ESSAY
THE INFLUENCE OF ARCHITECTURE TO THE ENVIRONMENT
Architecture is one of the most needed sector this time. Architecture as an object made by humans must be able to support a mutually beneficial relationship for both parties.
Improved development conditions from time to time have had an enormous effect on the environment for human life. The current state of development has given much influence to the surrounding environmental conditions, such as greenhouse gases, emissions of gases (households, factories, vehicles). Environmental problems in Indonesia are also troubling. building construction can not be stopped. So no doubt the construction is running and also cause environmental damage. So, the negative impacts of development such as environmental degradation, flooding, global warming and disease effects can also emerge.
Lately, the architecture of office buildings and homes in Indonesia are many who adopt and even copy and paste post-modern architecture of the Western countries are cold climate. The architecture of the building is certainly not 'energy friendly' for the size of tropical climates such as Indonesia. For example a whole glass-lined building. The effect of excessive solar radiation that penetrates the glass causes air conditioning (AC) to work more heavily. Consequently consume more electrical energy. Then the houses are minimalist models. Many models play with concrete, minimal canopy, minimal ventilation, and many play with glass. Aperture of light is plentiful, but excessive heat in the house. As a result residents are forced to often turn on air conditioning.
There are some minimarket development in Indonesia is not paying attention to the surrounding environment, by building a minimarket in front of the minimarket is more or less the same function and purpose. And the severity of its development by
cutting down trees that have been years there without trying to make a change to the tree.
However, at this time, in reducing the problems that have occurred, has created a forum that discusses the sustainable development of the environment based on environmental organizations based on the application of the concept of development that prioritizes aspects of environmental sustainability. both in terms of working methods, as well as building operations. The government has also sought to safeguard the environment by issuing laws regulating logging and mining, safeguarding forests from illegal logging, and monitoring every mining activity, even construction of buildings that will have significant impacts on the surrounding environment must have an AMDAL. report (environmental impact analysis) to obtain a building permit (Wicaksana, 2014: 24) so that buildings that do not pay attention to the environment are being removed and can reduce the level of environmental damage that is increasingly apprehensive for the balance of the earth.
Some argue that failure or damage in the environment is influenced by architecture as its designer. In every development will certainly result in changes that adversely affect the environment that can not be avoided, given that every human being will certainly throw away waste such as waste from the body and outside the body (waste washing, etc.). Doing development is by no means a good solution to avoid damaging the environment. This is because humans need a place to live, which allows the opening of land which can damage nature. However, by utilizing the knowledge of an architect, they can create designs that do not damage the environment.
In addition, the architecture also plays a role in the creation of a good built environment but not all developments run in accordance with good provisions to the environment. sometimes the building built by an architect does not pay attention to the surrounding environment. as well as building a place considering the designation of the place or the utilization of the space.
The requirements of building permit in the utilization of space include GSB or building border line, KLB or building Floor Coefficient, KDB or basic coefficient of building, KDH or green basic coefficient), KTB or coefficient of tread basement), and KWT or coefisient of built area, and Building Density (Agrarian Law and Spatial Planning No.7 Year 2017) can be understood that one of the efforts made to the environment is to create Green Open Space (RTH), preserve the water catchment area, and limit the maximum building height that can be established . The necessity to make green space is also intended as an oxygen producer that is to be enjoyed together by the inhabitants of the city space. Future discourse about the 'green' value of a building must also be an important point about energy saving efforts in architecture such as roads that collapse or dams that collapse due to structural problems, buildings that do not pay attention to KDB, KLB, or KDH.
Similarly, the problem of placement of a building must follow the function of the building, so as not to damage the spatial city. For example the land for settlement should not be made because the factory will disturb the residents and the surrounding environment. Because the architect not only design the building but also the surrounding environment.
Environmentally-aware architecture needs to develop humanist and democratic public spaces that include accessibility, equity, livable, publicness, vitality, identity, safety and child use, diversity, participation and modification, and sense of control so as to create a good architectural building from aspect of design and environment.
Sim Van der Ryn & Stuart Cowan (1996) proposed the Five Principles of Architectural Design that pay attention to the environment which emphasizes the care of a design on which it is located. Consists of: 1) The solution grows from where it is located, 2) Ecological calculations provide information on the design, 3) Designing with nature, 4) Everyone is a designer, and 5) Makes the nature of looks.
Meanwhile, architectural features that take into account the environment that can be applied in Indonesia (Wicaksana, 2014: 19-20), among others:
1) The roof is mostly shaped upward, with a roof angle of 30 ° - 45 °. Aims to have a hot insulation space, and with a slope to make rain water easy to flow.
2) Having a sun screen, aims to avoid the tempias of rainwater, and the inclusion of excessive light.
3) Have lots of openings, either windows or doors, for air circulation.
4) Many use materials with natural concept, to give the impression cool.
5) Walls, and floors usually use natural colors.
6) Plants, water, etc. may be so designed according to the footprint, so, making the air circulation from the outside into the building.
7) The size and layout of buildings in accordance with the needs.
8) Maximize natural resources for lighting, and airing.
Architecture is then considered important for the wealth of a culture because it is not only about the defense of the human environment, but also the natural environment, architecture becomes a prerequisite and symbol of the development of civilization of the culture. Therefore, the architect is not merely a building expert, he is also a professional who understands well the development of the broad. Can apply or pay attention to the surrounding environment such as the value of comfort, beauty, security, and function of the building.
