Inel"easing Ihe Efficiency of Carbon dioxide I{(,llloval by SYllergizing Conslrucied (;recn ['v1icroalgae Consortiulll

(1)

I !

I

"11 )1" 11 I{) , J)!ii( "\"

',/< !'; i

r .. !"

, '·;"'·'"/h·."

Inel"easing Ihe Efficiency of Carbon dioxide I{(,llloval by SYllergizing Conslrucied (;recn ['v1icroalgae Consortiulll

llsing PhotoiJioreacior

; Lll.'ully 01"( 'i\'il ;111d LllviIT'l1[)h'lll;il [[I~~:lil'l'l'ill~,'" I~(illdll[·i:.; ilhliiill,.' \,1' 1'\'\.:)\11\111) :Illd i I :;ls1 riri Ilanl i(jl;sl udc 11 t s. il h,;\C id: k'lrlkn;II,i1'PlIS;ll. i I)'QC, it!: k ;llll(lti('\\' I II h,' (t.: \":dH)( ).Ctlrl i

'school oj' l~iuiogll'Cll Seil'llcl' ;lllel "'ll'cilll()lut-:Y. jj;lildllil~,! lil\lillll<...' III Il'('illl('>lo,I:,>

I: Ill;] i I :dl:,](i1'S il h. jlh.;le it!

Absjr:lcj, /\ssociatioll Oi'llIiCf(l;tl,!c,;h: Cllll\!l'C \,',:;11:) (\ prl"1l1i:,ill,i' ic,hilul():.~.'. i'lir ')\iSi;lil1,lhi,:

<!Ig(t\

biulllass and biological

reillov,ll

or

Glr\)OI1 dioxide. rill: illcr\."ISIII!~ ,'OIIC,,:lllrilllUll ul (<lrholl

dioxide (C0

₂₎

ill thc

,1tlllO:..phcl·l' is considered [(1 !il' nile (Ii" III,: Ill~lill ,:;\lI\\.:S (\i"

gioh;iI warmillg. Uiol()~',iC<ll C0 2Sl'QllCIl"t'l!iclI1 i1;]S

hecn

l'\kll~;i\'('I: ill\l::-.[i::,;lkd ,IS P,lrt {II'

elTorls

10

solve the

prnblcill.

1\'\iCl'o<llgac

,liT I;ISI gl"(l\\ illg S~'SkIllS 111(11 l'~lll l'()II~;\lllh':. hi~'il

quantities

or Co.! to pl'oducc

dilll:'ITllt types

or 111Clabolile PI"OdUCh

Spccilk

g:);ds Ill' lhls study was to ('valuate

,lllel <111<1lyze

;lbollt C():,

]"elllovzli ;lbilil,V

bl:t\\'\."cn :"illgic (UltlilT ,lIld Illi:<cd culture tll;'I( were

capable or

tolcrtlting lip tn

7

¹^;,,{)

eeL

(gilS pll,lsc) -:nncelilr;'lti(lIlS, III tile tirst

step

of tile wmk, ['Ik

growth

o( singlc

clllllll"C

lllicroal b'lc. \\'(1:) ."tlldi(,d ill il \\.~nicd

tllbular piloto bioreaclor

with diffcrent kwh

()C ;'1 C()~ CUllCclllr,lliotl supplied. ! Ill' '·,('colld stag.e, constructed consortiul1l cOllsisted o1"tl1['(,'c photosynthctic Illicl"()alg;lc species I\ol,\tcd frol1l

Bojong

SO<lng V'hlstc Watel" Trl~tl[lll(;'nt 1)l;lnl. whi('h ;II'~~ ('hi(I/,e!(1 51'.

SC'cm:deslIllIso/Jliq/i/is and At/kls/rudeslll/l.'>'.','j) ~H)\Vth ill vertic:11

[ll!lult1r

photo hiOl"\.;ilClOl·, with operational condition were 2:'iilC 2500 lux light intellsity.S L lllill,1 CCi:, !low 1',11(:, W;iS

eVilluated

and

thl~ll ratcs of carb(JIl rCllloval were defennilwd. The. study .<.., Iw \\'(:(1 lllill

singit:

culture as well as mixed culture clluld Ii\'(' tol(:I',llcly ,\lId wc\\' \\('11 in higll (J)?

cOllcentration. Due to

il1dications

of dry

bioll1<lss, growth

rate and

C();~ rVllloval

efficiency,

the

pilo\ohioreaclor with slipply

YYn

CO.l

COI1Cl'-lllralioll

was the

bc~,1 cOilciilinll. l'lo\\'(:\ler, mixed culture h,IS higher n:.'lTlm:;Ji clTICicIlC)

or

^CO~,:Int \\-';1;' lip 1(1 19 !~n'i1, thall 'sill~;k

culture of Chlol'e//o sp. Scel7edeSlIIlIssp, and ,jnkis/rt)(/ellll/s,

til,lt

^\,\(,'1\:

17.74; 3.36:

16,9.1 respeclively. The

mixed

culture \\,itiJ CO~ cOllcenlration supply

of Y>O ,1I'i0

h~lS the hi~~he',t dry biomass (g,!..:I) and growth ratc(p: day·l) which arc 1,1.:1

and

0.21, rc;.;rJ\.'c(ivl~ly,

Keywords: biol1litigaliol}, c(lI'bol7 dioxide, C(!-clI//ure, lllicl"oa/gu(', {u/a(/IIL"<'

In trocln dio

^J1

Variolls processes in reciucing CO:!clllis:-,inlls !la\\' heen Iiseci.

riw

lIl"gCl11 Ilcc.d !('I"

slIh:;t<-ll1tivc: ncl reductions ill CO.> e.lllissil)IlS 10 (he ;llIlHbplil'l"l' ,',Ill IW :'lddrl~s:-,cd VI,I biological

CO,,

mitigation (Jnd photOSYlllhdie !Cchnoillgy lI..;ill!,~ 1l1icruall,',;lC IS

widl.'I), discussed ^;1:\ a kasiblc

tccillhli();2)'.

CCIIlT;tlly, plwllllrpphi\.·

Illiu():llg;li

,l':J"llwth requires;l supply nr l.:ilr!WIl ^llin\idl'^;j";,I e,lr[l(')ll

.'i(WI"\.·l'.

~'!i~.To:lIgae

ha:-:

^(l

higher j"llic,to:-'Yl1tliclic

l'fllcicIlC)' alld [)i(lll';'lSS

prud.:c!i\

il.'o', ,\

1';].')\('r gn)\vth rntc

'liHI

hi~1l

added"\'(lluc 11)

-products. ~IICIl ;IS

I'Jillf'ucl

,lllei

kbl shxl\s

It)r

<lnil1l<lL

\\'hell cCllllp;lrl:d "jIll (\IIl\.T plhl(')S.\llllll'[i,· pl:ll~b ({)\'II\,\.'lil ,111,1

C)livc.irn,

2000~

Sayre 2010),

f\licl'O,lig,lc :1rc a /(:,1"ibI2 ;il1d

c(kctl\c

<lltC(llatlvc· I(l!"

bio!lx~jtion of'" carboll dio\idc fh)J11 Ihe 1111e ~HS.

(2)

\,:I:nrllIJl!.: (n 1'1"1-' V it1l I:, Sltl,llcc.;, lllc SlIPP]>' \11' cmhnll In 1l11\.:ro;llg;li Illass l:lilllirc

"\ ,,,(('111",

i..;

^(tIll' 111'

the

prllh'ip;lI dillll'lillll:S ;llle! illlllLlllCllh 111;11 111\lsl

he

St)I\'cd il',1.11Ci1\;II: 1...'1 ;11.. It)?)':,:, ()~\\;lld. I()~;--;, ];tjlll' ;lIltl Ikm;lrd. Il)))S). The prilll'ip<li P,)jlll

,)1';111

COllsldcr;llilllh rChilll!_~ tll

1111...' ('(), hUtl,!_:,'1

I~ !il;IL (\II 1

Ill'

\)11C i1;lI1d,

('0)

jlHh( 11\1( I·\'~;!l'h till' IlpjWr (ClIh.'Cllll·;11i(,1I1 IIi:li pl'\1(ll:\:l':'; Illhihiii\lil dilli, tlll thl' oliH.'1' h,cIHi. !l1W,1 IlC\,;I'

Llil

hcl(lw lill' Illillllllllill UlI1Cl_'lllr;lli,jll Ih;l1 ii!lll!S ~_\.rn\\th (1<:I\lns

"t ;11,. I'»)';). Tlle',)l' 11l,1:\illllllll (illillhitlt)111 ;lllt! Illillllllllill (!IIllIl:lti\lll) l:()lll:l'llll':I!l\llh

\-:11'\ (1'\1111 ()Ill' spcl'ic's It) <l11()liln ;\Ild ,lIT lint >-'1...'1 ;1(kqti;lh.'I>' kIHl\\'ll (Radus, 1()7):

I \,'l'

,\I,t!

!-llng, I ()X()).

I L1Il;lf_'il{(\ c!

ili.,

(19(X~) cOlll_::ludccl ('/i/ore/ln "pccic') slwwcd I1lllCh higher log ph,lSl'

!,~,i'(I\\

til

!",llcS, \\-hile SC{!lledc,<,/II/iS specics \\,;IS hctll'r :lhlc 1\1 (uie-rate \'(-'I"~' high ('(), l:PIl,:clilraliolls (hall ('/i/ore//({. I !nwcvcr. hl)lil ,Jig;ll' had nill)III lilc saille grO\\

til

r,lte

\\,!Wi1 the CO, cOllccnlr:llillll \\';.lS ill lhe rilllgl' 1(){J/;)<301'~'il. SccllcdeslillIs \\-as ,:nlllpktcl) inhihited by I()()(),'~) co) Tilis lI1i1ihilioll \va:--, IT\'L'rsibk since gro\\-th

\\;lS rc;slIlllCd wilen

CO.-.

umccl1tr,11inll \\(1S n:;llIrIlcd to

2()(Y(1.

Other micronlgilc

~I'(XIC", c'/!lu,.('/!a lJIiJluli.<';SlIIlO. ^grc)\\11 1I1Hici c,,(reillt' carhon diuxidc C(1llcc~1l1ra!ioIlS (().036%)~IOOIY;)). :;Irollgl~' illcrcil:>e the l11icroaigal hi()lnass through pilnlncileillical

,lIld

1\()ll~pIHltochcJl1ic;iI cil:lIlgcs III the pll(l1t)')Yll1l11:~tic ,lppar:ltlls

(1':lI':l/ia

d

:Ii"

211(8)

S"lih (2011) "ul1clt"kd Ih"l Ihese c,IICllle CO,

l:tlllC-C-lllnltioll,'i-"--;lbolil 1,000 till1es higher Ihall the (lillhicilt O!H?~--GI!1 be cnsily l11cinhnlizcd ("rolll lhe 1Illiccllu!clr green alg.;] ttl hiom;ls" (Il\d ell) he lIsed, 011 <l local

>l'<lic :11 k:lsL rOl' the rll[lllT ck\'(-:ln])I11C111 of" l1licrn:lI~_!;:l1 plwtnhi(lrl'~lCtors ror t[lt::

Illitig;,ltion

\)rtile point sOlln2t:-p:-ocilICcd carbnll dio\fdc.

[llhnnccd

CO

₂!evels (lypicilll)

well

ab()\'l~ its <.ltl1h)Spilcric

level) arc 11ccded

['or cl'!lCiClll Inicroaigal grO\,vlil

aile!

IllCtabolisll1. and currently arc Illnjor contributors to the overall cost of microalgal cultivation. Thc mechanistic implications of the cIrce!

of tile elevated CO.'

concentratioll

on aig,lc growth ,mel

productivity

was pleviollsly sludied (1-1",wg"la, el "L, 1992: ""PIIli", 200t)" The cells 01'

l)/IIl(//i('l/alerlio/('c/o grown under orciilwr\ ;-tIl' (Inw~CO, cells) had J well til'\'clopecipyrel1oid

with

^IllClIlYmore starch grallules

than those

grown under air

ellriched wilh CO, (high-CO, cells)" The ehloloplasl was loealed close lo lhe plaslllH

membrane in

IO\v-C01

^cells,

while

th81

ill

high~C02 cells

was located in the

ill ncr ;Irca of the cells. Chloroplast envelope \Vas eicctronically denser in low-C0 2 [,',·lls til;lI1 in

high-C0

₂cclls, while the ()pposik

enc ...

^:!^~lr('o:^\\asobserved for the

phSlll'l Jlll.'lllbrallC (l(arlssol1, 121

<11"

It)l»)).

rh:s

implies ^Ihat ll1icroalgne ^call p()~sihiy jplcrntc hiL2h concentration of

COol by

~ld.illSlillg. their structural anatoll1}

;)lld I'niistriblilioll

(If

certain cellular ol"f.'.<lllclks (\:1urollc~ ;111(! Ynnlvcz. 2007:

1':11"17.1", ]IIOS).

['ick (~() I ()) sUlks tlwt the concclllr;llinll

or

^(,C)-, ^ill^till':11111Cl>I")l1cr\_' is ahout _)XO pp!ll (O.O(J.~81~/;Jl" while lhL: C011CClltr:.lliull (\1' CO' ill 11l\:~ Illle: gil> rnlill r'lo\\-'cr pl;lllts I ;1I1~~C~ 1'1\)111 10% [()

::()I;,;J.

Thcrcf'orc, 10 capture ('C), J'rUlli rllIl: gas Ilc,C(kd Illlno;tig(lc spccie:--; thnt C<1Il grow logethe,l'

ellicielltl),

III

milliel:ll

c11Vir0l1l11ellts

\\ here \Vas exposed by high CO,: concentrations.

1\11 experill1cntal study \vith ll1i\cd Illicronlgnc cllltlires as agellt or curboll clio:\idc l::ll'!lIrC s(nr;lgc

(CCS)

is being proposc,d to cOl11l'lcll1c'llt our 11lollt)culturc studies.

TIHCC grccn l1licro;l!gilc species \\,ill

he

lIsed ill tillS :---.tlldy: ('/i/ure//u sp ..

.\n lIe{/I''.~illlt.<,()I)/i(/lIlf.\' and _'lnlu·\/!(}(/'eSIIIII.\ sp. TI"I .... ·:--;c :-.pccics \\cre choscn dul..: to

j

(3)

i !

1

lli\..'li \..·,illlllll)11 dCl'UITI.'IIL'C' ;m)tIIHilth-: \\("Irld. eas,v gl\)\\,til \_:II;'lr,IL'ILTi:.lil.'_'< ;illd iIi ii;~' (lur prl.'vinus :i1ud.v the.\' l',l)) grO\\' \\'cll together ill thl.' S:111II.~ ~.~I()\\"tlJ Ili",dillill (iZill;1I1ti ct :11.. ~~t)I.-;) \Vllile 111l'rl~ h ,Iii ;llHIJlllal1l'(, nj' J"l-':->lIlh (!"\)11l 111,)[1\')\..'(\11\1[,_' stlldIC:',

tili:.

\\'iil be:1 IIU\'C! :->ll1l1) ;\:--. tll!!!",_' I:; \'l'ry littk lilCr;l1l1l\' (11\ 1rI1\(',1 '--'lIltll!",_",

Spl'cilic go;!ls nfthls ~;(lId)' was to C\,;!lll:ltc ,Inc!

dis(:uss

aholltl'()_ rl'llw\,il ,Ihilil\

b,,'\\\l'(,ll sillgil..' L',lIltllrc (Illd flli\l'ci l'liltun .. '

2 M:llerial

alHI

Mdhod.,

2.1

IVlitroal~al

Ct!ltllrt'", \jedillm, and (,h('mirals

rill'

constructed COI1S()l"silllll lllicTo;llt2.:1 l:()11Si.':>lillg 01' ('/i/orel/u ,\j), S(\'I/cd(',\/I/lts ,\/!

;111<1 AllkislrmiL'Slllll:' SI) \\;IS urigill:lIly 1.')()I;I\cd frUIll Ihl' l)oj\.lJl~ S');111~.~ \\':!s\("\\'(]iL"1 l!"e;ltmell1 pl<lllL r3<lllclllll!;, llldollcsi;1.

The

Illicroalg;d \\'-,-lS :--;crt:>',:' I 1 ('(I. :111l1 :! potcllli;iI ,:;\l1did;llc \ViiS "l.~kl'll,:d (~JI' l\1innbial C(lrholl C;lplllrt:;- (lild Stnr~lg" (\1( ('S) 'lg',~ll.

·tlll' l11icroaig;Ji cells were ClIitlll"l'li ill IJI--ll\-"1 (PhO\(lSdlil-!;\CIIl;ll\ll:ll~:CU") i\\ni[;I) arlilicial medillm prcpnrcd ;\S follows (per liler): C,)1l1Plbiti\)11

('If

i)l-i~,i (IJrO\":ISdii

<111(1 I'illllll:r. 1'15(1)

IVas (pCI'

lilre) 1.0

g

KNO:;, 02 ,', 1(1121'().1, 0.2 :' klgSCl.I.7112() 0.1 g Fe sl,'ei, eOllsis[s

oj'

(per li[re)

1~9

g I·:IJI .. \ '''HI ."1. .. 1 "

FcC!.l.6I-i20. /\11 !llIlricnls \\ere ciissoivvd ill distilled w;lk-r l\)Il[;lillillg (pel" litre)

0.1

Ill!. trace clement

!\ladc by

(pCI'

SUO

1111..)

2.05

mg/IlCI:2,

30.:;

!Ilg

1'1313° __ ;, 2. )S

mp.

C"CI2611:)(), :l.O

mg

CllSO,1 511:,0, 2.05

II1g

MIlCI2.,IIIJ()

Ililli

I')

III"

(N 111)e M()7

,()2,!.'1

H20

2.2 PhotoiJioreadors and Operation of Microalgal Culture

Vertical photohiorcflctor

!\lade or glass

with a capacity of'

10 L

cOlltainlllg h.Y ~ L

P!-li'\-'1 growth

!l1cdiulll

and

nil j)lilial

ce!1 density

or

I(l

seI.IllL"! Til~: ^pure

C(),

(.','L->

supplied

from the bottom of the

pholobioreactor with O.OJg~~1 (cl,)[ltrol),

,lIld

2?/,j,

5(%, 7%1

pure

CCh

level at an aeration rate

or 8,0

L.min,J and 1cIllpernHlre was

adjusted 25°C + I,

Position

,;1 TL lamps

uniforlllly

phcecl o\ltside

Illl:

pilo\obiorcac\or Ciln be ndjllstcd to obtain {l light intensity of

25(}O Ill;\.

,111(1

I i

[2.1\ (

pCl'iociism (Iigh[/dark: hour) 24/0.

2.3 Measurements of l\1icroalgal Density, Biomass Concentratioll and Growth Rate of The Micro)tiga

Cell density (cells/IllL) W~lS Illcnslired by spectroph01ometric !llctiloci using (Ill

UI[ruspcc 3300 pro UVlVisible spec[ropholometel' (Al11el'shalll 1310Scic'lleeL, Cambridge, Uk) a[ Ihe <Ibsorb<ll1cc or 68211111 (AC,S2). I'.:leh s"mple "'" dilll!c'd 10

gl\'C ,Ill absorh:l!lec ill the

],'lJ1g.C or

0.1·-1.0

if the

()ptic;iI

deIlSI!,\'

\\,;\S gl'(.',Jt~:r

til,-lil III

Dry weight Gell bioll1;lSS was obtained

by

evaporating the liquid ill the cl~ll clIlturl'.

A Inl,l! of 100 mL, cullure lllhl~ inserted inlo cCl1tririlg\..'~. Hilt! tl1C;l cCIl:rif~I:'('d ;11 3500

I'plll fe'I'

10 millll[e, (Weldy

C,S. a"d

HlIese""")1'

M .. 2(107).

\lIp,'r",,[alil \\I'S

lilell l"l."tnu\'cd rrutrl

til,;

lube piiSta ulltil JlIst earned cell:;. ll(!s\.;l ccll" \\;~:, 111~'!1 P\lt iIlln ;1 petri dish lil:ll had prc\'lulisly lx.',:11

\\-cigllcti (.\)_

S<lll1l'lks \\nc, plll III ill..:

UVCI'l with

a

tcmjJeralurc of 10:)\-: fur OIIL' night to g,cI ;-\ cOW;lalll \vciglll () }. ,lnJ illcn st\)l"cd in:1 desic..:atur f~·lr .,,;n !1l!illlt(':-> Ih.'forr: !('~\\, ... ~i!]hed. rhJlll:l:,:-> (dr> \\'-'lgI11)

(4)

d,\..ouilll;.!. In 'l')llilk), (i.,:"/ II/. 'i(ll)]) l."lku];lIcd h~ the r()]"Il1ll1~l: l)ry weight (X:

iI".)) \ (II !.!.) .\ (In:.~) SpC(I!IL' ,!~rm\ll: 1';11\' (,II: d' I \\:;l~ C<1il.:lJLlil:d;h !\)ll()\\~'

/ I -

X I !

( I )

S(;!(l\

of

CO,

I"c!l1o\'ai

:nul ('(), t1llili/.:ili"t1

:\t,' (). C(llh:l'Il\r;lliDll ;l~ il111\1t ;Ind ()IIIPlil \\ d~, 111(,,1>111\':(\ (1:-:111).: I-\l!"lahk

<)llliJlll<lli'l)\ (j;h Iklcct()\' RI1\\:··:~ :VlnliL'1 RX-:~ I :;. \h:~;hlll"clllCllls \\CI"e pcrrorl11cd ((\ dctnlllillc (\1;II1).2,('S ill

the

CI)I\Cclltr<1l.iOIl (II'

CU·

ill

the

^gelS

holder

with lime,

\\ ll\.'n.;(1c; tile COlh:cllll"nlioll (lr CC),

dis\()!\',-'d

ill lhl.' dlilmc Ill\.'dillill was 1lH.."lSlIl"cd ()llCC ,I

chi:'

lIsillg thc

Portable Carboil

DI():\ldc /\1\(11) ?t'l" O.\)l~\l:lI"(l

to knmv thc,

~nl:dliiit) of CO; ill the cuilllr\.' I1\cdilll11 TI1l' r,,'l1"\o\(11 ,Jricicl1cy (%) \\,,;IS l\c'-ll'rIlllllCd

hy

the following rur11llll;l:

(2)

;\ 11 appn~\ i 111<1(12

rorlllll

In (COr) _1:.;1-1 1 s.1N: ,i Prj III ) :-iugg,,::-:;lcd h)/

Ci rohchar

(200,,\) W/.lS ll>l'd 10 l]lal\c 'lil l':-':PCC1Ccl c-.;(illl;l\1' \)1" Ill\..' dr: hinlll~jss .vicld.CO:! uti\il.atioll l.'iTiCICI1C:' \V;l'-; ddcTll1inc.d

h:

l1~i!lg. th(~ \()llnwil1g CQUiltiOIl (1<::11 cl

al., 20(9):

C02 utilization efficiency ('\'i,]

"~" )

- e, I'x x lOll

v

en

Where,

( is

the car bOil

COlllent

of the dry

weighl cell

(g

carboll.g

biolll,lSS"i») P is the prodUl:tivity

(g

hiolllass.L"I.h"\ d4

;111<\

12 mc the

\110\(;clIl;11'

weights of carbon dio\iclc and

carbon, respectively,

and

V is

the. nerntioll

rMc

nfC0

₂

supplied

to

the

l1licroalgal culture

medium (g

CCh.L-1,h"I).

}, Hcsull and Discussion

], I Growth of lYIicroalgac Cultu,"C ill the Photobiorcactors

The

cOIl1[)nriSOIl a!'

the growth or

constrllcted consortiulll cultivateci ill

the vertical

pllntohiorcac(ors \\'8S

performed as a

bntch cu!ture th;:lt

was supplied with O,03WYo,

2(1<),

,S0"-;)

and

7l~!;)

CO,

~()S cOllcentration cOlltinliOllSi).

(5)

1 i! ?, ^.^,(\,

C; , :2 ~_j

:i ^(J,)

O,i9 ^0,>' J

"

^O,lS

~

:"

^D,U

.J: ^~ 0, I 5

:0

0,0')

M U

4:

~ () Q'

en Q- Chiarella sp. Scenedesmus sp Ankistrodl:~Jrnus ;,p Con;ortililn

00.038% C02 @J2'/:,CO? [J 5% C02 [] /',::) CO,!

,\)

"

:.., 1,2

.0

1, '],]

c 1,0

'," 0

:"

0,8 CI,71

C

<U

O,G c u

0,7:l

o,w

0 u (),~

'"

^u

c:-

^0,2

o

(J,O

Chlorella sp. Scenedestllus sp. Anki<,trodesmus sp_ Con:;ortiu!l)

00.038% CO2 OJ 2% C()~~ 07% CO2

Il)

Figure I Comparison of (A) spcsific growth ratc(p; crl) ,1Ild (B) dl'y r,~11 wcight (g.1. !) betwcen single culture and constructed cOllsortium Illicroalgac thaI cultiv<lted il) \'ariou'~

CO, level.

-file

cultured

samples were collectcd

eVCI"y

day

during! ()

dny:--.

eXj!I.'riI1lCilL

Fig. 1

showed the average growth curves or thl.:

three

sillgle clIl!urcs

ane! the

construc1ed consortium

culture. A(

diffl~rcllt

level

oj'

CO

2 supplied, 50/0

CO::

W;IS ((1\111(1 \() hl~

the

optimulll

CO

₂

cOllcentration

f'or biom~1ss

production. \VhcrC:l\ ;\

ili!:!.lh_T CO,~

cOllcentration of

I()(% CCh caused

Illicrualgac stl'CSS,

tllcn::fofl'

all lh(~

Illicr();lIt.'.'lC

culture

could

not grow well since c!;lY ] 10

day

3 (cI,lla 110t sl1O\\ 11).

TIl{:

bighc,;t

hiolllilSS

(],]i1

g.L."\ and growth

rilte «().~I dO\lhling c!;l,V':)

\\:1S rounc!

;1(

(\)lhortiulll III icroalg,lt, culture' 111:11 sllppllcd \\ ith 5~'<J C'O.l '-'\lI\liil\lllll~ly (Fig. 1 'j.

The average dry

weight hiomass concentrations nnd sp0cii"ic growth I'ale-; of

:1I1111c

c-ultlll'C:S in variolls

CU:;

gas COllcclltra[ioll silO\\'cd ;-I!

Table I.

rhj~, n::,ult IIHlil.:;\[l''i Ill,l! [ile maximull1 hiolll;lSS COl1Cl'll1r;llioll of COJlSlrtlct\..'d l'()llS(:rll!lrll uilltll"C ~'l')ul\1

bc

clli1;-lnccd for

all

C():.~CollcClllra(i()1l supplied cOlllpared ^l()llin:'c -;illgic

\:t!l(tl!"c nj'

Y.l"l'I.'11 lllic!'oalgac.. The consortiunl ClIlllll'C ill phCllnhiorc;\l',lUr 'ihO\\'l:li Ih)1

(llily

:111 ilnprt)\'cd

maximulll hiollla,,-.;

Cl)llct~l1tr;ltil)ll hut

nISI!

il hctkr ;"Ilcciri,-' ,~_)]'(l\\-lh j'<lk.

(6)

! Ii· ,'\,'

T:lI)cl I ('UIllI\(lci>\'lil or Ihe ,\!,(,'ciIIC :',::'()\\'Ih r;lil' (}!: d'l) bt'!\\'\;'Cll single clIlllll'l' <llld ,'till',II'iI( :ld "\111:'l)i'l!lill11:1icl'n;iI.!_!i\'~' Ii-t;!l ,'l1iii\;lI\:d ill vdl'ioll" CU-· il'Vl:l.

!I//',/I'/i ,;;I(',II!!/iS :;p

\. \ 1 ~ 1, ,'I; I I ; II ,\ : " :: 1

C()ll'''rllc1l'd ,',III',nl'lllllll

I) (1,1

ii,! 1

() (j,~

{) \I":

!i \1'/

!i,U_) 1),1,' 1),llI

I) i_"

1l.:21 {),I::

It \\-;1.<"; cl"I_h:inl 1(' select thl' optlllHllrt cell COIl,,:L'llll-atioll or optimuill dr,Y \\ciglil

h:,tlll;J';s !'or the.' \.'llil'iCllt ('(L rl_'ll10\':1i. Hcil)\-\' tlw optllllllill cl'll COllCClllratinlL l1ut

:il! lilt' li,~~111 l~[l('r!,~~' \\<l~'; Clpllll'cd h~ till.' (l.'lls

\\hile

^at:lhnve

the

nptilllllill l'cll C(lllcclltratioll. (l 1<1I"l:~l:1' pmpOl'til-)1l

or 11k'

cell \\'LTC ill

the cinrK due

10

sclr ..

sil:ltiillg (!hI111,~_~!< ~vl

i\',kili

S, 8J(ul'aliu

>J ,

^{2()D I')}

.,.2 CO, rCIllo,,;l1 elficiellCy'

/\ COIl1]1<1ri:-;011

or

thv CO~

relllo\"nl crficit'lll;ies or lllieroalgClI cultures with differeil(

CO,~ COIlCClltl",ltinll

was

]lL'rforlllC'(-l.

'The CO_-:

rCIll{)\'al

eflicicilcy or

^sillgle

culture

;)11(1

constructed cOllS0rlilll1l cultivated

ill

vertical photuhiorc(lctor

was evalu;ltcd

;\11(1 C()IllP:l!"l'(1. 1'l1c

COo'

]'121110\,;11 cITicicnc}' \V(1::, deter111ined

by measuring the

i11('1ll(,11I !cl;ld ,ll1cl

the

('lllllellt 10<1d, Table

1 shu\\'s

,I comparison of tile

CO:) rCIll()vnl

c Ilicic Ill' ies 0

r

^{cnll sf}^l'I1Clcd^consort

ⁱ

lIlll C \1111 \ '(1 I eel i 11

Ii

hoto hi orenctors,

11lCIT<l,;,;ing

dry

\\ci

Is il(

biolllH.SS

,II

cOllsortiulll cuitul'C

was followed by

increasillg

2-

!'old CO₂rl~!l10v<iI cmcicilcy COIl1j)illT 10 CO:, removal efflcicilcy in

single

culture (I <lhel I.), All algae cULIld I<lke lip

CO,

lw dilTusiclIl,

,mci"","),

hac! active earboll llpl,IKC system::, \\ hich

could

tnKC

up

bic:lrho!l(\lc

(I-leO,'). However,

l11icroalgac

c\111id

1101 t(\ke Iq:

cn?

iUlls

(13:1dgcr, M, 1';'.,20(3).

20 19,13

16,74

15,93

8,36

()

Chlorelltl sp, SccnedeSlllllS 5P, Ankistrodesmus sp, Consortiun1

O;:![;~ (0:< (] c;% CO; [J 7% C02

Fi~\Jr{':: C l'lllP;lI·i>(lllllrCO., l"l'tlHlv,\I c!ficicllCy C!I))bl'\\\L'L'11Sil1gic culture and COllstrlll'ICd cnl1sOI'lilll1l Illicroc)igac tha1 clllliv;ncd ill \-[!riOliS CO.., level.

(7)

, l _,

I

I _I

3.2

C():~

l 'tilization

Efrici('nc~'

I he Iliy.hest CU"

l)tili;,;llinll l'jfi(~ll:lll'\

ohtnill

()'Olll

;ill

UI!(lIrl' (;-,illgk :llhl

C()lbOnilllll culture) Ihat :->lIppiil'(i

\\illl

~:{j·'i) (,()_\(I'-i!:"

:l). The

hi!;~hn UJIHCIlI]';lIi(l)i'i oj' C( ):' supplied t() lhl' culturc. il lurllS (1)Ji Ihe i()\\l:r cni,-,icI1C\'

or (-(

l:: lIlili/;l1l\lll nec)))"s. II is related \\·itll spl'ciri,--~ ch;lr;lcll'I'i>ltil..~s uj'

till..:

lim ... 'l' 1.\ pcs oj' Illint);iI~~~II..' 1h:1I :l1TCl:t the ;Ihilit~, orC(),' ri:>;:lli()ll

Ii>

Illic']'\lilit:::lt' 11 \\:IS h:IPiW1ll'd I-'Ct,.';ll!\l' :111 tlw

l'Olllpnund hicarh()Il:lk

(i-1('(),-) ,II i\ \:()11Cl'lltl',l!i(,11l ur

='!.-, (-(),

l'd!llt! ',:ill h,-' lIsed b.\,' the lllicr():lIg(jl~ tu Ill.' C'lH-\\\2rlt..'d illin bium:)s..; \\·jlll the Ill'lp (-)1-('/\ (c,lrholll,' :1I1hydrasc). \Vhere:)s C,,\ :1("li\ il.\ \Vas lk'crC':hcti

iil

CI!llllJ"t' ~;lIpplil"d h.\

ck\i\[\:d

C()lll'(,lltratiol'l

('0

₂~,() thai

the

,~!r('di\'(:lll.'S:;

(lr

^till'usc oj' biL';lrl!t'i));I\L' C\)lllp\)t)IHI'i

C<ll:!lysed by CA

^hCg,11ltt) dCCI"(·'L'iC.

I,O ,~

0>- 0,8

u c

'"

'u

_0,6

""

~

'"

c 0,4 :;:; 0

ro .'::'

.,

0,2

~

c)' _0,0 u

0,66

0,53 ,45

0, ~)8

),b7 J,5i)

Chiarella sp. Scellt'desnills

Anki~lrodesmus ConSOl'tilHll

sp. sp.

[J 2% CO2 [J 5% C02

Figure 3 Comparison

urco:?

utilization cnicicllc), ("()) between :-.illg.!c

culture

nile!

constrllcted consortiul1l ll1icroalg<lc t!l;l! Culli\'(l[<:d ill \',11"10\1'; C():, ic\'ci.

Figure 3 and Table 2 also showed

that

C02 utilization efficicllC.\' by

c01lstructed consortium culture

were-l-I.5

fold thall single clIltlJrc. S:'llerg~lic pCI·rornwllcc or three single microalgae thai have their own specific charactcrisli..: l'(llJi.j gellcml~

the highest CO, ntilization ci'liciellcy Iwppelleci.

Table 2 Cornparisoll orlhl~ grO\vlh rcspoll.'" ,'illd CO:' IClll\lV,t! ,-'ITicil'llc) hd\\'c,-:n Sill),;k

culture and

constructed COI1SOI'tiulll I1licrualg<\l' with )"'0 C(}, ~lIl'plicd )

CMore/ln sp. (-UIISln:c;lc.i

t'dI1S,lrillilli

:'\vnap.e

Dr

dl'~

\\eigilt hilllll:h.\

(,()I1Cl'ntrnti()I1 (!.'_.L ')

Specific growlll 1-;1IC (p. day-I)

CU:, remov,\1 cf"1lcicney ('!/(J)

CO2 lltilil'.<lli(l11

~'jlil~.i ::',I,~~)

(),19

I ".1,7.1

(),·I:'l

I II

O,(j"~ (J, Ll l),2 I

~ II, 1(, ()l ₁q. i '\

() i{1 (), IS U ()'"

(8)

"')'1' if' 1;:crYI :,VU) ,ti\,1 "(--< ",!<', ~-li ;(1-: (>_if'I'(.I'liU!'r' ')',ir-',(,! to'! (,',)!, -":{)( .

! ,lil,:ldilli\_'d ~'llppll,,'d \\'ill\ :S°/!I l '( ).::' ,\LT;lliOII 1',1lC SI .. llllll I 'J

lllh'll~ll)"', pilnlnpl'I'Hii;;ltiol1

light/dark (2,1/():

11\)l!r),

'\"\L't'ni ''I"ll.'l'll'---'

11;\\",

hl'~'ll

k-.lcd

lIlHlcl' ('f), ("lll...:l;l1t1',11iol1:; or

,"vcr

IS(~,<l. j'ol' l.''-.:lll'Il''!l:. ('/ilUl'h'iJ( (,!lIIII/flU,."/,, l:\)uid gr()\\ lIllt.kl' (){r;,"() CO" II:-:.il1~,~

the

slL'p\\ i:--;l~

<i':;lpt,lli\)I\ h.'l'illlllPll' (K,()c!;\111:1 c1

:ti ..

ii)()3) '\I\()lhl~T hif:~h ('()~ 1011.'1';1111 Slll'l:il'S is

;. I ,1 'I'i/('ili, , (iro\\

111 or

CII:ll,/l"II{/ ,f!/'ilcili.<, \\';1'; cllhnllccd under 5.".-1:~?-{) C\lllCL~I\lr;Hi()I\ (1j"('(),

rill'

he,---.t gl'O\\'l!l was

(lhsn\'cd

\\-'itl1 )I;/ll ('0:, COllcclltr<llinn.

Ij'.)\\-'l'\'(~r. ^I

Ill'

-'j'l.'..:il':'; did 11\)t p,r()\\' lllldlT gn:Hlcr

111,\11 LIY>()

C:O/ (Nakano cl ;11"

i l)l)() l. Illr,\!;\ cl dl. { 1 (N(),L I ()()()h) n:'pnrll'd Ihnl ('Ii/()!"(:/Iu sp. UI<OO 1 could gUl\\

"llvcc\,-;j'uil\ lIlllkr lon,,!) CO,,

COlldiliolls. II i,,'

,l1so 1'C:,'IK)I·tcd

Ihal

Ch\on~\\a sp. cnll he :<~,-\'\\Il ltlldl'r "j()''";) CO,: ":("IH\ilic'l1s (1-1<111<1,\.I.at;1 cl (\1," 19')2). r:\lrlhcrtllOrC, ivlncd,l cl

;t!

{jl)\}5) j',)lllld:\ :-;II';)il1 (lr ('llloFellll sjJ. '1'-1 \vhich could gH1W tinder IOO(~--(1 CU,"

(\llhnll~,)ll Illl: Il'l;l;'-.illlllll) ~1.r()\\'tl1 rate ()Ccurrccillllc\cr ;-1 I()I~-() COlll'Clllr;ltiotl.

I'llrcc green IlliCI'Ot1lg~IC ('Idore/I(/ sp.", SC(,lIcde"'fIIlf.whlicj/f/.{s,

and

,'!lIkis/rodesIIIUs

S11. cOllld

lise high cntlCclllr~ltioll CO~

(::%

10 7,}1) CO).) {IS inorgiltlic nutrients cl'i'iclciltly ill m\\cd culture ltllclel" pilnlc1trnphic growth. Thc biomass productivity, ('0, rl_'IllCl\ill cllicicllCY and CO:' ltlili/Htion clliciellcy are notably enhanced Itl C,("llljl,HisOll Wilh llWlloculturc.

The crficicncy

of'

CO! rcmoval

is

highly relaled In

Ih~ C()IlCCllir,llioll

or CO"

ill

the

l:ioscd SYS(Clll.

:'i. Hrf'ercl1(,cs

II] Ilcllc:m<IIl, .1.11." D.M. Tillet <Ind .I.e. \Veissm:1I1.

Microa/8oe /Jiolechll%gy,

i'rends ill Iliotcchnology. 5(2), pp.47-S3, 19S7.

I:~

I

(lollvcia, L" and 01ivcirn A.C. )ficroulguc

us

(f R{f\j' Ivfo/eriol

fo/"

lJioji,lel ero(/ucfioll, JOtlrl181

or industri(lI i'vlicrobiology

al\e!

Biotcchnology,36,

^pp.

:'69-271.200').

I·'] (,rol1bcl:",r, .IU., Algal nlltrition. Mincml nlltrition. In: Richmond A. (cd) /1alldbook of Micrua/go/

Cu/lure,

Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. 566 PI' "7 ··11 ). 2110·1.

Id]

j'lnl\;lp.,ata, N.~

T. 'rnkcuchi and y, Fukll,ill,

Toleronce (~tA1icr()algoe to

liigh

Co.,mld H(~h 7"lIIj",rolwe.

Phytochemistry. .11(10),

pp.

33<15-3348,1992.

I:;J ^Ilil'illa S, H<Is<Ishitani,

~I.

anei Tone, S.,

C/wJ'{/clerizaliol1 ol('hlorella Cell (']JI!I/res il/ DUlch IIIU.! CO!7/il7l.lOlIS Opero!i(}J1 Under II Pho/(){/u!o/rophic ('oll,liliol/.

Jnurnal or Chclllicrt! Engineering or Japall, 29(6), pp. 953- '159, l'l%a

1('1 Ili"ill:" S .. M. IIi1Y:1.silitalli. M. 'LI)a, :mel S. 'rone, Car!>oll Dioxide Fimlioll

II/ fj,lfc/I ('lilt II}'!! uj" ('/J/{!/",'Ilu SI), 1I',-ill,l~ 1/ PI!(}/ohinrcuC/or l!'ilh II Sill/Jig/If ('u/l.·c!iIJII /)('1'/('(', J()llrl1nl I:Cl'tllCll1;llinll Uil1cngiIlCCI"illg,

81(5),

pp,

'-liO-

182..11)<)(,[1

I']

1'1

J

I(;l J'l.';;St.)ll ,

.I ..

^T

Hiltullct1, H.IJ. I-iusic, 1.

\{;ltTlHZ<lllO\' ,lllci

C, Samllclssotl,

111/1'III:'ell"lor CUI'/}ollic AlIlI,l'druse oj' Chlu!I1.1'C.iolllonosRcillhorc/fii.

Plant

Ph):-.iulogy,1 09,

I'P, :),')3---539.

I

i)l}S.

\(Od""liL M., Ikel11ol(l, II. "nel Miyachi, S ... ·1 Nell ,Si)er-ies n/

Iligh/J' CO!

to Icrull I Fi./.\f--(,'I'Oll'illg .. \/uril/c ,\.-/icr{)ulgu SlIi/uhfl!

j()I"

J-Jigh-Del/silv Clil!ltr('" .lnu I"!\n I

or

i\j;\I'ilh: 13iotcchnology. 1. pp. :: 1-25. 1993.

Lee, 1'.1<. ^alld 111<. ^Hillg, SOf!plyillg

CO,/o l'/w/o,\),lIlhelic AI,~ul

Culillres by

B, E:rlvironrnentoi i:Jroieciion ond Iv'1onogernenl

I

! I

I t

(9)

j

! I

/)ij/ir,,,io/l thn)jr.~~/I (}(/,\·J\'I'IIU'dhi(' \/<'III/ll"illi(",\, /\pplll.'li rvlll.·rnhItJlo,~_:_"· (11'1;1

\)iO!ccl-ilWlol:l)', 31(3). IlP.::l)g .. :-W

1.1

q~()

Ilul

ivliil.'(JI. )(,. ()\\;Id~l. ~1,. kllIHII~I. \ . (Jlll:I!;I. I( ;1I)(11\.;1I1Ibl' . . ('() r·I.\'i/f!(li!

1;'0111 (11( {ii/(,

C/o."

Oil ('!,Iui i-II'('.-I ii'/{'I"/I/u/ Fu\l','/" 1)/dll( 11\' \jj,'/"(i,t/,'<dl' Lllcrg)/ ('(H]\'l'r:-;i()11 ,ll1d !\'Lll1'lgl'llklll. J(l. pp.

717-7.:0, I

()t)

I

i

II MOIOlll", J,\i

111111

lllllhc'l.,

le,\"

1'/,<!liu.II·d

(',")'U)) j)",\/(I,' (Uiii('))/!'Ii/)))':

,\jel'ilillli,/ll ill (, '11IulIl.I'dlJiI<!lIlcI,';-,,'lilil,lrd'i!ii. Lllk;lr) \)[i\.' (·l'll. ()(S). pp, l>',!- i ~::)(r 2()07.

! I:,) N()k,lIlo, 'r '.

l\,livalakc. ), .. ()kllllU. )

I I

LII11;\I;i!,i.

J<.

T<lkl'll'lka.

S , 1-\\-)n:1l11i.

N .. i<.iY0l<L

1\1..

i-\igcl.

I.,

<II-It! 1«(ll'ldl', .

.I .. (i"/"()\l-rh 0/

/)h()((!s\:lIlh'/ic :iI,\},(/,>

FII5~/ellil in !-!i,"l.h C() (·UlIriifiulI.\ _,llh/ liS P/JI)!(),\\:I/I!ldic ('/wrlfderi"li(.'I,

/\Cl<l Hnrlicultllrc. -140, liP, .. IQ<:;·-l, !l)()(),

1111 ^USII:lId

.1.,\"

Lllrsc,S,"k\I!"lI 1lIlllil" \,,1,,"]; (I'lisillccrlllg ASI1cC!;), Ill' 1 .. .1.

BOI'()",itzk;l ~lIHl i\

1 :\.

])lll'\ \\\

l\/k<1, I

,lis .. .r\/ir'I"(}(f/5!'U/ JJi(!li'(:hlli!!(},~:,i.

Cambridge. Ulli\'crsily PrL':-'s, Ctlll1hridgc. pp. __ j)7-:3<)5.1 l)XX,

Iidl

Pap;l!.i;!. A., P. iVLlkridish. p, Ui\':IIl~lcllb ;lIld 1(. K,)!l'l .. h;lSIS;I. /Ji'}('lIl'l"gl-'f/,' C/7ouges in the A/iernu/gu/ j)/w/uS,l"lllltl'/i( :'lj)j){{}"(lllIS hy Er!rt.:'!IIcfl' Jii,lJ,h ('0) C'o/lcellfr(/tioIlS /I/duce (Ill illtellse lJi(!{l/us,,' Pl"od{{('lioll, Physi()iclgl;l Plaillarllll'l, 132(.), pp.

3.)8,·3·-19,

:2()O~.

r I 5 I I'mvasol" L. &I'illillcr, 1.1, ;\nili""tI ,\kdill IClIl:rcslllVilin \I"ac l'roiJicll,\

;1!)(.1 SuggcsiioIlS)I1: nil:' Fcu/u,\!.Y

I!! :1J,\!.u('.

I rY(lll, C . .'-\, '-': l-lilrll1lall. R,

i.

[~d. Special Pliblicllinil No, Ulli\'crsil\ I)ittsburgh: PVll1all1nil1!2.

I ,IIbmallJl'v or ^I',eld ili,l!. Pj1. XI-%, 1')59

1_16J Rados, S .. D.

V{lcIJ\

,11ll! D,

r'r'lllli:-;...:k

D .. '0.,

jJit/WI('C ill jlldlls/rio/

('"llivalio)) oj Algill',

,\reIlIlTs "i' II)clmbiulugy, 46( 12), I'll, 2'J7 .. 31 0, 197:"

I) 7]

Rinanli, A., !(;m.lcn(l,

L.,

AS!ll!i.

D.I.,

DeW!,

K.,

Scre'cnifl,':.!,

(l

Potenfill/

Ph(}/(),~Ylllhe!ic .. -\1icro({/p,al' ,Fulil Ifu'\'fC11!({fCr li'e(l!Il7('l/( PlulI! .iur ('drhcil!

lJio,ride Cupture Am/ ,\'/ol'uge ((,('S),Asi(,lIl TraIlSacli()lls on Science

8.'.

'feellnolugy JOllrllill. OJ( I), IWI-8, 2013,

liS] Ryu, H,

.I"

Oil, K, Ie Kim, YS,

OI)lill!izo!io))

OJ The

1))/I))enliol Foclors For

rhe

improve)))('))!

OlC02

(JlilizOllo)) Ellieie))cl'

A))d en,Masl'

Tio))s/i'!' Rale,

Joul'l1al 01' indllSlrilli IIl1d ICIlS"leelillS CllemiSlrY, 15(c1), ·171-175,::()00.

1.19-]

Salih,

F.M., A1Ieroll/got' To/er(llice

/0

High

('ollct'JilrofiOI7.\

(Ii ('(frboll Dioxide.' A

RevielP,

Cle,'ir Value inc. Sugar Land, Texas, U.S.A. Journal

^l)f'

Ellvironillental Proleclion, 2, I'I'.Ii'18-654,2011,

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