IMPROVEMENT CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OXISOL WITH HUMIC MATTER FROM SUB-BITUMINOUS TO INCREASE
PRODUCTION OF UPLAND RICE
Herviyanti1*), Gusnidar1), M. Harianti1), A. Maulana1)
1) Faculty of Agriculture Andalas University, Indonesia phone number : +6285274337168
*) email : [email protected] ABSTRACT
The objective of this research were : a) using low-rank coal (sub-bituminous) as main humic material sources because this material will not be anthracite, and cannot using to be an energy sources b) to examine residual effects of humic matter from sub-bituminous which was combined with P fertilizers to adsorp Al and Fe metal, improving soil fertility, and increasing P fertilizing efficiency and Oxisol productivity. Therefore, optimalization crop productivity of upland rice can be achieved. The experiment was designed using a 3 x 4 factorial with 3 replications in randomly groups design. The 1st factor was 3 ways incubating humate material with P-fertilizer, which are : I1 = Incubation of humate material 1 week, then incubation P-fertilizers 1 week; I2 = Incubation of humate materials and P fertilizers directly into the soil for 2 weeks; and I3 = humate material and P fertilizer mixed for 1 week, then incubation to the soil for 1 week. The 2nd factor was residual effects of humate material and P-fertilizer combination which are 4 doses H1 = 400 ppm (0.8 Mg/ha) + 100% R; H2 = 400 ppm + 75% R; H3 = 800 ppm (1.6 Mg/ha) + 100%
R,; and H4 = 800 ppm + 75% R. The 2nd year research results showed that the best treatment was founded residue effect of 800 ppm humate material and 100% R P-fertilizer doses in I3 way incubation that is equal to 6.19 t ha-1 upland rice yield. However, this result is almost the same as residual effects of 800 ppm humate material + 75% R P-fertilizer doses and upland rice yield the 1st year . It was concluded that addition of humate material can given the efficiency of P-fertilizer using up to 25% until the 2nd season planted.
KEYWORDS
Humate Materials, P-fertilizer, Su-bbituminous, Upland Rice.
INTRODUCTION
Oxisol has areas about ± 14.11 million ha or 7.5 % of the total land area in Indonesia. Many problems will be face when it used as agricultural land, likes heavy metal toxicity of aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) as well as nutrient deficiencies, especially phosphorus (P) in plants [1]. The elements of Al and Fe are more soluble in acid soils and those will be easily binding P, so the addition of P fertilizer less beneficial for the crop and the result is low efficiency of P fertilizing.
Therefore, it will be efficient increase if this soil can improve by addition organic material with P fertilizer.
Humic material was using in this research because it is the organic material components which have rapid reaction, the most active in the soil, with some electric charge and cation exchange capacity (CEC) more greater than clay minerals. This humic materials was extracted from low rank coal (sub-bituminous).
By using humic material, it can be controlling of Al and Fe toxicity and increasing the availability of P, through the formation of a chelate or complex organo-metal compounds between P and oxide and hidroxide of Al and Fe, so that the metal Al and Fe activities could be reduced and no toxic for plants.
Directly, humic matter can influence the growth of plant, nutrient uptake, and a number of other physiological processes. Indirectly, humic matter can improve soil fertility by altering soil physic, chemical,
and biologycal. Humic matter can modify plant growth medium by improving soil structure, increasing CEC and water holding capacity [2]-[4].
Based on result of the first year research of [5] had reported that the highest of grain yield were on the treatment 800 ppm humic matter + 100 % Recommendation (R) P fertilizers which were incubated with I3
(the blended humic materials and P fertilizer for 1 week, then its mixed material incubated to the soil for 1 week) with grain yield 5,27 t ha-1. This value were the best result because the yield grain production was above average on crop varieties of rice Inpago 6 (3,9 t ha-1), and this results were approaced rice grain yield potencial could be reached is 5.81 t ha-1(description by the Center for Rice Research, 2009 and 2010). These results were almost as good as 800 ppm humic matter + 75 % R P fertilizers treatment. So that, with humic matter treatment 400 ppm were combined 100 % R and 75 % R P fertilizers and so is the way of incubation. It was show that humic matter treatment more economically for P fertilizing until 25 %.
In this research was used plant indicator paddy rice (Oryza sativa), because this crop are the prospective plant to develop in acid mineral soils and high responses on P fertilizing. Paddy rice is the main crop plant in Indonesia.
Based on the research background and the urgency of that has been described, it has done the research for 2nd year, to study residual effects of humic material from Sub-bituminous, which was combined with P fertilizer (Orgin). The goals were increased the efficiency of P fertilizing and paddy rice productivity of Oxisol.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field experiment was done in land farmer (Padang Siantah, 50 Kota district, West Sumatera), which where residual effects of research in the first experiment (2012). The designs of experiment have been conducted like first year, that in the form of a 3 x 4 factorial with 3 replications were placed randomly group (RGD). As the 1st factor was 3 ways incubation of humic matter from sub-bituminous with P fertilizer which way were humic matter incubated for 1 week, then incubation of P fertilizer for 1 week (I1), incubated of humic materials and P fertilizer directly into the soil for 2 weeks (I2), and the blended humic materials and P fertilizer for 1 week, then its mixed material incubated to the soil for 1 week (I3). The 2nd factor were four combination level of humic materials and P fertilizers which have best responses from greenhouse experiment by [6], those were humic material 800 ppm (1.6 ton ha-1) + 100 % R of P fertilizer (H1), 800 ppm + 75 % R of P fertilizer (H2), 400 ppm (0.8 ton ha-1) + 100 % R (H3), 400 ppm + 75 % R (H4). This P fertilizer recommendation (R) was given 300 kg SP-36 ha-1 (Prahasta, 2009). As a comparison was made demonstration plots without humic materials and fertilizer P (control), beside that to convince the farmer was conducted the tradition of fertilization local farmers with 3 replication too.
Before cultivation of soil the samples were taken as ± 500 g for chemical analysis of the soil after musim tanam I. Soil cultivation was done by plowing and hoeing before planting. Plots was made about 3 m x 3 m and the distance between plot was about 1 m and 1.5 m. Rice seed was planted 5 seeds with a planting spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm and its covered with the soil. Harvesting was done after 115 days.
Soil analysis was conducted for determined pH H2O (1: 1) with elektrometric methods, available P with Bray II methods, exchageable-Al with the volumetric methods. Plant growth analysis were determined the number of productive young plants by counting the number of panicles that produce pithy seeds which was measured when the plant at the maximum vegetative growth on 75 days after planting. Plant analysis were determined P content from oven drying samples with wet destruction methods.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
pH H2O and Al Exchangeable of Soil
In Table 1, it can be see the interaction residual humic matter from Sub-bituminous and P fertilizer effects in all treatment on soil pH were not significant. Its had a little different from first year and second year planted. These data was showed the activity of humic matter and P fertilizer increasing. The main influence of combining humic matter and P fertilizer were not significant on the soil pH-H2O. Eventhough, soil pH with residual humic material were highest from pH of soil control in the first year and the second year. The value of soil pH was low or more acid for the tradition of farmer treatment were used manure from chicken about 10 ton ha-1 in the first year. And this value almost same with all humic matter and P fertilizer combination treatment. However, this acid state more lowers than the second year. This soil pH state were caused of solubility of ion H+ from organic acid in manure.
Table 1. Residuals effects of humic materials from sub-bituminous and P-fertilizers and the way of incubation on soil pH H2O
The way of incubation
Humic materials (ppm) +
P fertilizers (% Rekomendation) combination Average on the year : II I (400+75) (400+100) (800+75) (800 +100)
I1
5.04 5.19 5.11 5.05 5.09 a 5.62 b
I2 5.11 5.02 5.14 5.39 5.17 a 5.37 c
I3 5.18 5.05 5.27 5.04 5.14 a 5.89 a
Average : II Year I
5.11 A 5.44 B
5.09 A 5.55 B
5.17 A 5.67 AB
5.16 A 5.84 A Controll : IInd year = 4.34 Ist year = 4.97
Farmer tradition (rice) IInd year = 4.71 Ist year = 5.13
Values followed by the same uppercase for a given line and the same lowercase in column do not differ at the 5 % level according to DNMRT.
The content of Al-exch in Oxisol for the second year after planting with rice, can be see in Table 2.
Interaction and main affect of residual humic material combined P fertilizer in every treatment level incubating were not significant on Al-exch. If this result were compared with Al-exch after incubation of humic material and P fertilizer before planting with paddy rice on the first year, its more lower on the second year and so if its compared with control and tradition of farmer treatment. Those humic material and P fertilizer treatments has decreasing Al-exch with much long reacting time in soil. Humic material have ability for chelate soluble Al in soil solution. Thatway, soil exchangeable Al can decreasing because
these Al ion netralized with humic material and phosphate anion in soil solution more soluble, and it can be increasing P uptake by crop and the growth and productivity of plant must be better in the second year.
Table 2. Residuals effects of humic materials from Sub-bituminous and P-fertilizers and the way of incubation on soil exchangeable Al (me (100g)-1)
The way of incubation
Humic materials (ppm) +
P fertilizers (% Rekomendation) combination
Average on the year : II I (400+75) (400+100) (800+75) (800 +100)
I1
1.53 1.29 1.47 1.53 1.45 a 1.61 b
I2 1.41 1.41 1.47 1.53 1.45 a 2.38 a
I3 1.35 1.53 1.47 1.41 1.44 a 2.01 ab
Average II (year) I
1.43 A 2.40 A
1.41 A 1.97 AB
1.47 A 1.92 AB
1.49 A 1.71 B Controll IInd year = 2.53 Ist year = 3.42
Farmer tradition (rice) IInd year= 2.53 Ist year = 2.96
Values followed by the same uppercase for a given line and the same lowercase in column do not differ at the 5 % level according to DNMRT.
The increase of soil pH was effected by decrease of Al-exch, its cause of addition humic materials and P fertilizer because of organic acids (fungtional group) of humic material can reacting with Al metal forming complex organo compounds or chelate. The organic compound will attracted soluble Al in soil solution and more OH- ion released to the solution and it can increasing soil pH. Reference [2] and [7] was report that humic material consist of humic acid and fulvic acid, both of these compound dissociated some phenolic and carboxylic fungtional groups and then [8] was report fungtional groups of phenolic and carboxylic contents same of oxygen which was a reactive site to attracted metal. This has been shown by [9], there was increasing humic acid fungtional groups with humic acid doses increasing, therefore its can forming the complex by carboxylic (-COOH) and phenolic (-OH) with high abundance of cation Al3+ and Fe3+ , and the exchangeable of these cation was reduced.
Swift (1989 In [10]) was reported that deprotonation of fungtional groups of humic material is going to decrease the hydrogen bonding formation, between molecular and intra molecular, so this mechanisme will increased repellent force between groups in humic acid molecul. These mechanisme caused colloid surface of humic acid have a negative charge and will be exponencial opened system to increasing soil pH.
Availability-P of Soil
The result of analysis variety investigation showed that there was significant interaction on both of factor for soil before second planting, these data in Table 3. In Table 3 showed that I1 (incubated humic material to the soil for a week then fertilizing with P and incubated again for a week) the content of P available on treatment 800 ppm humic matter + 100 % R P fertilizer was significant with treatment 800 ppm + 75 % R P fertilizer, 400 ppm +100 % R, and 400 ppm + 75 % P fertilizer. While, the way of incubation I2, the highest P available provided on treatment 800 ppm + 75 % R, and this value was not significant with residual
effects 800 ppm + 75 % R and significant with residual effects 400 ppm + 75 % R or 100 % R. Its same with P available on treatment on I3.
The best value of P available was provided on 800 ppm humic matter + 100 % R P fertilizer in way incubation I3, but its value not different with the way incubation I2. From these P available data for the second planting in soil, both of way incubation I2 and I3 are similar to reached highest P available on treatment 800 ppm + 75 -100 % R P fertilizer. Therefore, the efficiency of P fertilizer could be reached by using 75 % R P fertilizer, on I2 and I3.
Reference [6] had reported that the treatment 400 and 800 ppm humic matter were increased P available in greenhouse experiment, from low became moderate (14.57 and 15.80 ppm up to 20.99 and 22.22 ppm) P available respectively with P fertilizers 100 % R. If this result compared with soil analysis on control and tradition farmers treatment, which have P available 7.61 ppm and 12.54 ppm. And overall humic matter and P fertilizer combinations with the way incubation were showed the positive responses and can increase P available to be 23.07 ppm. Generally, P available for the second year planting more lower than the first year planting because the most particularly P fertilizer have absorbed by plant on the first year planting, while on the second planting there was not given P fertilizer.
Table 3. Residuals effects of humic materials from Sub-bituminous and P-fertilizers and the way of incubation on soil P available (ppm)
The way of incubation
Humic materials (ppm) +
P fertilizers (% Rekomendation) combination (400+75) (400+100) (800+75) (800 +100) I1
IInd year
12.37 a 15.88 a 14.42 b 18.69 b
B B B A
I2 10.13 a 11.80 b 22.55 a 21.03 ab
B B A A
I3 11.18 a 14.98 ab 22.41 a 23.07 a
B B A A
I1
Ist year
19.03 ab 21.67 b 32.53 a 36.49 ab
B B A A
I2 15.68 b 24.58 b 30.50 a 30.63 c
C B A A
I3 21.63 a 27.36 a 29.46 a 44.34 a
C C B A
Controll IInd year = 9.5 Ist year = 7.61
Tradition of farmer (rice) IInd year = 15.01 Ist year = 12.54
Values followed by the same uppercase for a given line and the same lowercase in column do not differ at the 5 % level according to DNMRT.
The influence of humic material on P available directly by mineralization processes and indirectly was helped by released P fixation on soil coloids surface. Its statement supported by [3] that humic acid and fulvic acid have capability to increase the release of P and P anorganic solubility by chelate mechanisme.
Aisyah (1982 In [11]), said that organic acids like humic, citrate, tartrate, malat, and malonate acid will
formed complex compounds with Al-hidroxy and Fe-Silicate which is not soluble dan releasing fosfat ions to the soil solution and then it will increased available P and total P content.
Based on soil analysis has been suggested that addition humic material was combined with P fertilizer for all the way incubation can improving soil chemistry characteristics, such as increasing soil pH and P available and the other way decreased Al content. And its very significant if those result compared with tradition farmers treatment and control.
Plant Analysis
Number of Young Plants
Analysis of plant growth was a number of young plant were conducted on maximum vegetatif periods (75 days after plant). Statistical analysis result had showed that there were significant influenced on the number of young plants with addition humic material and P fertilizers and the way of incubation, with DNMRT 5 % analysis, on Table 4. Interaction influences were not significant by addition of humic materials and P fertilizers in all way incubation treatment on the numbers of young productiv plants.
It can be show in Table 4, that the number of young plant of rice on treatment 800 ppm + 100 % R P fertilizers to all way incubation almost same with treatment 800 ppm + 75 % R but, its value much more (6.2 and 6.82) of young plant for rice, if its compared with treatment 400 ppm + 100 % R and 400 ppm + 75 % R. While, the way of incubation I1, I2, I3 showed that the the number of young plant almost same, its because P fertilizers incubation and the humic materials just been done for the first year, therefore the way of incubation did not conducted again in the second year.
Tabel 4. Residuals effects of humic materials from Sub-bituminous and P-fertilizers and the way of incubation on the height of corn and the number young plant of rice
The wayof incubation
Humic materials (ppm) +
P fertilizers (% Rekomendation) combination
Average of year : II I (400+75) (400+100) (800+75) (800 +100)
I1
The number of productive young plant of rice (seeds)
21.80 22.80 27.67 28.73 25.25 a 39.72 b
I2 22.07 22.87 24.60 28.00 24.38 a 35.98 b
I3 22.20 22.27 25.40 29.80 24.92 a 47.83 a
Average II of year I
22.02 B 34.02 B
22.64 B 40.11 AB
25.89 A 44.36 A
28.84 A 46.22 A
Productive young plant of Rice : IInd year controll = 19.78 farmer traditions = 20.56 Ist year controll = 23.73 farmer traditions = 35.60
Values followed by the same uppercase for a given line and the same lowercase in column do not differ at the 5 % level according to DNMRT.
The numbers of young plant has been provided because the improving of soil characteristics (increasing pH, high available of P, and decreasing of Al-exch) makes roots of plant can developed better and increasing absorbtion of nutrients. Absorption of P in plant has been used for forming the roots and the growth of plant. Its fenomena was reported by [12] that the growth and production of tomato was better in soil by addition of humic acid extracted from organic Situjuh compost on treatment 50 % and 100 % R P fertilizers.
O'Donnell (1973, Cacco dan Dell'Agnola, 1984 In [13]) was reported that humic acid can result some of activity like plant growth hormones, like Auksin. And then [13] has prooved that addition humic acid for lettuce seeds can improving root plants growth and dry matter of plants.
Crop Yield (weight of seed in 14 % water content)
Analysis of variance has showed that there were no significant interaction between residual effect of humic materials + P fertilizers with 3 ways incubation on weight of seeds 14 % water contents (W.C).
Combination of humic materials and P fertilizers and the way incubation as main factor were significant on the plant production, except for the way of incubation on the production of rice, not significant. Its showed on Table 5.
It can be show in Table 5, that combination humic materials and P fertilizers 800 ppm + 100 % R P fertilizers were resulted the highest dry weight of seeds 14 % WC if compared with other treatment, this data not significant with treatment 800 ppm + 75 % R and can increase production of rice as 1.71 and 1.67 t ha-1, if these compared with treatment 400 ppm + 100 % R P fertilizer. While, the way incubation were showed the almost same result for all combination humic material and P fertilizers treatment, however the highest production of plant in I3.
Tabel 5. Residuals effects of humic materials from Sub-bituminous and P-fertilizers and the way of incubation on the weight of seeds 14 % water content (t ha-1)
The wayof incubation
Humic materials (ppm) +
P fertilizers (% Rekomendation) combination Average of year : II I (400+75) (400+100) (800+75) (800 +100)
I1 4.74 4.50 5.12 5.79 5.04 a 4.01 b
I2 3.65 4.08 3.73 5.81 4.32 a 4.06 b
I3 4.39 4.09 5.63 6.19 5.08 a 4.92 a
Average II
of year I 4.26 B 4.07 B
4.22 B 3.91 B
4.83 AB 4.86 A
5.93 A 4.88 A IInd year controll = 3.14 farmer traditions = 3.71
Ist year controll = 2.96 farmer traditions = 3.55
Values followed by the same uppercase for a given line and the same lowercase in column do not differ at the 5 % level according to DNMRT
Note : I1 = humic materials incubated to the soil for one week and then added P fertilizers and incubated for one week again.
I2 = both of humic materials and P fertilizers added to the soil and incubated for two weeks I3 = both of humic materials and P fertilizers mixed for one week and then incubated to the soil
for one week
Based on Table 5 can be counted that the highest seeds of unhulled paddy were provided on treatment 800 ppm + 100 % R P fertilizers with the way incubation I3 as 6.19 t ha-1. The value was obtained is the best regard because it up to average rice production by Inpago 6 varieties (3.9 ton ha-1) and the production potencial was wanted to reach 5.81 t ha-1 (description by the Center for Rice Research, 2009 and 2010). Eventhough, those yield almost same good yield with the yield was obtained on treatment 800 ppm + 75 % R. So that, for the treatment 400 ppm + 100% R and 75 % R had shown that the same result
with all the way incubation. So, its concluded that humic materials addition can given the efficiency using P fertilizers up to 25 %.
If this result compared with control and the tradition of farmer, residual effect of humic matter from sub- bituminous and P fertilizers combination on the way incubation can increased production of rice from 3.14 and 3.17 and become 5.93 t ha-1, where there was the increasing about 88.85 % and 59.84 %. It was showed that P fertilizers in farmer site about 100 % but root plants absorbed P was very little, because without organic matter, ion P will directly attracted by soil colloids. And the addition of humic materials, ion Al and Fe from soil colloids will attracted by humic materials and it forming the metal organo complex, and then P fertilizer precipitation can reduce. While, the addition of manure needs more time to react with Al and Fe ion.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Residual effects of humic material from Sub-bituminous and P fertilizers combination with the way incubation can decrease Al-exch and increasing soil P available on Oxisol Padang Siantah, Situjuh district 50 kota West Sumatera Province. + data
2. The highest seeds of unhulled paddy were provided on treatment 800 ppm + 100 % R P fertilizers with the way incubation I3 as 6.19 t ha-1. The value was obtained is the best regard because it up to average rice production by Inpago 6 varieties (3.9 ton ha-1) and the production potencial was wanted to reach 5.81 t ha-1 (description by the Center for Rice Research, 2009 and 2010).
3. Eventhough, those yield almost same good yield with the yield was obtained on treatment 800 ppm + 75 % R. So that, for the treatment 400 ppm + 100% R and 75 % R had shown that the same result with all the way incubation. The humic materials addition can give the efficiency of P fertilizers were reached up to 25 %.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank to the Indonesian Directorate General of Higher Education (DGHE), Ministry of National Education Republic of Indonesia wich had provided funding to conduct National Strategic Research in 2012 and 2013.
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