VOL. 2, NO. 3, December 2022, PP. 61~65
Print ISSN 2777-0168| Online ISSN 2777-0141| DOI prefix: 10.53893 https://journal.gpp.or.id/index.php/ijrvocas/index
61
The Design and Construction of Fuel Production Machinery from Waste Tire Using Pyrolysis Process
Fenoria Putri
*, Soegeng Witjahjo & Dwi Arnoldi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
Email address:
*Corresponding author
To cite this article:
Putri, F., Witjahjo, S. ., & Arnoldi, D. . (2022). The Design and Construction of Fuel Production Machinery from Waste Tire Using Pyrolysis Process. International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS), 2(3), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v2i3.145 Received: November 29, 2022; Accepted: December 12, 2022; Published: December 27, 2022
Abstract:
The fuel production machinery from used tire waste, is a device that works by utilizing the concept of pyrolysis. In the engine reactor, used tires made from polystyrene, which is a long chain hydrocarbon, will experience a cracking process into shorter chain hydrocarbons. The steam from the heating will then be distilled into the reactor. This fuel production machine from used tire waste can be a solution for alternative sources of liquid fuel energy production, in this case sourced from waste tires which are increasingly worrying. For this reason, with this oil processing machine, it is hoped that it will reduce the impact caused by this used tire waste. and besides that it can make a useful fuel.Keywords: pyrolysis, liquid fuels, polystyrene, waste, tires
1. Introduction
Based on the results of the official release submitted by the Head of BPS RI, Indonesia's population in 2020 will reach 270.20 million people [1], with a population growth rate of 1.25 percent. High population growth is certainly directly proportional to the amount of waste produced. In this case, tire waste is a serious enough problem to be discussed. Indonesia with a rubber tire production rate of 211.49 million units per year for the outer tire type and 225.13 million units for the inner tube. Its utilization reaches 87.9 and 70 percent of its production is exported [2]
[3][4][5]. For a very long time, the handling of tire waste in Indonesia has only revolved around the reduce category (limiting the amount of waste), and reuse has not reached the recycle category. This is of course very unfortunate because waste tires made from polystyrene are waste with the potential to be used as liquid fuel. As we know, the limited amount of liquid fuel (which comes from fossils) requires efforts to utilize other alternative sources,
including the use of waste as a source of liquid fuel.
Departing from the above, this proposal was prepared to study the pyrolysis method by designing and building a fuel production machine from waste tires using the pyrolysis method. Tires are one of the most important parts of a vehicle, be it a motorcycle or a car. Tires can no longer be used if they are worn out or punctured because they are very dangerous to use. The damage speed of a tire varies depending on the composition contained in the tire itself. It is these unused used tires that will become waste, because the basic ingredients of tires are not easy to be recycled by nature. According to Damayanthy and Martini (2007) The basic rubber material found in tires is a type of synthetic polymer (Polystyrene), Polystyrene itself is a molecule that has a light weight, and also smells good [6]. The use of polystyrene is not easy to recycle and must be processed properly so as not to damage the environment. Pyrolysis is a process of heating solid materials in a state of limited
oxygen or even without oxygen. Pyrolysis itself is divided into 2 types, namely thermal pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis. Thermal pyrolysis is pyrolysis by utilizing high pressure and temperature, namely in the range of 350 ºC – 900 ºC, while catalytic pyrolysis is pyrolysis with high temperatures but with lower pressure but by adding a catalyst [7]
This research aims to be the optimum solution for the production of liquid fuel sources from tire waste.
Understand the components needed in the manufacture of waste tire pyrolysis machines. Understand and maximize the pyrolysis process that occurs in the machine. Knowing the quality and quantity produced by the machine.
2. Research Methods
This research started with observation and literature study, determines the problem, designs the tools to be studied, in this case the utilization device for outer tires (Cars) turning into liquid fuel by heating technology. Since, this processing should be making machine. Then, performance test of machine for collecting data for analysis test results.
The specimen used were tire waste taken from the Sukawinatan TPA, Palembang. The testing place is at the Mechanical Engineering Workshop, Sriwijaya State Polytechnic. Material selection is the most important requirement before performing component calculations on any design plan on a machine.
Moreover, the selection of materials must be in accordance with the capabilities and needs. As for the things that must be considered in the selection of materials for the components of this machine are [7]: The materials used are in accordance with the functions needed, the materials are easy to find and obtain, the efficiency of the materials in planning and use, the desired material properties After knowing the needs and problems obtained, the next step is to design a tool related to the needs of the tool. The components, tools, and materials used to make the design of fuel production machines from used tire waste using the pyrolysis process are shown in Figure 1.
The reactor is a place where a substance is burned by heating it to a temperature of 450ºC - 500ºC in the absence of oxygen. In a pyrolysis reactor, the particles of a substance that is carried out by the combustion or pyrolysis process will become condensable vapor, as well as non- condensable gas, and also in charcoal [8].
The formula to find the volume of the reactor namely:
V = π .r 2. t = π .d2/2. t (1) where:
V = Volumes; D = diameters; r = Radius; t= Height The equation to find the energy in ( dU )
dU = Qin – ( Qout1 + Qout2 ) (2)
where:
dU = Change in internal energy
Qout1 = Heat comes out of the gas pipe to the distribution pipe
Qout2 = Heat escaping on insulation Qin = Heat enters
Notes: 1. Reactor; 1.a 4 inch diameter oil inlet; 1.b Reactor Head; 1.c Reactor Tube; 2. Thermometer: 3. Pressure Gauge; 4. Separator diameter of 3 inches; 5. Elbow 90o diameter 1 inch; 6. Pipe diameter 1 inch Length 100 mm; 7. Faucet Stop 1 inch in diameter; 8. Elbow 45o diameter 1 inch; 9. Union / Water nut diameter of 1 inch; 10. Pipe diameter 1 inch Length 450 mm; 11. Condenser diameter 4 inches;
12. Union / Water nut ½ inch in diameter; 13. Pipe diameter ½ inch Length 100 mm; 14. Tee pipe ½ inch diameter; 15. Faucet Stop ½ inch diameter; 16. Pipe diameter ½ inch Length 500 mm: 17. Elbow 90o diameter ½ inch; 18. Reactor Stand; 19. Close the oil inlet Figure 1. Fuel oil production machine tools from used tire waste using the pyrolysis process
The separator technology used is cyclone separator technology. This separator technology functions to separate particles originating from air, gas or water streams without having to use a filter. The main principle of using cyclone separator technology is to separate materials based on differences in their molecular weights [9]
The use of cyclone separator technology is very suitable for use in conditions of high temperature and pressure and can even reach a pressure of 6 bar and a temperature of 400°C [10].
The condenser is an important component in the pyrolysis process because it functions to exchange heat for both hot and cold fluids both separately and together. In this condenser, droplets of condensate liquid which will become fuel are produced. condensing gas from the results of heating in the reactor is a way to get these liquid droplets.
The better the cooling process in the condenser, the more condensate liquid will be produced. Shell and tube type condenser is a very simple type of heat exchanger compared to other types.
The advantage of using this type is that it can provide a relatively small ratio of heat transfer area to volume and
fluid mass, and can also accommodate thermal expansion.
[11].
Pipeline After the raw material (used tires) is heated so that it becomes a vapor or gas phase in the reactor tube, the function of this pipeline is to channel the gas that comes out of the reactor tube to the separator and then to the condenser. In addition, the distribution pipe is made so that there is a large release of heat from the gas into the ambient air, this is intended so that the work of the cooling fluid on the condenser to cool the gas is not too large.
The furnace is one of the components in the construction of a tool whose function is to burn and also produce the heat or heat needed by the reactor to react used tire waste, so that the pyrolysis process can be carried out.
The heat transfer is an engineering science that studies how to generate, use, change and exchange heat between physical systems. Heat energy moves from high temperature to low temperature [12].
1. Conduction
The transfer of heat energy through a conducting substance where there is no transfer of the intermediate substance is called conduction.
(3)
where :
q = Heat energy (kW)
A = cross-sectional area of the surface of the object (𝑚2) k = Thermal conductivity (W/m.K)
dt = Temperature difference (K) dx = Thickness of the object (m) 2. Convection
The transfer of heat energy through an intermediary substance accompanied by the transfer of the intermediary substance is called convection. Usually convection occurs when heat energy flows in gases and liquids.
The convection can also be called flow of heat fluid.
Due to the energy flows in water, water will flow from water that has a hotter temperature to water that has a lower temperature.
Convection heat transfer equation is
where :
H = heat rate (cal/s or J/s) Q = heat (j) or (cal) t = time (second)
A = cross-sectional area (m2) ΔT = temperature change (K) h = Convection coefficient
3. Radiation
The transfer of heat energy without the intervention of an intermediary substance is called radiation.
The radiation equation is:
(4) where:
qr = radiant heat transfer (W/m.K) ε = black body emissivity (W/m.K) σ = stefan-boltzman constant A = cross-sectional area (m2) T = Absolute surface temperature (K)
The principle of production fuel machinery namely;
1. Prepare chopped outer tires that have been cut into pieces then cleaned and weighed to the specified weight.
2. Open the reactor lid, and put the raw materials into the reactor, then cover between the lid and the reactor tube with heat exhaust wrap, then close and lock it tightly again.
3. Connecting the reactor through the exit pipe with the separator through the connecting pipe
4. Connecting the reactor through the outlet pipe with the separator through the connecting pipe
5. Connect the separator and condenser using a conduit pipe
6. Prepare a used oil stove to heat the reactor to the specified temperature after the stove is hot, then we slowly flow the used oil, then turn on the blower.
7. Install the thermometer and pressure gauge on the reactor lid, then run it together with the stove turned on.
8. Let the process take place and record each reaction for a predetermined time (2 hours)
9. After 2 hours, the testing process is declared complete.
Turn off each test circuit, starting from the stove, pump, etc. Then record the results of the test
3. Results and Discussion
After going through the design process, of course the tool must be tested to determine the quality and level of the fuel fraction produced Analysis of the performance of this tool can be seen from the performance of the performance generated by the tool. From the performance analysis of this tool we can analyze the operating temperature, operating time, as well as the quantity and quality of the liquid fuel produced. In this test the expected results in the upper pipe are premium grade fuel and in the lower pipe are diesel and kerosene grade fuel [13]. The product was produced can be seen in figure 2.
(4)
Figure 2. Product Results
In this process, fixed variables are used, namely 500 grams of used tire rubber and a pressure of 1 atm. While the independent variables, namely the operating temperature (300 ° C – 600 ° C) and to assist the cracking process of solids (wax) also help reform the gas produced in the cracking process into liquid hydrocarbons. The experimental results can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1. Experimental results of the catalytic cracking process No. Temperature
(oC)
Volume of Production
(ml)
Weigth Production (gram)
1 500 4 35.05
2 500 14.2 29.68
3 600 15.7 14.54
4 600 17.7 12.67
5 479.5 1.9 48.85
6 620.7 4.8 30.69
7 550 6.2 18.06
8 550 9.2 19.77
9 550 13 31.32
10 550 12.6 31.43
While the experimental results of the catalytic cracking process based on the Results of Gas Chromatography Analysis are tabulated in Table 2.
Table 2. Experimental results of the catalytic cracking process based on Gas Chromatography Analysis Results
No.
Free Variable
Dependent Variable
Temperature Premium oil (%)
Kerosene
(%) Solar
(%)
1 500 11.42 30.14 57.37
2 500 13.07 24.75 61.13
3 600 26.82 29.99 43.46
4 600 23.24 24.20 51.44
5 479.5 9.07 23.99 63.76
6 620.7 27.82 20.48 49.42
7 550 31.80 15.18 50.63
8 550 41.29 15.75 41.02
9 550 30.93 18.77 47.64
10 550 30.93 18.77 47.64
The results of pyrolysis of used tire waste are oil, gas and residue in the form of solid material. Implementation of pyrolysis by varying the temperature in the reactor chamber which is set at 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, and 400°C. The pyrolysis results of used tires are presented graphically in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Pyrolysis Results
The solid material residue was still quite high reaching 68% compare fluid volume that was resulted at temperatures of 200°C and 250°C, this happens because the decomposition of the tire was not maximized from the pyrolysis process. At this temperature, oil and gas yields are obtained even though in a small percentage by weight. At temperatures of 350°C and 400°C the oil gas product starts to rise. While the percentage of solid residues began to fall.
The higher the temperature, the more oil products are expected to be produced as a result of fracturing. At 350°C, maximum oil yield (21% by volume) was obtained. When the temperature is raised, the oil yield decreases (20% by volume). At temperatures of 350°C and 400°C, the same gas and solid residue were obtained. This happens because the decomposition process of used tires has reached its maximum limit.
4. Conclusion
Based on the description above, it can be concluded that used tire waste can be decomposed by the pyrolysis process to obtain oil as an alternative fuel. Where the largest percentage of oil is obtained at a temperature of 350°C of 21% by volume. At a temperature of 350°C the decomposition process of used tires reaches its maximum point.
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