It is against this backdrop that in April 2015 Cape Town's news media began reporting on a story about the threatened eviction of low-income residents from the De Waal Drive flats by the Western Cape provincial government. The threatened eviction of the De Waal Drive residents raises some pertinent questions about what drives such a situation and about how this can be theorized. The final chapter is a brief conclusion that considers how the politics of remembrance relate to the politics of the De Waal Drive situation and suggests this as a useful extension to theorizing post-apartheid spatiality.
A sad irony because the apartments are located in a prestigious part of the city from which thousands of people were forcibly evicted during apartheid. One of the most controversial mass forced evictions during apartheid took place in the very area where the De Waal Drive – District Six (now Zonnebloem) flats are located. That the provincial government singled out the residents of De Waal Drive - people who are already housed - for the "opportunity to become property owners" is so baffling (Western Cape Government 2015c).
I aim to show that a news media analysis of the De Waal Drive situation provides a unique opportunity to explore this conceptual reach. The project of transforming the present arises out of (and is thus linked to) South Africa's apartheid and colonial past. In the final part of this chapter, I suggest that a situational analysis of De Waal Drive offers a unique opportunity to explore these questions.
With this in mind, I approach the media analysis of the De Waal Drive situation asking: how is this issue and the people involved framed.
METHODS
Following a grounded theory approach, line-by-line coding of the data was first used to develop the initial codes that gave each line a descriptive label (Charmaz 2006). This helped organize data into categories while maintaining a critical stance, that is, one that required me to constantly ask questions about the data, such as "what is being referred to here?" or "who is/is not represented here?" Focused coding, in which "the most significant and/or frequent earlier codes [are used] to sift through large amounts of data" (Charmaz was then used to bring together larger units of data into thematic categories. An iterative process was undertaken in which the data were consistently reviewed to ensure that the larger categories encompassed the meaning of initial codes.
In addition to coding, memo writing was used to keep track of how each code was defined, how categories were developed and changed, and to record propositions, ideas, and theoretical reflections that emerged during the data analysis process (Charmaz 2008). . This method was appropriate given the research objectives to explore not only what is being communicated about the De Waal Drive housing case, but also why, to what end and with what consequences. To enrich this aspect of the analysis and to incorporate considerations of power and the politics of semiotic choices, analytical tools of discourse analysis were incorporated.
Discourse analysis involves the examination of word choices and grammar in texts as a way of thinking about the discourse(s) they evoke and is a process of "de-naturalizing" language choices to "identify the kinds of ideas, absences and self-evident public". assumptions in texts” (Machin & Mayr 2012: 5). The broad analytical tools I used included three of Gee's (2014) building tasks relating to identities, politics and relationships. Identities" deals with the identities that a piece of language is used to perform or ascribe to others.
Politics' is about what is normalized in a piece of language, that is, what is communicated about what is to be taken as 'normal', 'right', 'good'. Relationships' is about the kinds of relationships that part of the language seeks to establish with others. For a closer analysis of semiotic choices, I applied Fairlcough's (2001) ideas about the experiential, relational and expressive value of words and grammar.
Formal features that have experiential value indicate "the way in which a text producer's experience of the natural or social world is represented" (Fairclough 2001: 93). Similar to Gee's relation building task, relation-valued formal features provide clues about the relations being established. The expressive value of words and grammar indicate the text producer's judgment or evaluations of the situation being discussed.
ANALYSIS
Mainstream media coverage of the De Waal Drive situation does not mention the history of District Six or the fact that some of the residents are former District Six residents. Here, history is invoked to link the prosecutor to the racist policies of the apartheid state. But the decision to immediately ignore this history also suppresses it and makes it impossible to see, and with it the added significance of the threatened eviction of the residents of De Waal Drive.
This framework is based on emphasizing the special location of the apartments – close to the city center and in District Six – and the significance that this location has for the residents. This contrasts with the majority of mainstream media which feature photographs of the buildings or of the city. The De Waal Drive flats have a prominent place in Cape Town's most iconic skyline: that of the cityscape that returned to Table Mountain.
The exposure of this interaction aims to make visible the malice of the provincial government thus allowing the De Waal Drive issue to be politicized, thus becoming a situation in which a figure in power (the government) is seen to be exercising control and dominance. on a figure(s) with less power (residents). The opening paragraph (quoted above) begins to draw attention to the particular history of the area, marking it as wounded. These stories highlight the idea of the government's threat of eviction as analogous to the area's violent past.
This re-experience, along with the description of the current government's actions as a plan to do the same, connects past and present. The use of the present tense (he speaks, he points, he sends) invites the reader to imagine District Six as this resident remembers. Some public comments pick up on this idea and suggest that the possible eviction of the De Waal Drive residents is not only detrimental to the welfare of the residents, but is also detrimental to social relations and the transformational future sought.
Here, public commentators think beyond the De Waal Drive situation and grapple with what the threatened eviction of De Waal Drive residents means for and about South African society. The idea of dwellers staying there as opposed to living or dwelling in the flats similarly removes the human aspect of the situation: dwelling (such as squatting or squatting) makes their presence in the flats sound questionable or temporary, while detracting from life experience and attachment. would associate with staying (instead of staying) somewhere. In this case, the economic argument depoliticizes the potential eviction and displacement of De Waal Drive residents, making this action and its imagined economic benefits seem rational, inevitable, excusable, even desirable.
Many times the perpetrators would be seen running in the direction of the De Waal flats to be hidden by friends and family. The negative framing of the residents allows the actions of the provincial government to be constructed as benevolent and forgiving in contrast.
CONCLUSION
This puts apartheid and District Six history back into an analysis of the De Waal Drive situation that appeals to collective memory. Retrieved from http://groundup.org.za/article/de-waal-drive-tenants-mobilise-against-potential-evictions_3010. Retrieved from http://groundup.org.za/article/de-waal-drive-residents-left-mixed-feeling-after-being-told-no-one-being-evicted_3025.
De Waal Drive residents have nothing to fear, says MEC (2015 June 14) Weekend Argus (Sunday Edition). Retrieved from http://ewn.co.za Housing-debacle-divides-De-Waal-Drive-residents Abbas G (2015b, October 13) Victory for South Road Families. Retrieved from http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/victory-for-south-road-families-1928891.
Human Science Research Council Retrieved from http://www.hsrc.ac.za/en/review/hsrc-review-may-2013/census-2011-reveals-boom-in-backyard-shacks. Retrieved from http://dullahomarinstitute.org.za/socio-economic-rights/research-and-publications/publications/state-of-evictions-report-in-south-africa-2014. Danso R and McDonald DA (2001) Writing Xenophobia: Immigration and the Print Media in Post-Apartheid South Africa.
Relocation battle De Waal Drive 'purely economics' (2015, September 3) News24.com [Video file] http://www.news24.com/Live/SouthAfrica/News/De-Waal-drive-relocation-battle-purely-economie- 20150903. Furlong, A (2015, June 12) De Waal Drive residents assure they won't be evicted - if they pay. Retrieved from http://groundup.org.za/article/de-waal-drive-tenants-mobilise-against-potential-evictions_3010.
Hentet fra: http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article affordable-city-housing-a-model-and-building-joburg-must-maintain/#.WEA4gdxIbUo. Hentet fra http://sbeta.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/tenants-facing-rent-increase-hold-vigil-1869375 Van Dijk T A (1991) The interdisciplinary study of news as discourse.
