BASARNAS Badan SAR Nasional (National Search and Rescue Agency of the Republic of Indonesia) BNPB Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (National Disaster Management Agency of the Republic of Indonesia). The Humanitarian Country Team fully recognizes the need for swift action in support of the very clear direction the Government has set with its enhanced preparedness and response measures and participation in the 2015 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.
Scope
These global changes were at least partly the result of the experience of the 2004 tsunami. As part of a regionally-led initiative, OCHA is working closely with the World Food Program and other members of the Regional Inter-Agency Network of Standing Committees to develop enhanced international preparedness in support of five governments in the region, of which one Indonesia.
Methodology
Limitations
Indonesia has a wide range of national and local civil society organizations with considerable experience and ongoing commitment to disaster preparedness and response. Many interviewees also described a range of issues that they believed were currently inhibiting the effectiveness of Indonesia's emergency response and/or issues that could prove problematic more broadly.
Overarching issues around preparedness
- Perceptions of preparedness
- Impact of regional autonomy laws on International assistance
- Language and Cultural difference
- Theoretical vs actual preparedness
- BNPB Guideline (Perka) No. 22/2010 on the role of international humanitarian assistance
- Preparedness for conflict or human rights based disasters
- Contingency planning
- Risk reduction
Almost universally, interviewees believed that Indonesia's major disaster preparedness has improved dramatically since the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. A number of donors continue to support ongoing preparedness and risk reduction activities, while others remain committed to supporting emergency preparedness in Indonesia if and when necessary.
Government Preparedness
- National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB)
- Provincial and District Disaster Management Agencies (BPBDs)
- The National Disaster Response Framework (NDRF)
- The National Cluster Mechanism
- Capacity to Respond to Slow-onset and Complex Disasters
BNPB's mandate in the first days of a disaster response is governed by Perka 24/2010 on the Guideline for the Formulation of the Disaster Emergency Operations Plan. Unclear future: Many actors expressed concern or uncertainty about the future of the national cluster system.
UN and intergovernmental Agency Preparedness
For example, in response to the 2010 Merapi eruption, the government combined cluster schemes with the ICS. The cluster approach managed the resources of different organizations, allowing the Emergency Response Command System to ensure the mobilization of resources to achieve response objectives. Given the above issues and the need for international mechanisms to better align themselves with supporting national mechanisms, international cluster leaders should actively pursue capacity transfer programs to the emerging national clusters as the best way to meet their obligations to ensure effective preparedness and to ensure response.
At the same time, international cluster leaders must maintain their ability to provide rapid assistance when large-scale disasters are called upon. In addition to assisting the Government in its ongoing efforts to resolve the above issues, capacity transfer programs should help the Government address the core issues that global experience has shown are critical to an effective response to disasters, such as cross-cutting issues, the There is a need for clear and realistic disaster plans, upholding humanitarian principles, ensuring accountability and communication with affected communities, supporting self-recovery and early recovery planning.
International & National Non-Government Organisation Preparedness
Red Cross Movement’s State of Preparedness
PMI's support in the country includes representatives of the International Federation of the Red Cross (IFRC), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and many partner national societies (PNS), the American, Australian, Canadian and Japanese Red Cross Societies. Still defining role and relationship with BNPB/BPBD: PMI was established in Indonesia in 1945 by presidential decree, which provided the initial definition of the roles and functions of the Red Cross in the country. The Red Cross is often seen as somewhat distant from its partners, and others are not aware of exactly what it is planning or doing.
However, many actors commented on greatly improved relations within the Red Cross family in Indonesia and between the movement and other actors. As the largest and arguably most capable humanitarian response actor in Indonesia, it is imperative that the HCT fully integrates the Red Cross into national emergency response preparedness planning.
Preparedness of the Donor Community
- International Donors
- Private Sector Donors
- Religious Donations
- Political parties
PMI's volunteer base is challenged by BPBDs establishing their own volunteer pools, often of the same individuals. Assisting in clearly and realistically communicating humanitarian needs and response capacities remains an important function of the HCT in helping Indonesia manage donor pressure and avoid potential political costs of refusing unwanted or unnecessary international assistance. Lack of PS coordination: Although they form one of the three components of the triangle in the organization's logo, private sector involvement and coordination is often still seen as an area for improvement for BNPB, with the paradigm that coordination of the private sector is in the public interest.
Concerns about national conversion: Indonesia's deeply religious community has deep concerns that religious groups could use disaster relief as a tool to convert members of the affected community. Similar to private sector actors, religious groups in Indonesia can play multiple roles in a single disaster: a) part of the affected community in need of assistance, b) as a major donor group, c) as key implementers, or in generally like all three at the same time.
Indonesian National Disaster Fund
Since Indonesia is a deeply spiritual country, it is not surprising that religious organizations in Indonesia are a strong and growing force. As Indonesia's middle class grows, direct donations through faith-based organizations are becoming an increasingly important source of disaster response funds. In general, the act of giving is seen as an act between the giver and God, just as the act of receiving is seen as an act by Allah's will, not primarily as an act between the giver and the receiver.
While on the one hand it creates a genuine spiritual generosity in the act of giving, this approach can result in a reduction of the perceived need for accountability between the receiver and the giver, since both are independently accountable to God. Previous experience of proselytizing by colonial and missionary organizations, as well as by some international Christian organizations involved in more recent disaster response operations, has heightened this concern about foreign religiously based groups.
Cluster Preparedness
Within the national system, nutrition becomes a working group under the national health cluster, raising concerns that its placement at this priority level means it is not given the required level of priority in the context of preparedness and response planning. Under the IASC cluster approach, the IFRC would normally be the lead international agency for shelter in response to disaster situations, while UNHCR would fulfill this role in cases of displacement due to conflict. Under the IASC cluster approach, in situations of conflict-induced internal displacement, UNHCR would normally fulfill the function of cluster leader in the areas of protection, emergency shelter and camp coordination and camp management (CCCM).
In the event of internal displacement due to natural disasters, the lead agency for the Protection Cluster would be UNHCR, OHCHR or UNICEF, based on consultation with the Resident/Humanitarian (RC/HC) and taking into account the capacity of each of them. agency that fulfills this function. Although the GBV Working Group works closely with the Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection (MoWE-CP), BNPB and MoSA, while the protection cluster provides leadership, when a disaster occurs at the sub-national level, it is often necessary to identify the risks and to work on that. with local NGO partners to support the cluster leader in providing immediate assistance in the prevention and response to GBV in the disaster area.
Cluster Alignment
Search and Rescue (SAR): Although the International Cluster Mechanism does not have a specific cluster for the coordination of SAR, a number of national disaster management organizations in Asia have pointed out that it makes sense from the perspective of the national humanitarian architecture as it is a key activity. specific coordination is needed. Globally, SAR activities are coordinated through the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG), which works closely with the global logistics cluster and collaborates with BASARNAS in Indonesia.
Role of ASEAN in Preparedness and Response
Ideally in Indonesia the issuance of such visas would be linked to the BNPB certification program. It is important that OCHA and through it the HCT remain well connected and engaged in the emerging ASEAN regional response mechanisms. The ASEAN/UN Joint Strategic Plan for Disaster Management 2016-2020 is a useful reference point in this regard.
Preparedness for High Level HUMANITARIAN Civil – Military coordination
Preparedness of Non-Traditional actors
Universities and Training Institutes
Universities have been the main responders in recent major disasters in Indonesia, sometimes deploying tens of thousands of students to help clean up and rebuild the community. In addition to their role in disaster response, many major universities have now established special Schools of Disaster Management, training future professionals and conducting research in many critical areas such as risk reduction and best practices in disaster preparedness. community-based, as well as shaping critical thinking. -tanks to lead the development of disaster response and coordination in the country. 6 This is not to say that such a response would be perfect or completely fluid, (nor was Katrina), nor is it to say that international aid may not be highly valued, depending on the context.
BNPB is currently working closely with the new National Certification Agency for Disaster Management (LSP-PB) to develop minimum standards and training criteria for workers in the humanitarian sector. Through this industry-leading program, BNPB hopes to improve the quality and effectiveness of the national response by making certified qualifications a minimum criterion for employment in disaster response and coordination.
Media Organisations
Private Sector
Scenarios Under Which International Assistance May Still Be Needed
Risk Analysis and monitoring
Minimum Preparedness Actions (MPA)
Advanced Preparedness Actions and Contingency Planning
LIST OF KEY INTERVIEWS
As such, OCHA and HCT need to work with BNPB to define such protocols with these two actors. HCT Continue to work with government colleagues to identify useful international guidance documents and translate into national reference. Continue to work with government colleagues to identify useful international guidance documents and translate into national reference.
International lead agencies and INGO partners to continue to use IASC guidelines to guide their IM capacity building work with national partners. Use IASC guidance to work with BNPB to create clearer national guidance and mechanisms for monitoring the work of non-governmental actors. International lead agencies and INGO partners to continue to use IASC guidelines in capacity building work with national and international partners.
Work with government counterparts to identify useful international guidance documents and translate for national reference.
MINIMUM PREPAREDNESS ACTION CHECKLIST
