We thank God Almighty for His compassion and mercy in allowing us to complete this book. The creation of this book is the result of the thoughts of the writers and editors entitled "English Language Learning and Teaching: A Critical Review from the Students' Perspectives".
What is a Language?
The study of the sounds used in a language and how they are used to convey meaning is called phonology. The study of the structure of words and how they are formed from smaller units called morphemes is called morphology.
Language: How is it Formed?
Facial expressions are important to nonverbal communication and can convey various emotions, attitudes, and intentions. The tone of voice is an important aspect of nonverbal communication that can convey a wide range of emotions, attitudes, and intentions.
How is a language acquired?
The one-word stage, also known as the holophrastic stage, is a phase in language development when children begin to use individual words to communicate. The two-word stage is an important period in language development, as it marks the beginning of more complex sentence formation and the use of basic grammar rules.
How is a language learned?
English has many irregular spellings and exceptions to spelling rules, which can be challenging for learners to master. English has many colloquial expressions and regional variations, which can be difficult for learners to understand and use appropriately.
How is a language taught?
To address these challenges, English language teachers can use a variety of strategies and techniques to create a more engaging and supportive learning environment. By using these strategies and techniques, English language teachers can create a more engaging and supportive learning environment, even in large classes, and help students to achieve their language learning goals. To address this issue, English language teachers may need to take steps to improve their own language skills.
By using these strategies, English language teachers can help motivate their students to learn English and create a more engaging and effective learning environment. Here are some strategies that English language teachers can use to engage students in online learning environments.
CHAPTER
Introduction
LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS
Functions of Language
A language is an essential tool for social interaction, allowing individuals to establish and maintain relationships, negotiate social roles and status, and express politeness and respect. Emotions are an important aspect of human experience, and language is often used to express them. Language is essential for expressing emotions, attitudes, and personal opinions, enabling individuals to convey their subjective experiences and perspectives to others.
However, how language is used to express these aspects of human experience can vary depending on cultural norms, individual preferences, and the context of the communication. How language is used can also shape our beliefs, attitudes, and values, reflecting the complex interplay between language and cognition.
Human Language Vs Animal Language
Despite the similarities between human language and animal communication systems, there are also significant differences. Both human language and animal communication are context-dependent, meaning that the meaning of a signal can change. Both human language and animal communication involve a communicative intent, with the sender intending to convey information to a receiver.
Human language and animal communication are learned through socialization and experience rather than being innate. Human language and animal communication systems exhibit a degree of arbitrariness, although this is more limited in animal communication.
Oral And Written of Language
Spoken language is transferred with certain signs and symbols so that language can be manifested or recorded to be seen and studied scientifically. Overall, oral language is a crucial aspect of human communication and interaction and is a key tool for expressing ideas, building relationships, and sharing knowledge and experiences. In this connection, the spoken form of a language is primary, while the written form is secondary.
Written language is a relatively recent development in human history, emerging in different cultures and societies at different times. In short, the written language is a powerful tool for communication and expression, allowing people to share ideas and connect with others in ways that would not be possible through spoken language alone.
Language and Linguistics
Understanding the structure of the English language can help them teach these aspects more effectively and identify common errors made by students. Understanding the structure of the English language can help teachers teach these aspects more effectively and identify. Several theories of language acquisition can inform language teaching practices, such as: (a) the input hypothesis, (b) the interactionist theory, and (c) the cognitive theory.
Fostering a deeper understanding of language and language learning among students can help them to become more motivated and effective language learners. By fostering a deeper understanding of language and language learning among students, teachers can help them become more motivated, engaged, and effective learners.
Summary
This can help students become more aware of the language they are learning and better analyze and understand it, and (f) Encourage self-reflection: Encourage students to reflect on their own language learning experiences and identify their strengths and weaknesses. Language is universal; all human societies have language in some form, and all languages have similar characteristics and structures. The second function is said to be evaluative; language has been viewed as a means of conveying attitudes and values.
The third function of a language is referred to be effectiveness; a language is used by its speakers to transmit emotions and feelings. The primary function of language is to enable communication between individuals or groups, allowing them to convey information, express ideas, share emotions, and coordinate actions (Fatchul Mu'in, 2019).
Language is a communication tool owned by humans in the form of a system of sound symbols originating from speech organs. According to Sapir (1921) “language is purely human and non-intrinsic method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of voluntary produced by symbols.”. Mu’in (2019) stated that, English is not only utilized as a universal language for communication between native and non-native English speakers, but it is also widely used as a medium of communication for those who have backgrounds speaking mother tongues other than English.
According to Pollard (2008), an important aspect of acquiring the ability to speak a foreign language is pronunciation.
PHONOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
LEARNING
Implication: The Implications of Phonology in Langauge Teaching Teaching
In English language learning, it is important for EFL teacher to teach students on how to pronounce English words properly. Since that many EFL teachers mispronounce English words and establish them in their students, this field of language is crucial. Therefore, in pronouncing English words, EFL teachers must be familiar with places of articulation in English such as: stop, fricative, affricative, nasal, and liquid.
Further, phonology is not always about pronouncing English correctly but it also covers stress, pitch and intonation. Teachers should exercise caution when choosing the appropriate stress level because doing so might impact the word's classification or even its meaning.
Conclusion
For instance, in conversation, to form question, it is not necessarily required in form of question. It is important to note that the exact number of English vowel sounds may vary depending on the accent and dialect of the speaker. It is important for Banjarese speakers learning English to practice and familiarize themselves with the rules regarding silent letters in English words.
The phonological problems faced by the learners in english language learning occur due to several related factors. Learners can also use language learning tools such as flashcards, word games, and online quizzes to help them practice and reinforce their knowledge of minimal pairs or sets.
To engage themselves in life skills, Indonesian students need to learn English as a foreign language. Knowing grammar and vocabulary is important for students, but they need to pronounce those structures or words correctly. Though many Indonesians struggle with foreign language acquisition, one of the most significant challenges is pronunciation.
Pronunciation has been indicated as one of the most crucial aspects in English learning that related to the learners’. The spread of English throughout the world has led to an increase in English speakers, this has resulted in many different.
PRONUNCIATION PROBLEMS IN THE
Improving Pronunciation Problems Through Language Exposure Exposure
Articulation disorders are speech sound disorders that affect an individual's ability to produce specific sounds, such as "r". Fluency disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic factors, neurological conditions, developmental delays, or psychological factors such as anxiety or stress. Computer-based communication systems, such as augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices, can also be useful for individuals with speech difficulties.
Assistive technology can be particularly helpful for individuals with communication disorders related to neurological conditions, such as ALS, cerebral palsy, or stroke. Sometimes, speech disorders may be caused by underlying medical conditions that require medical intervention, such as surgery or medication.
Implication
Therefore a teaching system is needed that is more able to develop students' abilities in pronunciation as well as the use of games and role plays while studying so that students can better grasp the context and become accustomed to English pronunciation. students can also practice at home by watching learning videos about English pronunciation and practicing using a mirror as an evaluation medium for how to pronounce it so they can find out where the mistakes are. Pronunciation problems can arise for a variety of reasons, such as accent, phonetic awareness, tongue and mouth placement, language exposure, and speech disorders. Improving pronunciation problems may involve combining techniques, such as speech therapy, accent reduction training, oral-motor therapy, and exposure to authentic language sources.
Therefore, it is important to work with a qualified speech-language pathologist or another healthcare provider to determine the best course of treatment for each individual's specific needs. Retrieved March 3, 2016 from http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-. between- articulation-and-vs-pronunciation/. English Phonetics and Phonology: for Indonesians.
INTERFERENCE IN ENGLISH
LANGUAGE LEARNING
Concept of Linguistic Interference
Interference is the deviation of the target language caused by the knowledge of more than one language. Morphology is the study of the structure of words in English, including how words are formed and how they change to convey meaning. The syntax is the study of the structure of sentences in English, including how words are organized into phrases and clauses and how they are combined to create meaning.
Syntax is the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of the structure of sentences, as well as how words and phrases are combined to create meaning in language. It is concerned with the rules that govern the order and arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence, and how they contribute to the overall meaning of the sentence.
