22 1.5 Cumulative distribution of degree status in three generations 22 1.6 Cumulative distribution of degree status in grandfather and. 52 2.3 Cumulative national pass rate by ancestral degree status 72 2.4 Cumulative national pass rate by ancestral tenure 72 2.5 Predicted probabilities of official career attainment Conditional.
Introduction
To answer this question, I collected a sample of successful candidates in the Jiangnan provincial examination in the 19th century. By carefully studying their family histories of exam success going back three generations, I document some important multigenerational mobility patterns in the exam system.
Historical Review
- Overview of Exam Structure under the Qing
- Examination Quota System
- Size of Each Type of Degree Holders
- Magnitude of Participation and Competition
The number of participants in an exam is equal to the licensing quota in an exam divided by the pass rate in an exam. 18 When local officials or local elites applied to the emperor for adjustments in the licensing examination quota, the number of participants in each examination (yingshi tongsheng) was a crucial figure to be reported and controlled.
Data Description
This gives me a smaller sample of 1,834 provincial graduates, which is about a third of the larger sample. The rest of the sample includes approximately 94% of all provincial graduates.
Estimating the Chance of Exam Success in the General Population 13
Validity Check of the Estimation Method
To check the validity of this method, I compare the estimated probability that a provincial graduate's son would pass the provincial examination with the actual distribution of the diploma status of the provincial graduates' sons, using the Jiangnan provincial examination alumni list from 1870 (1906 edition). ). 26If a man in society had an average of 1.5 sons, the male population would grow by 50% in one generation.
Probabilities of Passing the Provincial Examination
It seems reasonable to expect that the boys' recorded rank statuses were close to their final scores.
Probabilities of Passing the Prefectural Examinations . 16
Composition of Fathers’ Degree Status
Only 14% of provincial candidates had no paternal ancestors going back three generations with any degree. For example, in the population, the percentage of non-examination-holding fathers who had a provincially educated son was much lower than the proportion of provincial fathers.
Intergenerational Mobility: Father-Son Transition Ma-
The x-axis is the degree status of the younger generation ordered from the highest (provincial or national degree) to the lowest (no degree). In column (2), I use interaction terms between the older generation's degree status and the GF-F dummy.
Multigenerational Mobility: Grandfather-Father to Son
37 The four immediate descendants of Chang Ying are Congxian and Tongdeng in the 6th generation and Jialing and Shaohua in the 7th generation. In addition, there are two other members of the Chang line, Yongxi in the 6th generation and Fuyu in the 9th generation.
Conclusion
The results suggest that provincial candidates' family background contributed to their progress in the national examination and career advancement in different ways. Two proxy measures of provincial exam academic competence, age at passing provincial exam and provincial ranking, predict national exam success. I start by exploring the trends in the age of passing the provincial exam over time.
Was the Chinese Imperial Civil Bureaucracy Meritocratic?
Introduction
In this chapter, I trace a sample of provincial graduates' further progress in national examinations and their official career achievements some 20 years after they passed the provincial examination, focusing on the role played by family background. This result remains significant after controlling for age and rank in the provincial exam and whether or not candidates have passed the national exam. The advantage associated with fathers' higher positions was more pronounced when provincial high school graduates did not pass the national exam.
Historical Review
- Overview of the Civil Service in Imperial Bureaucracy . 39
- Overview of the Contribution System
- Magnitude of the Use of Purchase
Puk and Li (2015) provided a statistic on the first appointments of the 319 national graduates in the class of 1886. They would be evaluated at the end of the internship and those who qualified could register with the Ministry of Civil Service for actual appointment. These trends correspond with the increasing use of office purchases in the second half of the 19th century.
Data Description
The rest of the 299 matches are from the supplementary data set, including 191 provincial graduates who came from Jiangnan but passed the provincial exam in the capital. Early in the period, matching rates are lower because there are national graduates who obtained their provincial degrees before the starting year of my dataset of provincial graduates. In Appendix B.2, I present the detailed sample selection bias analysis of the exam essay collection.
Family Background and the Competition in National Exams . 49
- The Role of Family Resources in Exam Preparation
- Provincial Graduates’ Prefectural Level Degree Types . 55
- Family Background and the National Exam Success
The x-axis is the national exam followed by the provincial exam, which is the appropriate time scale for tracking progress on national exams. What empirical patterns would we expect if competition in the national exam were meritocratic and inequality of opportunity were effectively eliminated after taking the provincial exam. This smaller effect is mainly because a significant part of the higher chances of passing the national exam was explained by the difference in the composition of the degree at the prefectural level.
Family Background and the Official Career Attainment
Conditional on passing the national examination, the predicted probabilities of achieving rank 7A or higher for those whose fathers hold low, medium and high offices are 96.4%, respectively. Depending on passing the national exam, the predicted probability of success for individuals whose fathers held no office is 27.2%, while that for those whose fathers hold low, medium and high office is 73.9% respectively . Conditional on not passing the national examination, the predicted probability for those whose fathers held no office is 4.0%, and that for those whose fathers held low, medium and high office is 28.2, respectively %.
Conclusion
Provincial graduates whose fathers held high positions were much more likely to obtain high positions themselves. While passing the national exam led to relatively equal opportunities for entry-level appointments, those whose fathers held high-level positions were much more likely to have further career opportunities. The benefits associated with fathers' high offices became even more apparent when provincial graduates failed to pass the national examination.
Introduction
To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first peer performance assessment studies to use field data from an actual firm. In our study company, we find several types of strategic manipulations of the peer review system. Finally, our study has implications for how the popular practice of peer performance appraisal (or 360-degree feedback) might be improved.
Related Literature
Second, our field-based findings of peer-evaluation bias complement recent experimental-based literature on tournaments, performance appraisal, and sabotage (e.g., Carpenter, Matthews, & Schirm, 2010; Harbring & Irlenbusch, 2011; Berger, Harbring, & Sliwka, 2013). . In Section 3.5, we use the results from the previous sections to conduct a counterfactual exercise that aims to show how much strategic manipulations of peer evaluation affect promotion outcomes, and also how the results will differ between peer evaluation vs. Thus, they interpret the strategic manipulation in peer evaluation as a form of sabotage, which indirectly reduces a team's output.
Empirical Approach and Results
- Institutional Background
- Detecting Strategic Reporting
- Some Simple Evidence on the Existence of Strategic Be-
- Ratee Qualification and Strategic Rating
- Rater Qualification and Strategic Rating
In the previous analysis, we found a sophisticated form of strategic manipulation that evaluators give generous evaluations to colleagues who have not yet passed promotion requirements, while becoming harsher in evaluating colleagues who have. From Figure 3.3, we can further see that the estimators that passed the requirements behave exactly like our expectations in the absence of manipulation. This finding, that strategic manipulation is driven by less qualified raters who have not yet passed promotion requirements, and directed at qualified rates who have passed these requirements, is broadly consistent with existing theories in the envy literature. .
Ratings and Promotion Decisions
Specific conditions of the peer evaluation environment in our research firm are consistent with factors identified in the literature as promoting jealousy. While the coefficient of the pass dummy remains positive, the statistical significance weakens (p-value = 0.13). Second, the negative coefficient of the interaction term indicates that the marginal importance of the performance appraisal decreases as the employee meets promotion requirements.
Policy Implications: 360-degree Appraisal vs. Alternative Per-
- Correlations between Ratings from Department Heads,
- Counterfactual Analysis of Promotion Outcomes
In the 360-degree evaluation system, each employee receives evaluations from his/her head of department, peers, non-peers and also conducts self-evaluation. This helps us to investigate whether the identified strategic manipulation in the peer evaluation. results in a pooled direction favoring those "manipulators" who have not yet passed promotion requirements. We define ∆CS = PCS −Pactual as the increase of promotion probability in the counterfactual scenario compared to the actual case.
Conclusions
Second, results in Column (2) show that peer review, on the whole, favors those "manipulators" who are the relatively less qualified employees—those who have not yet passed promotion requirements, echoing our earlier empirical results showing that the less qualified raters tend to downplay their more qualified peers in the rating process. In contrast, a less qualified employee who has not yet passed promotion requirements will be better off, increasing the probability of promotion by 3.22. Third, results in Column (3) ), however, suggest that the peer review does not have an impact substantial enough to benefit those who have not yet passed promotion requirements.
Licensing Examination in Changshu and Zhaowen Counties
The percentage of “new blood” licensees who had no paternal ancestors in the previous four generations averaged 43%. If several licentiates were brothers and they had no licentiate paternal ancestors in the previous four generations, only the eldest brother would be recorded as. In the sample of graduates, the percentage of graduates whose fathers were not graduates was approximately 64%.
Robustness Check
Additional Results
For an individual in the oldest age quartile, he was less likely to receive a higher rank after. Specifically, his chance of being ranked in the top quartile decreased by 22.1%, while his chances of receiving lower rankings increased. The results in the two middle age quartiles (Q2 and Q3) are generally consistent with the model.
The Sample Selection Issues of Examination Essays Collection
- Fathers’ Background and Provincial Ranking
- Father’s Background and National Exam Success
- Ancestors’ Highest Degree and Office Holding and National Exam
- Career Attainment by National Exam Success
- Father’s Background and Career Attainment
- Summary Statistics of ∆P R self , P R self , and P R actual
- Ratee Qualification and Performance Rating: Difference between
- Rater and Ratee Qualifications and Performance Rating
- Determinants of Promotion
- Correlation Matrix: Average Ratings from Different Components 100
- Correlation Matrix: QUAL dummy and Counterfactual Changes
- Counterfactual Analysis of Promotion Outcomes
Column (1) uses a sample of provincial high school graduates in 9 alumni directories compiled more than 20 years after the provincial exam. The results show that the formal occupational attainment of provincial graduates significantly predicts whether their provincial examination essays were retained in the Gu (1992) collection. Chang, Chung-li (1955). The Chinese Nobility: Studies in Their Role in Nineteenth-Century Chinese Society.
Family Background of Licentiates in Changshu and Zhaowen
Robustness Check: Subsample of Ancestors Who Lived in the
Relative Changes in Provincial Ranking Quartile Distribution
Career Attainment and Ancestors’ Highest Degree and Office
Successful Candidates in Jiangnan Provincial Exams Whose Es-
Whose Exam Essays Were More Likely To Be Preserved
