the data using a Google Sheet with the formula
=IMPORTXML. The data from web scraping is then pre-processed to clean up irrelevant data. Next, the corpus is input into the Voyant software for stop-words cleaning, topic tokenization and visualization. From the data obtained, this study extracted 7 topics with 15 keywords in each topic.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
RQ1. Exclusive breastfeeding news topics on Tribunnews and ROL
Figure 1 is the result of Voyant's visualization of the Tribunnews corpus in the period 1 January 2021 - 15 November 2022.
Meanwhile Table 1 is the result of an interpretation of the generated topic visualization. There are seven topics with 15 keywords for each topic. The interpretation of the Tribunnews topic can be seen in Table 1.
Figure 1: Visualization of Tribunnews Topics (Source: Research Documentation)
Table 1. Topic interpretation and text representation of each topic on Tribunnews
No TopiC Keyword Text Representation
1 Health services for breastfeeding mothers and babies.
Posyandu for mothers of babies, ASI people, Indonesian food service is important midwives for new year quality 2021 health.
Integrated service posts or Posyandu have an important role in monitoring the health of infants and breastfeeding mothers.
2 World
Breastfeeding Week
Breastfeeding mothers 2022 world week of milk children give the first skin doctor water week world of their babies
The anniversary is also a campaign to highlight the link between breastfeeding and better nutrition and food security and reducing inequality. The targets of this campaign are the government, health agencies, workplaces, and communities.
3 Mothers positive for Covid-19 can give breast milk
Breastfeeding mothers breastfeeding babies, Indonesian health children provide Covid-19, giving pregnant milk, pandemic support
The Breastfeeding Task Force of the Indonesian Pediatricians Association (IDAI), Wiyarni Pambudi, said that breastfeeding mothers who were confirmed positive for Covid-19 could still provide exclusive breastfeeding for their children.
4 Breast milk content breastfeeding mothers covid breastfeeding babies 2021 breastfeeding vaccinations carry out food needs pills online production of diet nutrition
Chairman of the Breastfeeding Task Force of the Indonesian Pediatrician Association (IDAI) Dr. dr. Naomi Esthernita F Dewanto said that breastfeeding for babies has various benefits. Among them, breast milk is the first immunization for babies.
5 Covid-19
vaccination for breastfeeding mothers
Covid breastfeeding mothers vaccine pregnant vaccination positive people are given to receive pandemic health by CDC ASI vaccination.
Breastfeeding mothers must be in prime condition to receive the vaccine. After the vaccine, it is still safe for nursing mothers to give breast milk to their babies.
6 Exclusive breastfeeding prevents stunting
Breastfeeding mothers exclusively breast-feeding stunting babies out good month-old child food has preventing substance conditions
In order to accelerate the reduction of stunting in Indonesia by 14 percent in 2024, the Government is doing various methods. One of them is through exclusive breastfeeding.
7 Health problems for breastfeeding mothers
Mother breastfeeding on the day of breast milk becomes the first milk mastitis at home, drinking fish protein for two pregnant.
While quoted from mayoclinic.org, to start a breastfeeding relationship between mother and baby while avoiding complications such as mastitis, consider meeting with a lactation counselor.
Source: Results of the author's research.
The first topic of Tribunnews is health services for breastfeeding mothers and babies.
One of the health services provided by the government is an integrated service post (posyandu). Posyandu is a forum for community participation in the implementation and provision of basic health services. Posyandu is expected to be able to fulfill its main function as a monitoring unit for child growth and development and convey
messages to mothers or mothers who relapse and family members with babies and toddlers (Nurhidayah et al., 2019).
The second topic talks about world
breastfeeding week or World
Breastfeeding Week which is celebrated
every August 1-7. This topic discusses the
annual agenda that is celebrated in every
country to commemorate the importance
of breastfeeding for babies. The third topic is that mothers who are positively infected with Covid-19 may give breast milk to their babies. Since March 2020 Indonesia has been hit by the Covid-19 Pandemic, not a few breastfeeding mothers have been infected with Covid-19. Many of them are experiencing confusion about whether they can continue to breastfeed their babies when they are infected with Covid- 19. Experts state that mothers can still breastfeed their babies even if they are infected with Covid-19. The fourth topic is the content of breast milk. This topic tells about the superiority of the content of breast milk when compared to formula milk. This topic is illustrated in the news text: The fifth topic is Covid-19 vaccination for breastfeeding mothers. The first Covid- 19 vaccination was carried out in February 2021. At that time, pregnant and breastfeeding women were not allowed to get the vaccine. However, in August 2021, the Ministry of Health stated that the Covid-19 vaccine was safe for pregnant and lactating women. Covid-19 vaccination for
breastfeeding mothers is considered to have the benefit of increasing the baby's immunity against this virus.
The sixth topic is that exclusive breastfeeding can prevent stunting or failure of growth and development in toddlers. It has been previously described that toddlers who are not given exclusive breastfeeding have a 61 times greater chance of experiencing stunting than toddlers who are given exclusive breastfeeding (Sr & Sampe, 2020). For this reason, exclusive breastfeeding is very important for child development and prevention of stunting. The seventh topic is health problems in breastfeeding mothers.
Tribunnews highlights health problems that may occur in breastfeeding mothers, one of which is mastitis or inflammation of the breast tissue.
Furthermore, Figure 2 is the result of Voyant's visualization of the ROL corpus for the period January 1 2021-November 15 2022. Meanwhile Table 2 is the result of the interpretation of the resulting topic visualization.
Figure 2: ROL Topic Visualization (Source: Research Documentation)
Tabel 2. Topic Interpretation and Text Representation of Each Topic in ROL
No Topic Keyword Text Representation
1 Religion and Breast Milk
Mothers breastfeeding covid baby milk formula vaccination for women breastfeeding, scholars opinion, male priests of vaccine studies
Exclusive breastfeeding for babies in Indonesia has not reached 50 percent.
In fact, from the point of view of the Koran, a mother is recommended to breastfeed her child for two years.
2 Covid-19
vaccination for breastfeeding mothers
Breastfeeding breastfed mothers with Covid-19 babies, the average production of research vaccines, percent was given asimor quality milk
This research shows that vaccines with mRNA inhibit the transmission of the virus that causes Covid-19. The study analyzed the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, which both contain mRNA.
The World Health Organization
(WHO) recommends that
breastfeeding mothers be vaccinated.
3 Dukungan keluarga untuk ibu menyusui
Mothers who exclusively breastfeed their families, babies, pregnant fathers, it is important to provide nutrition education for Sarah stunting in the community.
Exclusive breastfeeding (ASI) for babies for six months in a row is one way to prevent babies from growing stunted. In this case, the role of the father is certainly very much needed by a mother in exclusive breastfeeding.
4 Breast milk content
Breast milk for children years old provides Indonesia's first health, good food, water, people's month's milk day.
Breast milk is the best food for babies, because in breast milk there are many good substances with a perfect blend that babies need.
5 Mothers positive for Covid-19 can give breast milk
Breastfeeding mothers, exclusive health, covid, babies, houses, pandemic, pregnant, percent of nutrition, giving months of getting.
In the condition that the mother is positive for Covid-19 but the baby is not, there are several things that must be considered. If the mother is self- isolating at home, she can still breastfeed directly by implementing a number of important steps
6 Exclusive breastfeeding prevents stunting.
Mothers breastfeeding, stunting, covid, vaccine, pregnant, children, family doctors, nutrition eating opinions.
Muhadjir stated that giving exclusive breastfeeding and continuing it until the toddler is two years old will prevent stunting
7 World Breastfeeding Week
Breastfeeding breastfed mothers 2022 cadres week percent activities exclusive formula day depok brian naomi.
World Breastfeeding Week or World Breastfeeding Week (PMD) which is celebrated every first week (1/8) to (7/8), is a global campaign that aims to protect, promote and support breastfeeding, and improve the health of mothers and babies around the world. world
Source: Results of the author's research.
The first topic of exclusive breastfeeding news on ROL is religion and breastfeeding. ROL is an online media with Islamic religious ideology, for this reason this topic appears. The second topic is Covid-19 vaccination for breastfeeding mothers. This topic is also on the Tribunnews corpus. The third topic is family support for breastfeeding mothers.
Breastfeeding mothers need a support system
from the family, especially their partners.
Rempel & Rempel (2011) said that the main role of fathers is to support breastfeeding by becoming breastfeeding experts by using their knowledge to encourage and assist mothers in breastfeeding, respect breastfeeding mothers and by sharing housework and childcare.
The fourth topic is the content of breast milk. Unlike formula milk, breast milk contains
live ingredients that can adapt to the needs of the baby. The fifth topic is that mothers who are positively infected with Covid-19 may give breast milk to their babies. This topic also appears in the Tribunnews corpus. The sixth topic is Exclusive breastfeeding to prevent stunting. Finally, the seventh topic is World Breastfeeding Week.
RQ2. Differences in Topic Tribunnews and ROL
From the results of this study, the results of five of the seven topics of exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding coverage on Tribunnews and ROL are the same. There are only two different news topics from these two media. Both Tribunnews and ROL raised the topic of world breastfeeding week, mothers infected with Covid-19 can still give breast milk to their babies, nutritional content in breast milk, breastfeeding mothers can receive the Covid-19 vaccine and exclusive breastfeeding can prevent stunting in children.
Two different topics raised by Tribunnews are health services for breastfeeding mothers and babies and health problems experienced by breastfeeding mothers. While in ROL the topics raised were religion and breastfeeding as well as family support for breastfeeding mothers. These results indicate that there is relatively no specific difference between the exclusive breastfeeding news topics raised by Tribunnews and ROL.
RQ3. Exclusive ASI News Tone
Judging from the dominant topics on Tribunnews and ROL, it can be said that the news regarding exclusive breastfeeding in these two media has a positive tone. Both of these media encourage mothers to give breast milk to their baby. The news topics raised by the two media are also informative. Both of these media emphasize that the nutritional content in breast milk can support the baby's health and also prevent stunting.
Apart from encouraging breastfeeding, Tribunnews also describes health problems that can be experienced by breastfeeding mothers, such as mastitis. Different from Tribunnews, ROL raises topics related to religion and breastfeeding. Reporting on this topic discusses the virtues of breastfeeding based on hadith and the Koran. This is in line
with the ideology of ROL as a mass media that breathes Islam.
Discussion
The media can influence perceptions and attitudes regarding exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding. In general (Hamilton &
Lewis, 2013) breastfeeding is connected with the mass media. The results of the LDA topic modeling analysis succeeded in seeing seven dominant topics related to exclusive breastfeeding news on Tribunnews and ROL.
The results of this study show that five of the seven topics related to exclusive breastfeeding coverage in the two media are the same. The five topics are the same, namely world breastfeeding week, mothers positive for Covid-19 can still give breast milk, content of breast milk, Covid-19 vaccination for nursing mothers and breast milk can prevent stunting.
The similarity of these topics indicates the similarity of intermedia agenda setting.
The condition of the Covid-19 pandemic causes its own challenges in breastfeeding.
Even though some evidence shows continuing to breastfeed, skin-to-skin contact and not separating between babies and mothers who test positive for Covid-19; it is difficult to fight public fears (Vilar-Compte et al., 2021). Despite these challenges, the media has an important and positive role in promoting exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding. Media campaigns are most effective when the message is simple, clear, tailored to the needs and tastes of the audience and placed on channels that can reach the target audience (Brown & Peuchaud, 2008).
Tribunnews and ROL provide positive information which recommends that mothers continue to breastfeed their babies in their news. The news written contains statements from the government and experts that it is safe for mothers who are infected with Covid-19 to breastfeed their babies while implementing the health protocol. The evidence also supports that breastfeeding can increase the baby's antibodies and immunity. The two media also actively encourage breastfeeding mothers to get the Covid-19 vaccine through their reporting.
The results of this study found that there were two different topics reported by Tribunnews and ROL. Different topics aired by Tribunnews are health services for
breastfeeding mothers and babies as well as health problems experienced by breastfeeding mothers. One of the health problems experienced by breastfeeding mothers as reported by Tribunnews is mastitis. Even though it reported about the obstacles to breastfeeding, this news remained positive because it mentioned solutions for breastfeeding mothers. Going forward, it is also important for the mass media to report on the challenges faced by women in breastfeeding and the strategies used to overcome these obstacles. This is necessary so that decision makers and the wider community can provide the support women need to breastfeed successfully (Ferré‐Eguiluz et al., 2020)
Two different topics raised by ROL are religion and breastfeeding as well as family support for breastfeeding mothers. The emergence of religion and ASI topics is not surprising because ROL tends to highlight religious attributes in news topics. This is in accordance with the ROL setting agenda, which is an Islamic media channel an extension of the print media-based Republika Daily (Fiorentina et al., 2018). In this topic ROL discusses the virtues of breastfeeding in accordance with the verses of the Koran and also the hadith. This is as stated by Mohamad et al. (2013) religion is an important element in society where faith and obedience to God form the basis of their culture and daily life, including breastfeeding.
From these topics it can be said that the two media portray exclusive breastfeeding news in a positive way. These topics illustrate the benefits of breastfeeding for the baby's health. Of the seven topics, two were found related to Covid-19. This is not surprising because the period of the news taken is during the pandemic. Coverage in these two media supports exclusive breastfeeding during the Covid-19 pandemic. This news can create a positive attitude towards exclusive breastfeeding (Hitt et al., 2018). To maintain this support, collaboration between the media and counselors is needed. It will also be useful to ensure positive news related to breastfeeding (Brown & Peuchaud, 2008).
Even though Tribunnews and ROL report on exclusive breastfeeding positively, in terms of quantity this topic is still considered less sexy. This is evident from the number of reports on exclusive breastfeeding published by these two media. In the period from 1
January 2021 to 15 November 2022 or around 23 months, Tribunnews published 68 news articles that explicitly mentioned ASI or breastfeeding in their news headlines. While ROL published 86 news.
This is different from the findings of Jillani et al. (2020) where in 2007-2016 news about exclusive breastfeeding in the United States continued to increase. The increase in news about exclusive breastfeeding indicates an increase in public interest in discussing this topic. The lack of news regarding exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding in Indonesia can cause the public to be less exposed to this topic, making it difficult to form public opinion regarding the importance of exclusive breastfeeding to prevent stunting.
In addition, there are still important topics regarding breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding that have not appeared in these two media. Call it the health benefits of exclusive breastfeeding for breastfeeding mothers, financial savings compared to giving formula milk and the government's role in the success of the exclusive breastfeeding program. Without media support, advocacy to improve coordination of breastfeeding policies and programs can be more challenging (Ferré‐
Eguiluz et al., 2020). Because the media can shape public perception in accordance with its agenda. By highlighting certain attributes in media coverage, these attributes are considered important by the public (Eriyanto, 2019).
There are limitations in this study that should be considered. First, the relatively short period of digital footprint taking, namely 1 January 2021-15 November 2022 which may limit the generalizability of these findings. In addition, to measure the success of the agenda setting attribute of the media, further research should be carried out on the media's audience.
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