tCIS
ffi pnoc ITB, vol. 30, No. 2, 1998 SUPLEMEN eg
Developing a neem-based pest management product:
Laboratory evaluations of neem extracts on insect pests resistance to synthetic pesticides
I n t a n A h m a d , A g u s D . P e r m a n a , R u l l y R a h a d i a n , a n d S u s i l o A . W i b o w o
Laboratory of Entomotogy at the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Naturalsc/ences, lnstitut Teknologi Bandung
Abstract
Laboratory studies has beel conducted as part ofa prcject aimed at developn-rent ofa neetn-based insecticide for pest management purposes. Data are preselted for permethrin, a pyretluoicl insecticide, and neern (Azadit'achta irdica) products tested agaiust larvae of Diamondback Moth P1ttella xylostella and Helicoverpa arnigera which were collected from several locatlons in West .Iava, Indonesia The results of bioassay showed that the average LC56 values of Plutella rylostella strain of Pangalengan, Garut and Lembang had beel 60-100 fold higher to pennetluin as comparecl with that of tlie nonnal dosage recoulnended, Similariy, the LCso values obtainedfromHelicoverpa amigera collected from Lernbang, Pangalcngan, and Jatinangor straius shorved the sarne trend with LCso values which l1ad been 46-73 fbld as compared with that recomrnended dosage The thct tliat the LCso values of both pli.rtelta rylostella attd, Ilelicot,erpa arnigera were rnuch higher than the recomneuded rates tbr control of either insect, suggest that both ilsects have developed resistance to pennetluin The results of bioassay lr,ith neem products tested against Plutella
tylostella atdHelicoverpa arntiget'a larvae showed that, in general, ueem products could provide adequate control of insects which had developed resistance to pennethrin Interestingly, the hndings with ueeui products indicated that the susceptibility of each strain on insect in question showed the sarne trend Viz , statistically LCso values ibr each strain of either Phttella rylostella or Helicovetpa amtigeta to neem products was not signilicantly dilterent orle to another Ho'"vever, our lindings showed that neern treated iniects, evel though they were not killed directly by the insecticide, the insects were not able to molt to the ilert instar or pupae, very low percentage of adults emerged Therefore, we suggest that tire susceptibility of ueent products tested could not be eaiily determined by only measuring the LCso values from tire larval stage, but other aspects should be considered as well i e , the disruption of the growth and development of the insect in question In short, our lindings suggest that ueetn products could be used effectively to control insects which have developed resistance to couveutiotial insecticide
Keyv,ords : Insect, Phttella xylostella, Helicoverpa amtigera, pPmtcthrin, insecticide rcsistartcc, ttcenr
1 Introduction
The ovemse and misuse of insecticides in agriculture practices have caused target pests becotne resistant for a wide range of insecticides (Georghio 1990, Ahrnad 1995) Orving to this rnatters, it has becotne increasingly difficult to hnd insecticide(s) that is (are) still able to control target pest effectively. This situation has led ruany scientists to look for new methods (without pesticides) of controlling agricultural pests. Horvever. it is difhcult (o foresee ltow insect pests can be controlled effectively without insecticides In fact, during the past trvo decndes the concept of the 3udicious use of insecticides has been fonnalized in Integrated Pest Managernent (IPM). uraking ittsecticides still plal' a central role in current and future crop protection (Metcalf, 1982).
In Indonesia two of the major vegetables grown are cabbage and tomato Cabbage. as lnany other brassicas, are very susceptible to sorne insect pests Feeding dantage by the diarnond-back moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera:
Plutellidae) is a primary factor limiting the production of cabbage itt urany highlands' areas of Indonesia, whereas tomato plant is widely knorvn to have been attacked by Helicot,erpa arnrigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae/, a pollphagous insects that feeds not only on tolnato but also on other agricultural crops
Due to the severig of this problern, substantial efforts have been devoted, including tlte development of IPM program.
Unfortunately, insecticides are still the principal rneans of control by farrners Even rvorse, there is rnounting evidence that the growing use of insecticides to control diarnond-back rnotlt ltas resulted in the developntent of resistance to
2 l
ahnost all rnajor insecticide groups, including pyrethroid (Tabashnik, I994; Soekarna. et.al. 19g2, Sastrodihardjo, 1986. Adiputra, i984; Sastrosiswojo, 1990), as well as undesirable ecological side effects to our environrnent.
Tlre situation to Helicoverpa annigera is no different than that of Plutelln xvlostella.Insecticlde resistance in rg, orntigera" especially to pyrethroids, is now widespread in many countries, including Indonesia (McCaffery and Walker 1 9 9 1 , A h m a d e t . a l . 1 9 9 5 )
owing to this problern, we believe that it is becorning increasingly irnportant to find an alterlative for conventional insecticides by searching to the natural products; one ofthe candidates is neern-based insecticrde (Schmutterer, 1990, Quarles 1994). The use of neem-based insecticides as a source of biologically active substances for pest control is tncreasing worldwide, and have recently gained popularity as compohents of integrated pest ulanagement (Banken and Stark, 1997). Fortunately, in Indonesia, neem trees are grown in rnany parts of Java and Bali a.d the seeds are not diflrcult to obtain to be extracted as insecticide (Ahnad et.al., 1992)
Neern products are unique in that they are mediurn to broad spectruln insecticides, yet appear to have little or no toxici$ to wann-blooded anirnals (National Research Council, 1992) Interestingly, io ttre tarmers adrzantages, the scientists believe that due to its lnixed mode ofaction, neeln products could be used to control insects that are resistant to, or inherently difficult to control rvith conventional insecticides
To the best of our knowledge, in Indonesia, no one ltas ever reported or tried to see rvhether neem products lnve the potential to control pyretlrroid resistant diamond-back rnoth Plutella xvlostella or Helicot,erpo arntigero. Therefore, the experitnents reported here were designed to measure the susceptibility of plutella xvlostetta, and, Helicoverpa arntigera collected frorn four localities to perrnethrin and neern products
2 Materials and methods 2.1 Inseets Collections ond Rearing
The Plutella xylostella and Helicot'erpa arntigera strains for the bioassay rvere obtained by sarnpli'g strains fro'r several predorninantly cabbage and tomato agroecosysteln in areas rvhere diffrculties in controlling theie insects had beerr reported, i-e., Pangalengan, Jatinangor, Lernbang and Garut areas. all in West Java: larvae and pupae were collected frorn each site.
For Plutella xylostella, the ernerging adults were placed in cages and fed on a 30 % honey solgtiol; seedling of cabbages are used as rearing materials, three days after emergence, adults lvould lay eggs on the head of cabb.'age seedlings and the eggs would hatclt after 3-4 days The nervly hatched lanae u,ould feed on the seedling. aft"er reaching instar III, then they were ready for the experirnents. In general. rnethod of rearing developed by Liu *O Su' (1984) were follorved rvith slight modification as needed In brief they rvere kept in 12:l2ir photoperiod, RH about g0 o/o and at rooln temperature
Rearing of Helicoverpa arnrigera rvas based on the rnethod developed for Heliorhis zea, developed by Waldbauer et'al', (1984 ). In brief a laboratory culture of Helicoterpa arntigera rvas started rvith larvae collected frorn Lernbang, Jatinangor, and Garut. The culture rvas maintained on an artificial diet. rvheat gemr-based diet as described by Wafdbauer et al., (1984), they were kept in 12.12 h photoperiod, and roour tcrnperature. All experirnelts were started rvith newly molted unfed 4d instar larvae.
2.2 Insecticides Preporotion
TIte cotnlnercial preparations of pyrethoricl permethrin (Aurbush 2EC of ICI) rvas used. as the neem products, we used neetn extraet of our laboratory (Inter University Center for Lrfe Sciences ITB) arrd tle colrurercial preparatio. of neern. Margosan-O (W.R Grace & Cornpany, Colurnbia. Md. USA)
2.3 Bioassoy of Plutella xylostellu Larvoe
Bioassays and rearing r'vere conducted at the sarne laboratory and envirouurenl Each bioassay was perlbnned on a separate date' the bioassays rvere carried out by ruethods sirnilar to the leaf residue methods described by Tabashnik et al , (I990) In brief, leaf disks (6 cm diameter) were cut frorll 2 months old cabbage plants. Depelding on the insecticide being tried, each disk was individually dipped for 5 seconds in one of either leern solutions or perinethrin, or controls. As the suspension on the leaf surface dried, the disk was then placed in a 9-cm diarneter petri disk, lined with Whatrnan filter paper on the bottom. Eight different concentrations of pennetlrrin rvere used, r.e 100, 200, 300.
PROC. ITB. VOL. 30. NO. 2, 1998, SUPLEMEN
400, 500,700, 900 and 1000 ppm Whereas, for the neeln extract, one of either 10, 20,40,60, or 80 "/"(vlv) for the neem extract rnade in our laboratory and 6 concentrations for Margosan-O, i e l, 15, 30. 60. 120 and240 ppln was used.
Third instar larvae were separated frorn the colony (nonnally 7 days after eggs were placed ort cabbage leaves). Tlte larvae were then placed on treated cabbage leaf disk and left in tlte laboratory. Observations were tnade every 24 hours.
2.3 Bioassay of Helicoverpo armi5., larvue
Permetlrrin insecticide and neem extract: were used against 4d' instar larvae of Helicoverpa arruigera. Tlte rnethod used was based on the Entolnological Sociu -r of America (Anonymous, 1970) In brief, 4- instar newly ntolted larvae were given a 5 pl penw .in solution dorsally The solution containing either 10, I00, 200, 300, 400, or 500 pptn of permethrin. Neern treatrnent was based on neern extract product of our laboratory (IUC Life Sciences ITB), six concentrations were given, i.e l, L0,20, 50 or 80 % (v/v). Observation were ntade every 24 hours
2.1 Datu Analysis
Concentration-rnortality regression for the laruae frorn each bioassays were evaluated statistically using probit analysis (Polo-PC Probit and Logit analysis; LeOra Softrvare 1994) Differences in toxicig were cortsidered significant when 95 % Fiducial Limit (FL) did not overlap (Adams et. al . 1990)
3 R e s u l t s a n d d i s c u s s r o n 3.1 Plutcllaxvlostallo
Table I shorvs the response of each strain to pemrethrin Lentbang strain apparenlly rvas the tnost susccpliblc strairr (LCso : 369 pprn) as cornpared to the other two (LC_so Garut Strain : 483 pprn. and LC.o Lernbang strain : 538 ppnr) Based on these hnclings, rve decided to consider Lembang strain as our basc for cotttparittg the resistance ratio Rcsislance ratio in this experimcnt. as rvill be rnentioned clservhere, is calculated as follorvs: Rcsislance ratio: LCso of r c s i s t a n t s t r a i n : L C 5 s o f t h e r n o s t s u s c e p t i b l e s t r a i n T l t e s t e e p e s t s l o p e r v a s 2 1 3 3 ( L e m b a n g s l r a i n ) a n d t l t c f l a t t c s l r.r,as I 48 (Pangalengan Strair). Even though stalrstically not significant (based on the Fidtrcial limit valtrcs), thc lou' LCso arrd tlre stcep slope al Lembaug slraiu suggest lhat Plutella xylostella in this locality sltorvs a rclativcl)'tttorc susceptible to pennethrin as colnpared to the other tu'o strains Horvet,er, if r'r'e cotrtparpd the dosages that rvotlld noru.rally uscd by the famters 10 control this insects, we found tlrat all strains have shorvn sottte degrec o[ resistance to pyrcthroid For exantple. the nomral dosage for controlling Plutella xvlostella is 3-5 pprlr Intcrcstingh. otrr findings slrotvn lhat at least 300 ppm alc needed to have an LC,so. The verv high LC.o vzrlucs (approxirtlatclr'60-100 ltighcr as conlpared to the recontnrendcd dosagc), suggests that resistartce has alrcadr, reached a scriotrs levcl It is also in(crcsting 10 llote that based on the infornration that N'as gathcrcd frorn the fartttcrs, it turned out that lhc larnrcrs had bccl norrnally uscd carbanratcs and organophosphate insecticides and had ttever rtsed artl' pyrclhroid insccticidcs to corrtrol Ihis [tlulcllo xvlostallo Tlrcrclore. rvc reasoned tltat sonte cross tesistatlce to pvrethroid nrigltt hlts bcctt o c c u r r c d d u c t o t h c p r c v i o u s i n s c c t i c i c l c a p p l i c a t i o n . i n c l r r d i n g o r g a n o c h l o r i l l c . o r t h e p o p t r l a t i o r l o f t h c i n s c c t s i n qrrcstion alu'a),s got nc\\' infcs(ation fronr dilfercnt place (s) u'hich might lravc bccn spralcd b1' p1'rc(ltroid inseclicidcs.
I 1 s h o r 1 , l l r i s fi n d i n g a n d lh c r c g r c s s i o l l l i u c s u g g e s l . a s \\ ' e c N p e c t e d b c l o r c . t h i t t a l l t h r c c s t r a i n s u c r e a l r c a d v r e s i s t a n t t o p v r c l h r o i d a s in d i c a l c d b 1 ' S o l a r l g ( 1 9 9 - ) )
Table 1 Response of several strains of Plutella xylostella to permethrin
S t r a i n n L C s o S l o p e RR
P a n g a l e n g a n 30 369 " (1 95-577) ppm 1 4 8 + O 4 1
30 483" t217-748) ppm 2 7 5 1 0 3 0 1 3 1
L e m b a n g 30 538 " (480-568) ppm 2 1 3 3 + 6 7 6 1 4 6
Means within columns followed by the same superscripts are not significantly different (Calculated by Fiducial Limit on 95 % Level of Confidence) (Adams, et a/ ,1990)
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2 4 PROC.IT'li, VOL 30, N"O 2, 1998, SL/PLEA,I|IN
Hat'ing kuorvn tltat our Plutella x,v-lostella lus been resistanced to pennctluin (Sce Table I), our tests *ith nceur preparation as can be seen in Table 2 indicate tltat neetn could provide adequate control o[ Plulello $,/os'/c//a. Nccnr extract lvhich was rnade in our laboratory shor.ved a little variation in the average LC,,o values r.vhich ranged frorn 6 47
%o to tt 25 %o (range of application is l0 %o - I00 ol')
Tcsts ri'ith cotntnercial neeln preparation rvith Margosarr-O yields similar findings rvith LCsc, in 53 79 ppn and 57.58 pprn respectively. for Plutella xylostella strains frorn Lernbang and Gamt Evcn though lvithout thc results frorn Pangalengan lor Plulello xvlostella tested agaiust Margosan-O, our firdings suggest that both neem eNlract preparation (Product of IUC, our Lab.) and cotnmercial preparation (Margosan-O) have sho.w'n to have the potcntial to be developed as altentatir,es to convelltional insecticides for controlling the pl,rethroicl rcsistant Plute lla xv-lo,stellct
Tabf e 2 Responses of several strains of Plutella xylostel/a to neem insecticides S t r a i n n l n s e c t i c i d e A V E R A G E L C 5 0 S l o p e + S E
P a n g a l e n g a n 30 Neem extract IUC 11 25^ oA 1 5 0 + 0 3 7
Garut 30 Neem extract-lUC g 55" 06 1 6 2 + 0 4 0
L e m D a n g 30 Neem extract -lUC 6 4 7 ' o A 1 3 5 r 0 3 8
P a n g a l e n g a n 30 Neem Margosan-O l 0 3 o p p m 3 6 ' l + 0 5 3
Garut 30 N e e m - M a r g o s a n -O 249 " ppm 0 9 6 + 0 2 1
L e m D a n g 30 Neem Margosan-O 1 4 6 b ppm 2 4 6 + 0 4 0
Means within columns followed by the same superscripts are not significantly different (Calculated by Fiducial Limit on 95 % Level of Confidence) (Adams, ef a/'1990)
Tablc 3 and 4 shorv tlre effecl of differcnt conccntralions of nccul extracts ou llre devclopnrcnt of P].utclla x.vloslella lan'ac Jt shorvs that pupation was significantly reduccd startcd at I pprn in tlre insccls collcctccf fronr Lertrbang ((r3 3
%' pullultion) and Carut (-50'2, pLrpation) No pLrpation occurrcd in thc 120 plrnr ancl 6() ppnr in Lcnrbang strain, onlv 6 6 "/u in 60 pprn (Parrgalengart) a n d 1 i 3 % ( G a n r t ) T a b l c 4 s h o v v s s i r n i l a r l r c n d t h a t t h c l o r n r a t i o n o f n o r n r a l a d u l t s rvas significantly alfcctcd by neetn treatrnent Only l3 3-30 (N' nortnal adrrlts rvcrc rccordcd in thc 30 ppnr, and irr thc 6 0 p p n r n o c l n c r g e n c c o f l r o r r n a l a d u l l s f r o r n G a r u l a n d L e n r b a n g s t r a i n , b u l 3 3 ' l t o l n o r r n a l a d r r l t s r v c r c s t i l l c r n c r g c c l f r o u r P a n g c l c n g a n s l r a i n N o r t o n n a l a d u l t s o c c u r r c d i n t h c 1 2 0 p l l n r
Table 3 Neem treatment and the formation of normal pupae of P xylostella
S t r a in N o r m a l p u p a e ( % )
Control 1 ppm 1 5 p p m 30 ppm 60 ppm 1 2 0 p p m
P a n g a l e n g e n 1 0 0 0 9 6 6 7 6 6 o o 0 0
9 0 0 5 0 0 6 3 3 t o o 3 3 0 0
L e m o a n g 9 6 6 6 3 3 6 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0
Tabfe 4 Neem treatment and the formation of normal adults of Plutella xylostella
S t r a i n N o r m a l a d u l t s (% )
Control 1 ppm 1 5 p p m 30 ppm 6 0 p p m 1 2 0 p p m
P a n g a l e n g a n 1 0 0 0 9 0 0 3 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 0 0
8 6 6 / b u 7 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
L e m D a n g 1 0 0 0 9 6 6 7 0 0 1 3 3 0 0 0 0
PROC ITB,I/OL. 30, NO. 2, 1998, SUPLEI'IEN
3.2 Helicoverpa arntigert
Table 5 slrows that Helicoverpa arrnigera from Jatinangor had the lowest LC,so valtte (73 ppm) as cornpared to the othcr two strails, viz., pangalengan (t04 ppm) andLernbang (189 ppur). This finding suggests that arnong the three strains, H. arnrigera frorn Jatinangor, relatir,ely. was the rnost susceptible 1o pennethrin than those frorn Lembang ancl pa'gelengan. Based on this, we put Jatinangor strain as our standard to measrtre the resistance ratio. Therefore, pangalengan and Lernbang strains have resistance ratio of 1.99 and 2.59, respectivel-v Ho$'ever, if rve take into account the recornrnended dosage i ' the application of permethrin to control this insect. rve fotutd that our lowest LCso value (73 pprn) obtained frorn ti, ; experiments is exceedingly higher tlun the recotntnended dosage rvhich onll' 'scd l-2 pprn. Therefore, we have reason to believe that all strains ltave derreloped sonle degree of resistance to DCrlnethrill
Tabf e 5 Responses of several strains of llelicoverpa armigera to permethrin
Strain n L C s o S l o p e R R
Jatinangor 30 7 3 ( 4 5 - 1 O 4 ) ' 1 4 3 r 0 2 1
P a n g a l e n g a n 30 1 0 4 ( 5 2 - 1 6 8 )'b 1 3 5 r 0 2 1 1 9 9
L e m b a n g 30 r c o t 1 q 7 - r?n to 3 1 8 1 0 4 5 2 5 9
Means within columns followed by the same superscripts are not significantly different Calculated by Flducial Limit on 95 0,6 Level of Confrdence) (Adams, et a/ 1990)
Table 6 slrolvs the dose-rcsponse regressloll estimates for neern agallst I-lelicot'erpa ortttigero lan'ae LCso values ranged fron2.'74 to l2.ll%. The steepest slope was 160 (Lernbang strain) and the flattcst rvas I 16 (Pangalengan strail) Horveve,r, statistically there was no significant differcnce alnong thcur as the fiducial lilnit values were not overlap (Adarns et.at 1990). This findi[g rvas in agreelncnt $'ith our expectatioil that all straius has ttever been exposed to neern insecticide, rvhich suggest the insect in questiotr arc still ven'sttsceptible to ueenl.
Table 6 Responses of several strains of Helicoverpa armigera to neem extract
Strain n L C s o S I o p e R R
P a n g a l e n g a n J U 2 7 4 ( 0 6 9 4 - s 7 0 6 ) - 1 1 6 i 0 1 9 Jatinangor 30 " q e / 1 A R ? - q An1\
v v u \ f v v v v v v ' l 1 3 2 ! 0 2 0 1 3 1
L e m b a n g 30 12 1 1 (5 498 - 22 447)' ' 1 6 0 1 0 2 3 4 4 2
Means within columns followed by the same superscripts are not significantly different (Calculated by Fiducial Limit on 95 0.6 Level of Confidence) (Adams, et a/ 1990)
As rvc did ll'ith plutella xvlo,stellct, we also evaluated the effcct of ncertr treatllteltt on the pupal arrd adult dcvcloprncrrt ol llelicot,erpo arnrigera The results as call be scen in Tables 7. 8 and. f. in gencral, sho'rv that prrpal dcvclopruent rvas severcly affected as the concentration of neem u'as iucreased. For exanrple, -50 % ueeur exlract cottld rcduce the pupation dor.vn to only 6.7 7o in Lembang strain, 3.3 %' in Pangalengan strain. and no pupation occurred in J a t i n a n g o r s t r a t u .
Sinilarly. the erncrgcnce of adults \\/as se\/erely affected by neern treatltlent (Table 8) no elttergcnce $'as recorded 50 %o a1d 80 7o ncern Table 9 shotvs that neeln treatlnent rvould still allorved thc pupae to eclose to adult forln btlt abnorrnal shapcd. In 20 n/o conceutration. neenl rvas able to produce 71 4 - t00 0 7o adtrlts r.vith sotne dcgrecs abnonnalitics.
Table 7 Pupal development and neem treatment (0,6)
, Normal PuPae, %
Strain I Concentration of neem extracts
H armigera | 0 "6 1 ok 10 % 2oo/o 50 % 80 %
I v/v vlv v/v v/v v/v viv
I
L e m b a n g | 1 0 0 0 7 0 . 0 6 0 0 5 3 . 3 6 7 0 P a n g a l e n g a n I tooo 6 6 7 3 o o 1 6 7 3 3 o J a t i n a n g o r | 1 0 0 0 5 6 7 3 6 7 2 6 7 0 0
2 5
Ill lil
of
Table I Adults emergence and neem treatment (0,6) I Formation of normal adults (%)
Strain I Neem concentration
H. armigera | 0 o,6 1 oA 10 oh 20 oA 50 % 80 %
I v/v viv v/v vlv v/v vlv
Lembang II 100.0 70.0 40.0 23.3 0 0
Pangalengan | 100.0 46.7 167 67 0 0
J a t i n a n g o r | 9 6 0 3 3 3 2 6 7 1 3 3 0 0
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Table 9 The emergence of abnormal adults and neem treatment (%) Abnormal adults (%)
Strain I Neem concentration
H. armigera I 0 % 1oA '10 06 2OoA 50 06 80 oA
I v/v v/v v/v vlv vlv vlv
I
L e m b a n g | 0 9 . 5 4 1 . 8 7 1 . 4 P a n g a l e n g a n | 0 2 1 4 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 J a t i n a n o o r | 0 3 0 0 5 0 0 7 5 0
Tablc l0 shows the overall effects of neenl treatnlcnt rvhich as calculated are total mortalitl' of lanlae. prrpac and adul(s. We thought that this kind of lneasuremellt is iutporlarrt for nccm as the effect of neern is readl' sccn in llte nrorlality of larval slage onl)'. Therefore, Table l0 shorvs that e\ren in I th of lleenr couccntration, it rr'as euorrgh 1o distulb the grol'th and dcvelopment of the inscct in question The effcct. zrpparcn{h', is dosage depcndcrrt
Tabfe 10 Total mortality ('A) of H armigera larval, pupal, and adults as a result of neem treatment
Strain H armigera
L e m D a n g P a n g a l e n g a n J a t i n a n g o r
Total mortality: larvae, pupae and adults (%) N e e m c o n c e n t r a t i o n
0 " h 1 o h 1 0 o A 2 0 o / o 5 0 o / o 8 0 %
v/v v/v vlv vlv vlv v/v
0 3 0 0 6 0 0 7 6 6 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 3 3 8 3 3 9 3 3 ' 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 3 6 6 7 7 3 3 8 6 7 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Our exltcrinents show that bolh nceru exlract product of our laboraton and Margosart-O. tlte couttttcrcial prcparalion.
botlr gave satisfactory rcsults Hotvever, \\'e ha\1e to nrention lterc that Margosan-O and llccln cNtracls arc nol e\actly tlrc sarne in ternrs of aclive ingredicuts. Margosan-O conlains 0 3 o,4 at:,tdirachtin (tlrc nrain agcn( lor baltling inscct) a n d l - l % u n c e m o i l , r , v h c r c a s u e c u r e x t r a c t , a s t h e n a r n c i n r p l i c s . c o n { a i n s n o t o n l v l z a c l i r a c l l t i n a n d n c c n t o i l b u t a l s o o t l i c r a c t i v e i n g r c d i c n t s s u c h a s s a l a n n i n . u r c l i a t r i o l . a n d n i n r b i n E a c l r o l ( l r c s c lt i t s a r r i n s c c l i c i d a l a c t i v i l r ' . Nonethclcss, fronr our expcriureut it rvas diflrcult to noticc if lhcrc \\'as auv cliffcrcncc in insccticidal activity agairrst ['lulella xltlostella or llelicot,erpa orrtrigcra trctu'ccn uccln c\lrac[ and Margosan-O sincc both gavc good results as rvc c x p e c l c d B o t h n c e n r p r o d u c t s \ l ' c r e u o l o n l y a b l e t o k i l l t h c t r c a t c d la n a c . b r r l a l s o . u ' l r i c h i s u l t i q r r c lo r l c c r n lrcatlncut, cause se\/eral synlptolns to happen such as cxlcndcd lan'al stagc, no lrtrpation at lrighcr nccul conceulration, l o s s o f a p p c t i t c , f o r n r a t i o n o f p u p a l - a d u l t i n t e r n r e d i a t c s , r n a b i l i t v t o c o n r p l c l c p r r p a l c c c l . 1 ' s r s . a n d d c l o r n r a t i o n o f a d u l t c l r a r a c t c r s A l l o f l h c o b s c r v e d m o r p h o g c n c t i c a b n o n n a l i l i c s c x p r c s s c d b r t h c l r c i r { c d l a n , a c u c r c s i r n i l a r to t h o s c rcpor"tcd b1'Ladd et al l98I and Bankert and Slark 1997,
P c r n r c t h r i n ' s l n o d c o f a c t i o n , a s p - \ ' r c t l r r o i d i n s c c t i c i d c , i s i n l c r f c r i n g n c r r r a l t r a r r s r r t i s s i o r t i r t i r t s c c t n c n / o u s s y s l c n r , a n d i t ' s c n l i r c l v d i l f c r c n t fr o r n th a t o f n e c r n ' s . N c c r n c x t r a c l s . o n t h c o ( l t c r lt a r t c l . i l s \ \ ' c n r c l t t i o l l c c l b c f o r c . c o n t a i n s s c y c r a l a c ( i v e i n g r c d i c u t s , a n d t h c y a c t in d i f f c r c n t \ \ , a y s r a u g i n g fr o r n a r t { i f c c d i r r g { o d i s n r p l tl r c g r o r r ' 1 l r a n d d c v c l o p r u c n l o f
2',7 PROC. ITB, VOL. 30, NO. 2' 1g;S' SUPLEMEN
cides as sylilptoms of exposure to -neelrl ntrol anitnals Mortality of the affected ies, or upon adults etnergence'
In conclusion, our data indicate that neern insecticide rl]-"r, hory^1.as effectivc alternative insecticide to control insects that rvere non.ally d,fd;"it to cortrol by usi'g conventional i.secticides
ir^:::".:r"rT;::: due ro trre e;arri
!r1ss Foundarion for tundi'g rhis prole* rhanks,also due to Mashuri a'd Siane for corectrng ,"r""
"iirr"
plutera n,ostera and Hericot,erpo arTr,igern ti*or. ancr laboratory asslstance
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