Ethnological results of the Point Barrow Expedition

^U OF. ETHNOLOGY 175°. 165°. 170. 160°. ^. r. **^.. ^V,. 'O-o'?6e Si^"'. ^>i*. ^^4. ^*^«^%*.«^. "W. -Vo,. ^^,. «'^P.. ''^^ i-Uii. ^,"<-. '.ilii^. Ki iMiiinnuni. "^:. ^. r^;^. -v^.. :. \7lf. 165°. M. pirrfe. ^THS'-te-;. 160°. 155°.

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT 150*". MAP OF. NORTHWT. STERN AIASTLV Showing the region known to the Point Barrow Eskimo ««. f. E. N. Based on, tlie U.S. Coast A OeotteUcSuryey nuip of Alaska. l884.H-ith addi'a'un.s frotti rhe L'S.C.ScG.S General Chart ofAlaska 1689. and from Eskiino account £:shtmo ruone^. (fifeii. in. the foiin aseit at. Names of "tribes" umierli/wd Compiled by. f'oiiit. thus KuttmfulLiJj. JOHN MUFIDOCH 1889. HtnTon-.



NINTH ANNUAL ntPORT. BUREAU OF ETMNOLOOV. NL\P OF. nortij\\t.sit:rn. aiaska. Showing the region known to the Point Barrow Eskimo B(ise<ton the U.S.Coir<sr. fi-. Georledc Snifty. nuip ofAlaska /884.iff(h atidif/on^i Croni the U.S.C.&GS General Chart ofAlaska' lli89, and from Es/tinio nrroinit Usiiuiio tuotie'S (firefi in the forni (used at Point Ila/TottN(unes of "(fibes'iinderlinefl (htus KCminuitlin .. PL.. I.



ETHNOLOGICAL RESULTS. POINT. BARROW. EXPEDITION.. JOHN MURDOCH, Natiiralint. and Obierier, International Polar Expedition I'uitil. Hiirroiv.. Ahmkti. 18S1-1S8S.. In.



CONTENTS. Page.. Introduction List of works consulted Situation and surroundinfjs. Climate People. 19 20 26 30 33. •-. Physical characteristics Patliology Psychical chi>racteri8tic8 Tribal i)hciiomena. '. Social surroundings '. 33 39 40 42 43. ".. Contact with uncivilized people Other Eskiiuo. 43. 43. Indians. 49 51 55. Contact with civilized people Natural resources. Animals. 55. Mammals. 55 56. Birds Fishes Insects and other invertebrates Plants. Minerals Culture Means of subsistence. 58. 59 59 60. ^. :. 61 61. Food. 61. Substances >ised for food Means of preparing food Time and frequency of eating Drinks. 61. Narcotics. 65. 63 63 64. Habitations The winter house. 72 72. Arrangement. 79 81 83 86. in villages. Snow houses Tents Household utensils For holding and carrying food, water, etc Canteens. 86. 86 86 86 89 90 90 93 99 99. ,. Wallets, etc. Buckets and tubs Meat bowls For preparing food Pots of stone and other materials Bone crushers For serving and eating food Trays Drinking vessels Whalebone cups. 101 101. 5.

CONTENTS.. 6 Culture. — CoiitiiiiuMl.. Page.. Spoons ami ladles. 104. MiRioUaiuHiuN liiiusehold utensilH. 105. LaiiipH. 105. Clothing. 109. Material .... Style of dress ilead clotbiiiK. 109 110 112 113. Frocks Mantles Kainfrocks. Arm. ;. 123. cliptliiuf;. Mittens Gloves. Leg and. 121. 122 123 124. loot clothing. Hreeches Pantaloons. 125 125. ,. StcM^Uinfjs. Hoots and shoes Parts of dress. 126 129. 129 135. 135. Belts. Ornaments. 138. Personal jidoruuiout. 138. Skin oriiainentation Tattooing Painting. 138. Head ornaraents Method of wearing the hair Head iKinds Ear rings. 140. 138 140. 140 142. 142 143. Lalirets. Neck ornaments Ornaments of the limhs. 148. Bracelets. 148 148. Finger rings. 149. Miscellaneous ornaments. 149 149. Hearls. 149. Toilet articles. Implements of general. use, etc. 150 150. Tools. Chisels. 150 165 172. \Vhal<d)on6 shaves. 173. Saws. 174. Knives Adzes. Drills. and horers. 175. Hammers. 182. Files. 182. Whetstones Tool boxes and bags Weaiions Projectile weapons. 183 185 191. 193. Firearms. 193. Whaling guns Hows Arrows. 195 195. 201.

—. CONTENTS. Culturo. 7 Pago.. (,'ciiitiiiiiiil.. Bear arrows. Bow. cast's HU(1 <iiiivers. 202 2(i7. ,. Bracers. 2(«». Bird <larts. 210. .Seal ilarts. 214. Harpoons. 218. Thnistiiif^ weajHins I. 2.'W. iar|Hioiis. XV.i. Lances. 210. Throwiii};. Hun tin;;. weapons. iinpleineuta other than. 244. weapons. !. 24f>. Flipper toggles. 24B 247. Hari>oon boxes Nets. 251. Floats. 247. Seal rattles. 253 254. Seal inilicators. 254. .Sealing; stools. 2.55. Seal drags. 256. Seal calls. Whalebone. wolf-killers. Traps Snow-goggles Meat ciiche markers Methods of hunting The polar bear. The wolf The fox The reindeer The seal The walrus The wlialc' Fowl Implements for Ushing Hooks and lines Nets Spears. 259 200 2t!0 2(;2. 263 263. 263 264 264. 26« 272 272 1>7(;. 27H. 27S 2X-1. 2M6. working Fire making. 2X7. Drills. 289. Flint. Flint. and. steel. Kindlings. How and arrow making The marline spike The twisters The feather setter Skin working Scrapers Scraper cups. Combs. for deer skins. 280 291 2!ll 2111. 291. 292 294 294 291. 299 licilh. Manufacture of lines of thong. ;{(ll. Huililcrs' tools. ;(02. For excavating Tools for snow and ice working. H02. Snow knives. :^04 ;j04.

CONTENTS.. 8 Culture. — Continued. Snow. Page.. shovels. 305 307. Ice picks Ice scoops. Implements. for. 308 310. procnring and preparing food. IUuIiImt liook.s. 310 311 311 311. Fish scaler. Making and working fiber Twisting and braiding Netting Netting weights. 312 31.5. Weaving Sewing Means of locomotion and transportation. 316 317 328. Traveling by. water Kaiaks and paddles. Umiaks and. 328 328 335 344. fittings. Traveling on foot. Snowshoes. 344. Staff. 352 353. Land conveyances Sledges. 853. Dogs and harness Hunting scores Games and pastimes Gambling. 357 360 364. 364 365. Festivals. Mechanical contrivances Description of festivals. Toys and sports. for children. ,. and others. Playthings. 376 376 380. Dolls. Juvenile implements. Games and. 372 373. sports. 383 383. Music Musical instruments Character and frequency of music Art Domestic life Marriage Standing and treatment of women. 385. Children Rights and wrongs Social life and customs Personal habits and cleanliness. 414. 385. 388. 389 410 410 413 419 420. Salutation. 420 422. Healing. 422. Customs concerning the dead Abstentions Manner of disposing of the dead. Government. 423 423 424 427. In the family. 427. In the village. 427. General ideas. 430 430. Amulets. 434. Religion".

ILLUSTRATIONS. Paga Pl.. I.. II.. Fig.. 1.. Map Map. of Northwestern Alaska. of the hunting gronutU of the Point t'nalina, a niau of N'u wftk. 4.. MiimOnina, a woman of Xu wuk Akabiana, a youth of Utkiavwin Puka, a young man of Utkiavwin. 5.. Woman. 2. 3.. 6.. 2. Barrow Eskimo. 18 34. 35 36 37. strctohing skins. 38. '.. Pipes: (a) pipe with metal bowl; (6) pipe with stone bowl; (c) pipe with bowl of antler or ivory. 67. 7.. Pipe made of willow stick. 68. 8.. Tobacco pouches. 69. 9.. Plans of Eskimo winter house Interior of iglu, looking toward door Interior of iglu. looking toward bench. 73. 10.. 11.. 17.. House in Utkiavwin Ground ])lan and .section of wiutcr house Ground plan of large snow house Tent (ju the beach at Utkiavwin Wooden bucket Large tub. 18.. Wlialebone dish. 12.. 13. 14. 15.. 16.. 19.. Meat-bowl. 20.. Stone pot Small stone pot pragmeiits of pottery Stone maul Stone nianl Stone maul Stone maul Stone maul Stone maul. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.. 31. 32.. Bone Bone Boue Bone. 72 74. 76 in. Mackenzie region. 77. 82 85. 86 87 88 89 90. •. 91. 92 94. 94 95 95 96 96. maul maul maul maul. 97 97 98 98. 34.. Meat-dish Oblong meat-dish. 100. 35.. Oblong meat-dish, very old. 100. 36.. Fish dish. 100. 37.. 101. 39.. Whalebone cup Horn ilipper Horn dipper. 40.. Dipper of. .33.. 38.. fossil. 99. 101. 102. ivory. 103. 9.

.. 10. ILLUSTRATIONS. Pase.. Fig. 41. Dipper of fossil ivory. 103. H2.. Wooden spoon. 104. 43.. Horn ladle Boue ladle. 104. 44. 45.. 46.. Boue ladle Boue ladle. 104 iu the. form of a whale. 105 105. 51.. Stone house-lamji Sandstone lamp Traveling lamp Socket for lilnbber holder Man iu ordinary deerskin clothes. 52.. Woman's hood. Ill. 53.. Man's frock Pattern of man's deerskin frock Detail of trimmiug, skirt and shoulder of man's frock Man wearing plain, heavy frock Man's frock of mountain sheepskin, front and back Man's frock of ermine skins Pattern of sheepskin frock Pattern of ermine frock Woman's frock, front and back. 113. 47.. 48. 49. ,50.. 54. 55.. 56. 57. 58.. 59. 60. 61.. 106 107 108. 108. 110. 72. 73.. Patterns of woman's pantaloons. 74.. Pattern of stocking Man's boot of deerskin Patteru of deerskin boot Man's dress boot of deerskin Patteru of man's dress boot of deerskin Man's dress boot of skin of mountain sheep Pair of man's dress boots of deerskin Woman's waterproof sealskin boot Sketch of ice-creepers " on boot sole Man's belt woven of feathers Diagram showing method of fastening the ends of feathers in belt Woman's belt of wolverine toes. 63.. 64. 65.. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71.. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85.. 13 14. 114. 115. .. Pattern of woman's frock Detail of edging, woman's frock Details of trimming, woman's frock Man's cloak of deerskin Pattern of man's cloak Deerskin mittens Deerskin gloves Man's breeches of deerskin Pattern of man's breeches Trimming of man's breeches Woman's pantaloons. 62.. 1. 1. 116. 117 117. 118. 119 119 119 121. 121 123 124. 125 126 126 127 128 129 131. 131. 132 132. 133 134. 135 135. '. '. 136 .. 137. 137. 86.. Belt-fastener. 138. 87.. Man with. 139. 88.. Woman. 89. 90. 91.. 92. 93. 94.. 95.. tattooed cheeks. with ordinary tattooing Man's method of wearing the hair Earrings Plug for enlarging labret hole Labret of beads and ivory Blue and white labret from Anderson River Oblong labret of bone Oblong labret of soapstone. 140. Ul 143 144 145. 146 147. 147.

ILLUSTRATIONS.. 11 Page.. Fig.. 96.. 97. 98. 99.. 148. Ancient hibn-t Beads of aiulier Hair comics Slate knives. 149 150 151. 152. 100. Slate knife-blade 101. Slate knife. 152. 102. Slate knife. 152. 103. Slate. 152. 101.. 153. 105. 106.. 107.. Imnting-knife Blade of slate luiiitiiig-knife Large slate knife Large single-edged slate knife Blades of knives. 153 153 154. 108. Peculiar slate knife. 154. Knife \rith whalebone blade 110. Small iron knife 111. Small iron knives 112. Iron linnting knife. 155. 109.. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121.. 122. 123. 124.. 1.55 1-56. 156. Large crooked knifiLarge crooked knife with sheath Small crooked knives Crooked knife Crooked knives, flint-bladed Slate-bladed crooked knives. 158. Woman's knife, steel blade Woman's knife, slate blade Woman's knife, slate blade Woman's knife, slate blade Woman's knife, slate blade Woman's ancient slate-bladed. 161. 125. .\ncient. bone handle. for. 162. knife. woman's knife. Woman's. 128.. Hatchet hafte.l as an adz Hatchet halted as an adz Adz-head of jade Adz-head of jade Hatted jade adz Adz-head of jade and bone Adz-head of bone and iron, without eyes Adz-head of bone and iron, with vertical eyes Adz-head of bone and iion with vertical eyes Hafted bone and iron adz Hafted bone and stone adz ."^mall adz-ldade of green jade Hafted adz of bone and flint Old cooper's adz, rehafted Adz with bone blade Antler chisel. 131.. 132. 133.. 134. 135.. 136. 137. 138. 139.. 140. 141. 142.. 143.. 160 161. 162. Large knife of. 130.. 159. 162. 127.. 129.. 159. 162. 126.. 163. 163 163. slate. knife of flaked. 158. flint. ,. Antler chusel Spurious tool, flint blade 146. Whalebone shave, slate blade 147. Saw made of deer's scapula. 164. 165. 166 167 167. 168 168 168. 169 169 169. 170 170 171 171. 172. 173. 144.. 173. 145;. 173 174. 148.. 149. 150.. Saw made of a case-knife Bow drill Bow drill and niouthpiece. 175 175 176. 176.

.. ILLUSTRATIONS.. 12. Page.. Bow. drill. 177. 152. Drill l)Ow. 177. J'iG. 151.. 153. Drill. bows. 178. 155.. Spliced drill bow Drill mouthiiiece with iron socket. 1.56.. Drill iiKiutbiiiccc. 157.. Boni'-jioiiited drill. 154.. 178 179. without wings. 179. 179. Handles. tor drill cords Flint-bladed reamers 160. Flint-bladed reamers. loiS.. 180. -. 1.59.. 182. -. 182. 161.. Awl. 162.. Jade whetstones. 183. whetstones. 184. 182. 163. .Jade 164.. Wooden. 165.. 168.. Large wooden tool-boxes Tool-bag of wolverine skin Tool-ban of wolverine .skin Drills belonging to the tool-bag. 169.. tomb. 170.. Bag handles Bag of leather. 166. 167.. 171. 185. tool-boxes. .. .. 186 187 188 189. '-. -. 189. for deerskins in the tool-bag. 190. 190 191. hand-club 173. SlungsUot made of walrus jaw 174. Dagger of bear's bone 175. Bone daggers 176. .So-called dagger of bone 177. Boy's bow from Utkiav win 178. Loop at end of bowstring 179. Large bow from Nuwfik 180. Large l)o w from Sidaru 181. Feathering of the Eskimo arrow 182. Flint-headed arrow (kiikiksadliii) 172. Little. 191. 192. '.. 192 193 196 197 197. 198 201. '-. 202. 183.. Long. flint pile. 202. 184.. Short. flint pile. 202. 185.. Heart-shaped. 186.. (o)Arrowwith "after pile" (ipudligadlin). 187.. copper pile (savidlifi) (e) deer-arrow Pile of deer arrow (nutkafi). 203. flint pile. (aavidlifl);. (c). arrow with iron pile arrow with iron pile (savidlTn); (rf) arrow with ;. 188.. '. '. K fmuii'idlln ". 189. (a). arrow. Fowl arrow. Bow. 191.. Quiver rod tap for quiver rod. 192.. (fe). 203 205. (nfttkodllfi). 205. pile. (tngalln). 190.. ;. ;. (h). 206. bird arrow (kixodwain). 208. case and quivers. Bracer Bracer of bone 195. Bird dart 196. Point for bird dart 197. Ancient point for bird dart 198. Point for bird dart 199. Bird dart with double point 200. Ancient ivory dart head. 209 209 210. 193.. 210. 194.. 201.. 203. Seal dart. bladder. -. 211. 212. 212 213 213 214 214. Bone dart head. 202. Nozzle for. '. float. 21.'>. 215.

ILLUSTRATIONS.. Page 217. Fig. 204. Foreshat't of seal dart 205. Throwing board for darts 206. 207. 208. 209. 210.. 211. 212. 213. 214.. Harpoon head Harpoon head Ancient bone harpoon head (a) Ancient bone liarpoon head Kone harpoon head Bone harpoon head Harpoon lie.id, bone and stone Harpoon head, bone and stone Walrns liarpoons. 13. 217. 218 219 219 ;. (ft). variants «f this type. Typical walrus-harpoon heads Typical walrus-harpoon heads 217. Typical walrus-harpoou heads 218. Walrus-harpoou head, with '-leader" 219. Walrus harpoon head, with line 220. Walriis-harpoon head, with line 221. Walrus-harpoon head, with line. 220 220 220 221 221 224. 215.. 226. 216.. 226. 222. Foreshat't of 223.. walrus harpoon. Harpoon head. for large seals. harpoon. 224. Retrieving seal. 227. 227 228 228 229 230 230 231. 225.. Details of retrie\ang seal harpoon. 232. 226.. 233 233 234. 237.. Jade blade for seal harpoon Seal harpoon for thrusting Diagram of lashing on shaft Model of a seal harpoon Large model of whale harpoon Model of whale harpoon, with floats Flint blade for whale harpoon .Slate blade for whale harpoon Body of whale hari>oon head AVhale harpoon heads Whale harpoon head with "leader" Foreshaft of whale harpoon. 238.. Whale lance. 240. head of whale lance Flint heads for whale lances Bear lance Flint head for bear lance Deer lance Part of deer lance with flint head Deer lance, flint head Flint head for deer lanee Bird bolas, looped up for carrying Bird bolas, ready for use. 241. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232.. 233. 234. 235. 236.. 239. Flint 240.. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248.. 249. Sealskin float 250. Flipper toggles 251. Bo.xes for. harpoon heads. 252. Seal net 253. Scratchers for. decoying seals. 254. Seal rattle 255. Seal intlicators 256. Sealing stool. drag and handles Whalebone woU' killers. 235 235 236 237 237 238. 238 239 239. 241. 242 242 243 243. 244 244 345 245 247 248 249 251 253 254 255 255. 257. Seal. 2.57. 258.. 259.

14. ILLUSTRATIONS. Paeo. Fig. 259.. Wnoibn. snow-jiofigles. 261. 2H0.. Hone .suow-gnggles. 262. 261.. Wooden snow-goggles, nnusnal form. 262. 262. ilarker for. meat cache meat cache. 263.. Marker. 264.. Tackle lor shore fishing. 26").. Kuot of line into hook. 266.. Small lish-hooks.. 267.. Hooks. 268.. Tackle for river fishing Burbot hook, first pattern. Bnrbot hook, second i)attern Bnrbot hook, made of cod hook Burbot tackle, baited Ivory sinker Ivory .jigger for polar cod Section of whalebone net Mesh of sinew net. 269.. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 27.">.. 276.. for. ".. .''. .. for river tishiug. 277. Fish trap 278. Fish. spear. Haft of. 283. 284. 285.. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292.. with bone blade Fire drill, with mouthpiece and stock Set of bow-and-arrow tools Marline spike Marline spike "Twister" for working sinew backing of bow "Feather setter" Tool of antler Skin scrajier Skin scrapers handles only Skin scrapers Skin scraper. —. 293. Peculiar modification of scraper 294. 295. 296.. 280 280 280 281 281. 281 281. 282 282 284. 285 285 288. flint flaker. 281. Flint flaker, 282.. 279 279. 286. 279. Flint llakers 280.. 262 263. Skin scraper Skin scraper Skin scraper. 288 289 289 291. 292 292 293 294 294. 295 295. 296 296 296 297 297 297. 297. Flint blade for skin scraper. 298. 298. Straight-hafted scraper. 298. 299.. Bone scraper. Scraper cups 301. Combs for cleaning deer-skins 302. " Double slit " splice for rawhide lines 303. JIattock of whale's ril) 304. Pickax-heads of bone, ivory, and whale's rib 305. Ivory snow knife 306. Snow shovels 307. Snow shovel made of a whale's scapula 308. Snow pick 300.. 309.. Snow. drill. 310. Ice scoop. 311.. Long blubber hook. 312.. Short-handled blubber hook. 313. Fish scaler. 299. 299 301. 302 303 303 305 305 307 307 308 308. 310 310 311.

ILLUSTRATIONS.. 15 Page.. Fig.. .314.. Ivory shuttle 315. Netting iiecille. 311 312. 316. Me.sli stick. 312 313. 317. Ncttinir iiecdles. 318. Nettiiij; luM'dles for seal net 319.. Netting needle. .320.. Mesh. 314. 314. sticks. 314 31g. Netting weights 322. Shuttle belonging to set of feather tools 321.. 323.. Mesh. 316 317. stick. 324.. "Sword ". 32.5.. Quill case of bone needles. 318. Large bone needle and peculiar thimble; (ft) Leather thimbles with bone needles Needle cases with belt hooks (a) Needle case with belt hook; (J>) needle case open, showing bone. 31g 320. for feather -weaving. 317. 326. (n) 327. 328.. needles. 32i 323. Trinket boxes 330. Trinket boxes 329.. 324 325 325 325 325. 331. Ivory V(ox 332.. Hone box. 333. Little flask of ivory. 338.. Box in shape of deer Small basket Small basket Small basket Kaiak. 339.. Method of fastening together frame of kaiak. 340.. Double kaiak i)addle kaiak iind paddle. 334. 335. 336. 337.. 326 ;... !"!""!!!!!!"!. 33O 334 33g. 341. .Model. 342. Kranie of. umiak. .Method of fiifitening bilge-streaks to stem of umiak; of framing rib f o guuw.ale, etc. 343.. (11). 344.. Method of slinging the oar of umiak («) Model of umiak and paddles; (ft) model of umiak, inside plan. Ivory liai ler for umiak Ivory crotch for harpoon. 345. 346.. 347. 348. 349.. (ft). method 3.37. 339 ... Ivory crotch for harpoon Crotch for harpoon made of walrus jaw. .355.. Snowshoe Knot in snowshoe netting (rt) First round of heel-netting of snowshoe; (ft) first and second round of heel-netting of snowshoe («) First round of heel-netting of snowshoe; (ft) first, second, and third rounds of heel-netting of snowshoe Small snowshoe Old " chiefV' with staffs. 356.. Railed sledge (diagrammatic), from photograph. 3,50.. 351. 352.. 3.53.. 354.. 357. Flat sledge 358. 359. 360.. 361. 362. 363.. Small sledge with ivory runners Small toboggan of whalebone Hunting score engraved on ivory Hunting score engraved on ivory, obverse anil reverse Hunting score engraved on ivory Hunting score engraved on ivory, obverse and reverse. 326 327 329 329. .". 340 34O 34I 342 342 345. 346 347. 348 35O. 353 354 355 355 3.57. 361 362 362. 363.

6. 1. .. ILLUSTRATIONS.. 1. Page.. Fig. 364.. Game. of fox and geese from Plover. Bay. 365. 365.. Daiuiug cap. 365. 366.. 366. 372.. Wooden mask Wooden mask and dancing gorget Old grotesque mask Rn<le mask of wood Wolf mask of wood Very ancient small mask Dancing gorgets of wood. 373.. Youth dancing. 375. 374.. Whirligigs. 377. 375.. 378. 382.. Teetotum Buzz toy Whizzing stick Pebble snapper Carving of human head Mechanical doll— drum-player Mechanical toy— kaiak paddler Kaiak carved from block of wood. 383.. Drum. 385. 384.. Handle of drum secured to rim. 386. Drum. 387. 367. 36><.. 369. 370.. 371. 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. 381.. to the aurora. handles 386. Ivory drumsticks 387. Ancient carving 385.. —human head. 388.. Wooden. 389.. Carving. figures. — face of Eskimo. man. 394.. soapstone image Bone image of dancer Bone image of man Grotesc£ue bone image Bone image sitting man. 395.. Human. 390. 6rotesc]ue. 391. 392.. 393.. — " walrus man ". 367. 368 369 369 369 37. 378 379 379 380 381 381. 382. 388. 393 393 394 394 395. 396 396. —. figure carved from walrus ivory. — three human heads. 396 396 397. 396.. Ivory carving. 397.. Rude human head, carved from a walrus tooth. 397. 398.. Elaborate ivory carving Bear carved of soapstone Bear flaked from flint (a) Bear carved from bone (6) bear's head Ivory figures of bears Rude ivory figures of walrus Images of seal wood and bone White whale carved from gypsum Wooden carving whale Whale carved from soapstone Rude flat image of whale Ivory image of whale Ivory image of whale Pair of little ivory whales Soapstone image of imaginary animal Ivory carving, seal with fish's head Ivory carving, tcn-leggeil bear Ivory carving, giant hidiling whales Double-headed animal carved from antler Ivory carving dog. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405.. 406. 407. 408. 409. 410. 411. 412.. 413. 414.. 415. 416.. 417.. ;. —. —. —. 398 399. 399 400 401 401. 402 403 403 404 404 404. 405 405 405 406 406 407 407.

7. ILLUSTRATIONS.. 1 Page.. Fig. 418. (a). Piece of ivory, engraved with figures; pattern. 419. (a) Similar. engraved ivory;. (6). (6). development of. development of pattern. 408 408. 420. Ivory doll. 409. from glass 422. Whali- flaked from red jasper 423. Ancient whale amulet, of wood 424. Amulet of whaliug stuffed godwit 425. Amulet consisting of ancient jade adz 426. Little bos containing amulet for whaling 427. Amulet for catching fowl with bolas 428. Box of (hied bees amulet 9 ETII 2. 435. 421. Wliiile rtaked. —. —. 435 436 438 438 439 439. 440.





BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGV. The Hunting Ground OF THE. Point Barrow Eskimo. Based, an X tfii t IfJIJ\ai/.s"Map i Exploriitwns in NortlaresUmAh. Siffnal Service. IZS-A. JS85 Comptleti hy. JoJat. Murdoch. ' c. Se£iJio> 'se Ids. f-. Ptrrcuihlir^jj'. ^**Suttzru. M^wrlght. D In]. Jlilaiay'LUavuU '^. i/. ^y^.

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT. ,<>. i*?^. ^. ^^tr. A-^. % :t Jcnan^^. \. v./. V. \ s. \. PL.. II.



BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. NINTH ANNUAL REPORT. PL.. II.



ETHNOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE POINT BARKOW EXPEDITION. By John Murdoch. INTRODUCTION. International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska, was organized in 1881 by the C'hief Sij^iial Officer of the Army, for the jmr-. The. pose of cooiieratiug in the work of circumpolar observation proposed by the International Polar Conference. The expedition, which was commanded by Lient. P. 11. Hay, Eifjhth Infantry, V. S. Army, sailed from San Francisco Jnly 18, 1881, and reached Cape Smyth, 11 miles. southwest of Point Barrow, on September 8 of the same year. Here a permanent station was established, where the party remained until August is, 188.'3, when the station was abandoned, and the party sailed. San Francisco, arriving there October 7. Though the main object of the expedition was the pro.secution of the observations in terrestrial magnetism and meteorology, it was pos.sible to obtain a large collection of articles illustrating the arts and industries of the Eskimo of the region, with whom the most friendly relations were early established. Nearly all of the collection was made by barter, the natives bringing their weapons, clothing, and other objects to the station for sale. Full notes on the habits and customs of the Eskimo also were collected by the different members of the party, esi)ecially by the commanding officer: the interpreter, Capt. E. P. Herendeen; the surgeon, Dr. George Scott Oldmixou, and myself, who served as one of the naturalists and observers of the expedition. It fell to my share ta take charge of and catalogue all the collections luade by the expedition, and therefore I had especially favorable opportunities for becoming acquainted with the ethnography of the region. Consequently, upon the return of tlie expedition, when it wa.s found that the ethnological. for. would occupy too much sp.u'e for publication in the official and notes were intrusted to me for the ijurpose of preparing a special report. The Smith.sonian Institution, thnmgh obsei'vations. report,' all the collections. the kindness of the '. lat<?. Prof. Spencer F. Baird, then secretary, furnished. Keport of the iDternatioual Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska, by Lieut. P. H. Kay, Wa^h.. ingtou, 1885.. 19.

THE. 20. I'UINT. BAKliOW ESKIMO.. a room wliere the work of studyiug tlie collection could be carried on, and allowed uio access to its libraries and to tlie extensive colIe<'tions of the National Mnseuui for the purposes of coni|>arisiin. The Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, MaJ. J. \V. T'owell, Iciiidly agreed to furnish the illustrations for the work and to i)ublish it as part of his annual rei)ort, while the Chief Signal Officer, with the greatest consideration, permitted me to remain in the employ of his Bureau until the completion of the work.. Two. years were spent in a detailed analytical study of the articles in the collection, until all the inforuiation that could be gathered from the objects themselves aud from the notes of the collectors had been recorded.. Careful comparisons were made with the arts and industries of the Eskimo race as illustrated by the collections in tlie National Museum and the writings of various explorers, and these frequently i-esulted iu the elucidation of obscure points in the history of the Point Barrow Eskimo. In the ibriu in which it is presented this work contains, it is believed, all that is known at the present day of the ethnography of this interesting people.. Much. linguistic material. was. also collected,. which. 1. hope some time. to be able to prepare for publication.. The observations are arranged according to the i)hiii proposed by Prof Otis T. Mason iu his " Ethnological Dii'ectious, etc.," sona'what modified to suit the circumstances. In writing Mskimo words the alphabet given in Powell's " Introduction to the Study of Indian Languages" has been used, with the addition » for au obscure n (like the final a in soda), for a similar obscure e, and o for the sound of the German o or ,}. French. eu.. my gratitude to the late Prof. Spencer F. Baird, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, to the late Cen. William B. Hazen, Chief Signal Officer of the Army, aud to MaJ. J. W. Powell, Di rector of the Bureau of Ethnology, for their kindness in enabling me to carry on these investigations. Grateful acknowledgnu'ut is due for valuI. desire to express. able assistance to various members of the scientific staffdf the National Museum, especially to the curator of ethnology. Prof. Otis T. Mason,. Valuable suggestions were received from to ^Ir. William H. Dall. Lucien 'SI. Turner, Dr. Franz Boas, the late Dr. Emil Bessels, and Dr. II. Kink, of Christiania.. and IMr.. LIST OF. WOKKS. ('(. JNSt'LTED.. The following list is not intended for a complete bibliography of what has been written on the ethnogra])hy of the Eskimo, l>nt it is believed that it contains most of tlie important works by authors who have treated of these people fi-om personal observation. Studi of the less important works have been included as contain any references bearing upon the. As. it. subje<'t of the stiuly.. has been. my. object to go, whenever possible, to the original. sources of iutormation, compilations, whether scientific or popular, have.

WORKS. MrRDorH]. not been referred to or iiiiiuded in the editions referred to in Armstrong, Alexander.. A. 21. CONSn.TEl). tliis list, whit-li. also contains only. tlie text.. personal narrative of the disiovirv of. Uii-. Northwest. Passage with nnmerniis iiieidents of travel am' adventure iluriuj; nearly five years' eontinuous service in the Arctic rcfjions while in search of the ex|ieLoudon, 1X57. (litiou under Sir John Franklin. Back, GF.ORiiE. Narrative of the Arctic laud expedition to the mouth of the Great Fish River and along the shores of the Arctic Ocean, in the years 1K33, 1834, ;. and 1X35. Philadelphia, 1«36. Beechey, Frederick William. Narrative of. a voyage to thi- Paiilie and Beering's with the jiolar ex])editioiis: perforimil in His Jla.jesty's ship Blossom, under the command of C'apt. 1". W. Beechey, etc., etc., etc., London. 1831. in the years 1825, 1826, 1827. and 1828. Bessei.s, Emil. Pie anierikanischi' Nordpol-Expedition. Leipzig. 1878. The northernmost inhaliitauts of the earth. An ethnographic sketch. <.\nier-. Strait to cooperate. iean Naturalist, vol.. 18.. pp. 861-882.. 1884.. Einige Worte iiher die luuit (Eskimo) des Smith-Suudes, nehst Bemerknngen iiber. luuit-.Schiidel.. -c^Archiv. fiir. .\nthropologie,. vol.. 8,. p]i.. 107-122.. Braunschweig, 1875. Boas, FraXZ. The C'eutral Eskimo. In Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 39.1-63^. Washingtuu, G:ivernment Printing Office, 1888. Brodbeck, J. NachOsteu. Untersuchungsfahrt iiach der Ostkiiste Gronlands, vom Niesky, 1882. 2. bis 12. August 1881. Chappell, E. (Lieut., R. N.). Narrative of a voyage to Hudson's Bay in His Majesty's ship Rosamond, containing some account of the northeastern coast of America, and of the tribes inhabiting that remote region. London, 1817. Choris, L. Voyage Pittorcscjue autour du Monde, avec des jiortraits des sauvages d'Am^rique, d'Asie, d'.Vfrique, et des iles du (Jrand Ocean des paysages, des vues maritimes, et plusieurs ol)jets d'histoire naturelle; accompagn^ de descriptions par M. le liaroii t'uvicr, et M. A. ile C'hamisso, et d'observations sur les crAnes humaius par M. le Docteur Gall. Paris, 1822. Cook, ,Jame.s. and King, James. A voyage to the Pacific Ocean, undertaken by the command of His Majesty for making discoveries in the northern hemisphere, to determine the pi>sition and extent of the west side of North America; its distance from Asia; and the practicability of a northern jiassage to Europe, London. 1784. 3 vols. (Comin the years 1776, 1777, 1778, 177S), anil 1780. monly called "Cook's Third Voyage.") "CORWIN." Cruise of the revenue steamer Corwin in Alaska and the N. W. Arctic Ocean in 1881. Notes and memoranda. Medical and anthropcdogical botanical; ornithological. Wa.shington, Government Printing Office, 1883. Crastz. Pavid, The history of Greenland: cimtaining a description of the country and its inhabitants; and particularly a relation of the mission carried on for above these thirty years by tln> I'nitas Fratruni, at New Herrnhuth and Lich;. ;. that country. 2 vidumes. London, 1767. Alaska and its Resources. Boston, 1870. In nja.sks, labrets, and certain aboriginal customs, with an inquiry into the bearing of their geographical distribution. <Third .\niiiial Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 1881. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1884. Tribes of the extreme northwest. <^Contribution8 to North .\merican Ethnology, vid. 1. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1877. teiifels, in. Dai.i.,. William Healy.. (. [Davis. .John]. The tirst voyagiof Master .John Dauis. vudertaken in June 1.585: for the <liscoverie of the Northwest Passage. Written by .Iidin Janes Marchant Seruant to the worshipfull M. William Saudersiui. <HaklMyt, " The principal navigations, voiagcs,. etc.,''. pp. 776-780.. London,. 1589..

THE POINT BARROW ESKIMO.. 22. [Davis, Joax]. The second voyage attempted by Master John Danis with others for the discoverie of the Northwest ])nss;igp. in Anno 1586. <^Hakliiyt, •' Tile ])rincii)iil navigations, voiajges, etc," pp. 7;<l-786. London, 1589. 'I'he third voyage Northwestward, made liy John Danis, (ientlemau, as chiefe C'aptaiiie and Pilot general!, for the di.scoverie of a passage to the Isles of the Molncea, or the coast of China, iu the yeere 1587. Written hy John .lanes, Seruant to the aforesayd M.William Sanderson. <^Haklnyt, "The principal navigations, voiages, etc.," pp. 789-792. Loudon, 1589. Deask, Pr.TER W., and Simpson, Thomas. An account of the recent ar<tic dis<^Journal of the Royal Geographi(U)veri<'S hy Messrs. Dease and Simpson. London, 1838. cal Society of London, vol. 8, pp. 213-225. Egede, Hax.s. a description of fii'eeulaud. Showing the natural liLstory, situation, Uoundiiries, and face of the country the nature of the soil; the rise and progress of the old Xonreijian colonies; the ancient and modern inhabitants; their genius and way of life, and produce of the soil; their plants, beasts, London, 1745. fishes, etc. Translated from the Danish. Ellis, H. A voyage to Hudson's Bay, by the Dobbs Galley and California, in the years 1746 and 1747, for discovering a northwest passage. Loudon, 1748. Franklin, Siu John. Narrative of a journey to the shores of the Polar Sea in the years 1819-20-21-22. Third edition, 2 vols. London, 1824. ;. Narrative of a second expedition to the shores of the Polar Sea in the years 1825, Including an acciumt of the progress of a detachment to the 1826, and 1827. eastward, by John Ricbardsou. London, 1828. [Fiioni.siiER, Martin]. The first voyage of M. Martiue Frobisher to the Northwest for the search of the straight or passage to China, written by Christopher Hall, and made in the yeere of our Lord 1576. <^Hakluyt, "The principal navigations, voiages, etc.,". pji.. 615-622.. London,. 1.589.. The second voyage of Master Martin Frobisher, made to the West and Northwest Regions, in the yeere 1577. With a description of the Conntrcy and people. Written by Dionise Settle. <^Hakluyt, "The jirincipal navigations, voiages, etc.," pp. 622-630. London, 1589. last voyage into Meta Incognita,. The third and iu the. year 1578.. Written by Tliomas. made by M. Martin Frobisher, <Hakluyt, "The principal. Ellis.. navigations, voiages, etc.," pp. 630-6.35. London, 1589. Schwatka's search. Sledging in the arctic in quest of the Franklin. GiLl>ER, \V. H.. New. York, 1881. Narrative of an expedition to the east coast of Greenland, sent by ordiT of the King of Denmark, in search of the lost colonies. Translated from the Danish. London, 1837. Haki.i YT. Richard. The principall navigations, voiages and discoveries of the English natiou, made by Sea or over Laud, to the most remote and farthest distant Quarters of the earth at any time within the compasse of these 100 records.. Graaii,. \V. A. (Capt.).. yeeres. London, Hall. Charles Francis.. 1589.. Arctic researches and life among the Esquimaux: being the narrative of an expedition iu search of Sir John Franklin, in the years New York, 1865. 1860, 1861, and 1862.. Narrative of the second arctic expedition made by Charles ¥. Hall; his voyage to Repulse Bay, sledge journeys to the Straits of Fury and Hecla and to King William's Land, and residence among the Eskimos during the years 1864-'69. Wa.shingtou, Government Printing Office, 1879. Heai.y, M. a. Report of the cruise of the revenue marine steamer Corwin in the Arctic Ocean in the year 1885. Wasliingtou. Government Printing Office, 1887.. Holm,. G.. Konilia;uls-Ex])e(litioneii. Tidskrift, vol,. K,. pp. 79-98.. til. (irtliilnmls. Copenhagen.. 0stkyst 188;^'85. 1886.. -c^Geografisk.

MiBoocH. WORKS CONSULTED.. ). 23. HoLM.G. and Garde, V. Den ilauske Konebaads-Expeditionen til Groulands C'lstkyst, Copenhagen, 1887. l)Oi>uliert beskreven. Hooper, C. L. (Capt.). Report of the cruise of the U. .S. revenue steamer Thomas Corwin, iu the Arctic Ocean, 1881. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1884.. Hooper, WiLLH.^r Hilme. (Lieut.).. Ten months among the. tents of the Tuski, with. John Kranklin, as. incidents of an arctic boat expedition in search of Sir far as the. Mackenzie River and Cape Bathurst.. Kane,Elish.v Kent. (Dr.).. London,. Arctic explorations in the years 1853,. 18.53.. '54, '55.. Philadelphia, 1856. The U. S. Grinncll expedition in search of Sir .John Franklin. narrative.. New. York,. Two. vols.. \ personal. 18r)3.. KiRKBY, W. W. (.\rchdeacon). .\ journey to the Youean, Russian America. <[ Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for the year 18t>i, pp. 416-420. Washington, 1865. Klutschak, Heixricii W. Als Eskimo unter den Eskimos. Eine Schilderung der Erlebnisse der Schwatka'schen Franklin-aufsuchungs-expedition iu den Jahren 1878-'80. Wien, Pest, Leipzig, 1881. KOTZEBUE. O. VOX. A voyage of discovery into the South Sea and Beering^s Straits, for the purpose of exploring a northeast passage, undertaken in the years 1815-1S18. Three volumes. Loudon. 1821. Krause. Aurel (Dr.). Die Bevolkeruugsverhiiltuisse der Tschnktscher-Halbin.sel. <Deutsche geographischc Blatter, vol. 6, pp. 248-278. Bremen, 1883. and Arthi'R. Die Exiicdition ilcr Bremer gcographischen Gesellschaft nach. ^Deutsche geographische Blatter, vol. 5. pp. Bremen, 1X82. Die wissenschaftliche Expeditiou cler Bremer geographischeu Gesellschaft nach dem Kiistengebiete an der Bcriugsstrasse. <^Deutsche geographische Bliitter, vol. 4, pp. 24.5-281. Bremen, 1881. KuMiiEN, LuDWiG. Contributions to the natural history of Arctic America, made in connection with the Howgate pol.ar expedition, 1877-78. Bulletin of the I'. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1879. S. National Museum, No. 15. LISIANSKY, LTrey. A voyage round the world, in the years 1803, '4, '5, and '6, performed by order of His Imperial Majesty Alexander the First, Emperor of Russia, in the ship Neva. Londcm, 1814. Lyon. G. F. (Capt.). The private journal of Captain O. F. Lyon, of H. M. S. Hecla, during the recent voyage of discovery under Captain Parry. Boston. 1824. M'Cli'RE, Robert Le Mesurier (Capt.). See Osborn, Sherard (editor). Mackenzie, Alexander, ^\ly ages from Montreal, on the river St. Lawrence, through the continent of North America, to the lYozen and Pacific Oceans, iu the years 1789 and 1793. Loudon, 1802. Maguire, Rocheort (Commander). Proceedings of Commander Maguire, H. M. discovery ship "Plover." Parliamentary Reports, 1854, XLii, pp. 165-185. London. 18.54. Proceedings of Commander Maguire, Her Majesty's discovery ship "Plover." Further papers relative to the recent arctic expedition in search of Sir .John Franklin, etc., p. 905 (second year). Presented to both houses of Parliament, January, 1855. London. Morgan, Henry. The relation of the cour.se which the Sunshine, a bark of liftie tunnes, and the Northstarre. a small pinnesse, being two vessels of the fleet of M. John Dauis, held after he had sent them from himtodiscouer the passage between Groenland and Island. Written by Heury Morgan, seruant to M. WiUiam .Sanderson, of London. <Hakluyt, '-The principall navigations, voiages, etc.," pp. 787-9. London. 1.589. Murdoch, John. The retrieving harpoon an undescribed type of Eskimo weapon American Naturalist, vol. 19, 1885, pp. 423-425. der Tschuktscher-Halbiusel. 1-35. 111-133.. <. <. ;. <.

THE POINT BARROW ESKIMO.. 24 Murdoch,. On. .John.. the Siberian origin of aonie customs of the western Eskimos.. < American Anthropologist,. A study. of the Eskimo. Report for. pt.. 1884,. bows ii,. vol.. 1.. Washington,. pp. 325-336.. 1888.. Museum. < Smithsonian Washington, Government Printing. in the U. S. National. pp. 307-316.. Office, 1885.. NORDENSKIOLD, ADOLF ERIC. The voyage of the Vega round Asia and Europe. Translated by Alexander Leslie. 2 vols. London, 1881. OsBORN, Sherard (editor). The discovery of the northwest passage by H. M. S. Investigator, Capt. R. M'Clure, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854. Edited by Commander Sherard Osborn, from the logs and journals of Capt. Robert Le M. M'Clure. Appendix: Narrative of Commander Maguire, wintering at Point London,. Barrow. r.Mtio'.. 1856.. William Edward. Journal of a voyage for the discovery of a north(Sir). west passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; performed in the years Second edition. London, 181i1-'20. in His Majesty's ships Hecla and firiper. 1821.. voyage for the discovery of a northwest passage from the the Pacific; performed in the years 1821-'22-'23, in His Majesty'^ London, 1824. shi|>s Fury and Hecla. Petitot, Emile Fortuxi^: Stanislas Joskpii, (Rev.). G<=ographie de I'AthabascawMackenzie. <Bulletin de la Soci(St<S de Gc^ographie, [6] vol. 10, pp. .5-12, .Journal of a second. Atlantic. ti>. 126-183, 242-290.. Paris, 1875.. Fran? ais-Esquimaux, dialecte des TchigUt des bouches du Mackenzie et de I'Auderson, pr^c^dd d'uue monographic de cette tribu et de notes grammaticales. Vol. 3 of Pinart's " Bibliotheque de Linguistique et d' Ethnographie Amdricaines." Petuokf, Ivan. Report on the population, industries, and resources of Alaska. <Teuth Census of the U. S. Washington, Government Printing Office, Vocabulaire. 1884.. Powell, Joseph. S. (Lieut.).. Report of Lieut. Joseph. to Point Barrow, Alaska.. S.. Powell: Relief expedition. <Signal Service Notes, No. V. pp.. 13-23.. Wash-. ington, Office of the Chief Signal Officer. 1883. Rae, ,Iohn (Dr.). Narrative of an expedition to the shores of the Arctic Sea in 1846. and 1847. London, 1850. Ray, Patrick Henry (Lieut.). Report of the luternational Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1885. Report of Lieut. P. Henry Ray: Work at Point Barrow, Alaska, from September 16, 1881, to August 25, 1882. <Signal Service Notes, No. V, pp. a5-40. Washington, Office of the Chief Signal Officer, 1883. Richardson, John (Sir.). Arctic searching expedition A journal of a boat voyage through Rupert's Land and the Arctic Sea, in search of the discovery ships under command of Sir John Franklin. 2 volumes. I^ondon, 1851. :. <Edinburgh New Philosophical Eskimos, their geographical distribution. Edinburgh. 1852. .Journal, vol. 52, pp. 322-323. The polar regions. Edinburgh, 1861. Rink, Henrik [Johan] (Dr.). Die diinische Expedition nach der Ostkilste Gronlands. <Deutsche geographische Bliittcr. \ ol. 8. pp. 341-353. Bremen, 1883-1885. 1885.. people and its products. London, 1877. Their distribution and characteristics, especially in regard Meddclelser om Gr0nland, vol. 11. Copenhagen. 1887. to language. Die Ostgriiulander in ihrem Verhaltnisse zu den ubrig<-i. Eskiniostaiumen. <Deutsihe geographische Blatter, vol. 9. ]ip. 228-239. Bremen, 1886. 0stgr0nl;Fudeine deres Forhold til Vestgr0iil:enderne og de 0vrige Eskimostam<Geografisk Tidskrift, vol. 8, pp. 139-145. Copenhagen, 1886. (Nearly nier.. l>ani.sh. Greenland,. The Eskimo. its. tribes.. i. the same as the above.).

WORKS CONSULTED.. MiRDOf-H] Rl.NK.. Hhxrik. ami I'raditious of the Eskimo, with a Kketcli of tlieir Translated from the Danish. and other jiefuliarities.. [.lohau]. Tali>s. habits, language,. Koss,. 25. Edinburgh, 187."). Appendix to the narrative of. .IciHX.. :l. second voyage in seareh of a Northwest the' years 1829, 1830,. passage, and of a residence in the arctic regions during. London, 18&5. second voyage in search of a noi'thwest jiassage. and of a resilience in the arctic regions during the years 1829, 1830. 1831. 1832, 1833. Phila1831, 1832, 1833.. Narrative of delphia,. :i. 183.5.. A voyage of discovery, luade under the orders of the admiralty in His Majesty's ships Isabella and Alexander, for the purpose of exploring Haffin's Bay, and in<iuiring into the prol)ability of a northwest passage. Loudon, 1819. SCHWATKA, Fredkkick. The Netschillnk Inunit. ^Science, vol.4, pp. .543-.5. New York. 1884. Nimrod in the North, «r hunting ami tishing adventures in the arctic regions. New York, 188,5. SCOKESBY, William, Jr. (Captain). .Journal of a voyage to the northern whalefishery; including researches au<l discoveries on the eastern coast of Greenlaml, made in the summer of 1822, in the shiji liaffiii, of Liverpool. Edlnburgli, 1W3. Sekmann, Berthold. Narrative of the voy.age of H. M. S. Herald, during the years 1845-'.51, under the commaml of Captain Henry Kellett, R. N., C. B. beiug a circumnavigation of the globe and three cruises to the arctic regions in search of Sir John Franklin. Two vols. London, 1853. Sijipsos, John ( Dr. ). Oliservations on the western Eskimo, and the covmtry they inhabit; from notes taken during two years at Point Barrow. ^A selection of papers on arctic geography and ethnology. Reprinted and presented to the arctic expedition of 1875 by the Koyal (ie<)grai)liical Society ("Arctic Blue Book''), pp. 233-275. London. 1875. (Re]iriute<l from "Further papers," ;. etc.. Pari.. Rep.,. 18.55.). Simpson, Tiioma.s.. Narrative of the discoveries on the north coa.st of America, etfectedby the officers of the Hudson's Bay Company during the years 1836-39.. London, SoLLAS,. W.. 1843.. On some Eskimos' bone implements from the east. .1.. <Journalof the Anthropological 9,. pp. 329-336.. Si-THERLAXD,. coast of Greenland.. Institute of Great Britain. and Ireland,. vol.. Londr>n, 1880.. On. the Esquimaux.. <Jonrnal of the Ethnological SoLondon, 1856. Wkangell, Ferdinand von. Narrative of an expeilition to the Polar Sea in the years 1820, 1821, 1822, and 1823. Edited by ilaj. Edward Sabine. London, 1840. P. C. (Dr.).. ciety of. London,. vol. 4. pp. 193-214..

SITUATION AND SURROUNDINGS. aud industries are represented by the collecEskimo of the northwestern extremity of the continent of North America, who make permanent homes at the two Small contributions to the collecvillages of Nuwfik and Utkiavwiu. Inlet and froni jieople of Wainwright were obtained from natives of tion the Inland River (Nunataumiun) who visited the northern villages. Nuwuk, "the Point," is situated on a slightly elevated knoll at the extremity of Point Barrow, in hit. 71° 23' N., long. iniP 17' W., and Utkiavwih, "the Clitts," at the beginning of the high land at Cape Smyth, 11 miles southwest from Nuwiik. The name TJtkiavwin. was ex])lainedas meaning "the high place, whence one can look out," and was. The people wbose. arts. tion to be described are the. said to be equivalent to Tkpik, a. maps. cliff.. This. name appears on. of this region under several corrupted forms,. due. the various. to carelessness. or inability to cati-h the finer distinctions of s(mnd. It first a^ipears on Capt. Maguire's map' as "Ot-ki-a-wing," a form of the word very near. the Eskimo pronunciation. On Dr. Simpson's map^ it is changed to "Ot-ke-a-vik," which on the admiralty chart is misprinted "Otkiovik." Petroft' on his maj)' calls it "Ootiwakh," while he gives an imaginary village " Ootkaiowik, Arctic; Ocean," of 55 inhabitants, in his census of the Arctic Division (op. cit., p. 4), which does not appear upon his map. Our party, I regret to say, is responsible for the name "Ooglaamie " or "Uglaamie," which has appeared on many ma])S since our return. Strictly speaking this name should be used only as the oflicial name of the United States signal station. It arose from a misunderstanding of the name as heard the day after we arrived, and was even adopted by the natives in talking with us. It was not until the second year that we learned the correct form of the word, which haS been carefully veiified. The inliabitants of these two villages are so widely separated from their neighbors the nearest permanent villages are at Point Belcher and Wainwright Inlet, 75 miles southwest, and Demarcation Point, 350 miles east'' and so closely connected with each other by intermarriage and common interests, that they may be cousidered as a single people. In their hunting and trading expeditions they habitually range from the neighborhood of Refuge Inlet along the coast to Barter Island, going inland to the up|)er waters of the large rivers which How northward Small parties occasionally into the Arctic Ocean east of Point Barrow. travel as far as Wainwright Inlet aud more rarely to Poiut Hope, and. —. —. 'Pari. ReportB. 1854. vol. 42. p. 186.. 'Further P.iper.s. &c., Pari. Rep. (1855). ^Report ou the population, etc.. ol' Ala.ska. ^C'apt. E. E. Smitli, who in coniniand of a Hteam whaler penetrated as far eaet as Rettirn Reef in the summer of 1685, eaye that the natives told him there was no permanent village west of Herschel Island.. 26.

TOPOCiRAPHY OF THK COUNTRY.. MURDOCH.]. 27. The extent of their wanderfor as the Mackeuzie Eiver. connection with their relations to more fully in treated of ings will be the other natives of the Northwest. They appear to be unacquainted some times. iis. with the interior except tor about 100 miles south of Point Barrow. The coast from Refuge Inlet runs nearly straight iu a geneially northeast direction to Point Barrow, and consists of steep banks of clay, gravel, and pebbles, in appearance closely resembling glacial drift, bordered by a narrow, steep beach of pebbles and gravel, and broken at intervals by steejt gnlleys which are the channels of temporary streams running only during the period of nu'lting snow, and by long, narrow, and sliallow lagoons, to whose edges the cliffs slope gradually down, sometimes ending in low, steep banks. The mouths of these lagoons are generally rather wide, and closed by a bar of gravel thrown u]> by the waves diu-ing the season of f)pen water. In the spring, the snow and ice on the laud melt ni<mths before the sea opens and flood the ice on the lagoons, which also melts gradually around the edges until there is a sufficient head of water in the lagoon to break through the bar at the lowest point. This stream soon cuts itself a channel, usually about 20 or 30 yards wide, through which the lagoon is rapidly drained, soon cutting out an open space of greater or less extent in the sea ice. Before the sea opens the lagoon is drained do\vu to its level, and the tide ebbs and flows through the channel, which is usually from kueedeej) to waist-deep, so that the lagoon becomes more or less bracki.sh. When the sea gets sufficiently t>pen for waves to break upon the beach, they in a short time bring in enough gravel to close the outlet. The cliffs gradually decrease in height till they reach Cape Smyth, where they are about 25 feet high, and terminate in low knolls slo])ing down to the banks of the broad lagoon Isutkwc, which is made by the confluence of two narrow, sinuous gnlleys, and is only 10 feet deep in the deepest part. Rising from the beach beyond the mouth of this lagoon is a slight elevation, 12 feet above the sea level, which was anciently the site of a small village, called by the same name as the lagoon. On this elevati(jn was situated the Tnited States signal station of Ooglaamie. Beyond this the land is level with the top of the beach, flat,. which. raised into a slight ridge on the outer edge.. bi'oad and nearly About half a mile. is. from the station, just at the edge of the beach, is the small lagoon ImernyE, about 2(Mt yards in diameter, and nearly filled up with marsh. From this point the land slopes down to Elson Bay, a shallow body of water inclosed by the sandspit which forms Point Barrow. This is a continuation of the line of the beach, varying in breadth from 200 to 600 yards and running northeast for 5 miles, then turning sharply to the east-southeast and running out in a narrow gravel spit, 2 miles long, which is continued eastward by a chain of narrow, low, sandy islands, which extend as far as Point Tangent. At the angle of the point the laud is slightly elevated into irregular turf-covered knoUs, on which the.

28. THi:. roiNT. barrow eskimo.. At various points alonjj tlie beacli are villajjp of Xixwuk is sitnateil. heaps of gravel, soiiu'tiines or 6 feet in height, which are raised liy tlie Masses of old ice, bearing large quantities of gravel, are pushed ice. u]) on the Ix-ach duiing severe storms and melt rapidly in the summer, depositing their load of gravel and [lehhles in a hea]). These masses are often pushed up out of reach of the waves, so that the heai)s of ."i. gravel are. left. thenceforth undistuibed.. Between Iinernyu and Klson iJay (Ta'syiik) is a series of large shallow lagoons, nearly circular and ch)se to the beach, which rises in a reguAll have low steep banks on the land side, bordered with lar sea-wall. a narrow beach. The first of these, I'kpilin (•• that which has high banks"), breaks out in the spring through a narrow channel in the beach The next is in the manner already descrilx^d, and is salt or brackish. fresh and connected with Ikpilin by a small stream running along behind the beach. It is called Si'n-nyii, and receives a rivulet from a small fresh-water lake 3 or 4 miles inland. The third, Inie'kpiiu ("great water"), is also fi'esh, and has neither tributary nor outlet. The fourth, Imekpft'niglu, is brackish, and empties into Elson Bay by a small stream. Between this stream and the beach is a little fresh-water pond close to the bend of Elson Bay, which is called Kikyukta'ktoro, from one or two little islands (kikyu'kti;) near one end of it. Back from the shori^ the land is but slightly elevated, and is marshy and interspersed with numy small lakes and ponds, sometimes conThis marsh passes gradually into nected by inconsiderable streams. rolling plain, stretching back inland from and drier higlier a somewhat Dr. Simpson, on higher gradually to the south. growing and the cliffs the authority of the Point Barrow natives, describes the country as "uniforndy low, and full of small lakes or pools of fresh water to a distance of about 50 miles from the north shore, where the surfiice becomes undulating and hilly, and, farther south, mountainous."' This description has been substantially verified by Lieut. Ray's explorations. South of the usual deer-hunting ground of the natives he found the laud decidedly bi-oken and hilly, and rising gradually txi a considerable range of mountains, running apiiroximately east and west, which could be seen from the farthest point he reached.^ The natives al-so speak of high rocky land "a long way oft" to the east," wliich some of them liave visited for the purpose of hunting the mountain sheep. The low rolling plain in the immediate vicinity of Poiut Barrow, which is all of the country that could be visited b,\' i>ur party when the land was clear of snow, presents the general appearance of a country overspread with glacial drift. The landscajJC is strikingly like the rolling drift hills of Cape Cod, and this resemblance is increased by the absence of trees and the occurrence of ponds in all the depressions. There are no rocks in situ visible in this region, and '. Arctic papers, p. 233. S. Interuational Polar Kxpcdition tu I'oint Barrow, p. 28.. ^Report U..

TOI'UGKAPHV OF THK COUNTRY.. MURDOCH.]. large bowkleivs arc abseut, while pebbles larger tbau the. The surface of the grouud. eovered with a thiii. 29 fist. are rare.. supporting a rather sparse vegetation of grass, floweriug plants, creeping willows, and mosses, which is thicker on the higher liillsides and forms a layer of turf about a foot thick. Large tracts of comparatixely level ground are almost bare of grass, and consist of irregular hummocks of black, muddy soil, scantily covered with light-colored lichens and full of small pools.. The lowlands,. is. soil,. especially those back of the beach lagoons, are. and si)haguum. Tlie whole surexceedingly wet in summer, except the higher knolls and hillsides, and for about 100 yards back from the edge of the cliiis. The thawing, lioweAcr, extends down only about a foot or eighteen inches. Beyond this depth the ground is perpetually frozen f(n- an mar.shes, tliickly covei-cd with grass. face of the land. is. unknown. distance. There are no streams of any importance in the immediate neighborhood of Point Barrow. On the other hand, three of the rivers emptying into the Arctic Ocean between Point Barrow and the Colville, which Dr. Simpson speaks of as " small and hardly known except to persons who liave ^^sited them," have been found to be considerable streams. Two of these were visited by Lieut. Bay in his exploring trips in 1882 and 1883. The tir.st, Kua'ru, is reached after traveling about 50 miles from Point Barrow in a southerly- direction. It has been traced ()nly for a small part of its course, and there is reason to believe, from what the natives say, that it is a tributary of the second named river. Lieut. Ray visited the upper part of the second river, Kulugrua (named by him "Meade River'"), in March, 1882, when he went out to Join the native deer lituiters encamped on its banks, just on the edge of the hilly country. On his return he visited what the natives assured him was the mouth of this river, and obtained observations for its geographical position. Early in Aju-il, 18SS, he again visited the upper portion of the stream, and traced it back some distance into the hilly country. The intermediate portion has never been sur veyed. At the time of each of his visits tln^ river was, of course, frozen and the ground covered with snow, but he was able to see that the river was of considerable size, upwards of 200 yards wide where he first reached it, about 00 miles from its mouth, and .showing evidences of a large volume of water in the spring. It receives .several tributaries. (See maps. Pis. I and ii.) '. The. third river. is. known only. called I'kpikpufi (Great Cliff),. b.\. and. day's journeys) east of Kulu'grua.. is. It. hearsay from the natives. It is about 40 miles (estimated from is described as being a larger and. more rapid stream than the other two, and so deep that it does not freeze down to the bottom on the shallow bars, as they say Kulu'grua does. Not far from its mouth it is said to receive a tributary from the east flowing out of a great lake of fresh water, called Tft'.syukpun (Great Lake.) This lake is separated from the sea by a comparatively '. Op.. cit., p.. 235..

THK POINT BARROW ESKIMO.. 30. aud is so large that a man staiicliug on the uorthcau uot see the "very high" land on the southern. It takes ern shore an umiak a day to travel the length of the lake under sail with a fair wind, and when the Xunataniniun coming from the south first saw the lake they said "Taxaio!" (the sea). On Capt. Maguire's map' this lake is laid down by the name uarroTV strip of land,. "Taso'kpoh" "from native report." It is rei)resented as lying between Smith Bay and Harrison Bay, and connected with each by a stream. Maguire seems to have heard nothing of Ikpikpuu. This lake is not mentioned in the body of the leport. Dr. Simpson, however,^ speaks of it in the following words: "They [i. c, the trading parties when they reach Smith Bay] enter a river which conducts them to a lake, or rather series of lakes, and descend another stream which joins the sea in Harrison Bay." They are well acquainted with the Colville Hiver, which in their intercourse with us they usually called "the river at Ni'galek," N5'gal6k being the well known name of the trading camp at the mouth. It was also sometimes spoken of as the "river of the Xunataumiun." The Mackenzie River is known as "Kupuii" (great river). We found them also acquainted with the large unexplored river called "Kok" on the maps, which flows into Wainwright Inlet. They called it " Ku" (the river). The river "CJogrua," which is laid down on the charts as emptying into Peard Bay, was never mentioned by the Point Barrow natives, but we were inlorined by Capt. Gifford, of the whaler Daniel Webster, who traveled along the coast from Point Barrow to Cape Lisburne after the loss of his vessel in 1881, that it is quite a considerable stream. He had to ascend it for about a day's .jouruey 20 miles, according to Capt.. —^before he found. Hooper''. —. it. shallow enough to ford.. CLIMATE. The climate of. this region is thoroughly arctic in character, the. mean. annual temi)erature being 8^ F., ranging from 65° to —.52° F. Such temperatures as the last mentioned are, however, rare, the ordinary winter temperature being between —20° and —.30° F., rarely rising during December, January, February, and March as high as zero, and The winter merges insensibly by still more rarely passing beyond it. slow degrees into summer, with occasional "cold snaps," and frosty nights begin again by the 1st of September. The sun is entirely below the horizon at Point Barrow for 72 days in the winter, beginning November 15, though visible by refraction a day or two later at the beginning of this period and a day or two earlier at the end. The nudday darkness is never complete even at the winter solstice, as the sun is such a short distance below the horizon, biit the time suitable for outdoor employments is limited to a short twilight from a. m. to 3 p. m. Theie is, of course, an equal time in the summer Pari. Rep.,. 1854, vol. 42,. opp. p. 186.. >0p.. cit.,. p. 265.. 'Corwin Report,. p. 72..

CLIMATE.. jiuEDorR.]. •when the sun before and. is. coutimially above the horizon, and for about a. 31. month. after this ])erio(l the twilight is so bright all night that. no. stars are visible.. The snowfall during the winter is comparatively small. There is probably not more than a foot of snow on a level anywhere on the land, though it is extremely difficult to measure or estimate, as it is so tine and dry that it is easily moved by the wind and is constantly in motion) forming deep, heavy, hard drifts under all the banks, while many exposed places, esi)ecially the top of the sand beach, are swe])t entirely The snow begins to soften and melt about the first week in clean. AprU, but goes off very slowly, so that the ground is not wholly bare before the middle or end of June. The grass, h(»wever, begins to turn green early in June, and a few flowers are seen in blossom as early as June. 7 or 8.. Rain begins to fall as early as April, but cold, snowy days are not uncommon later than that date. There is a good deal of clear, calm weather during the winter, and extremely low temperatures are seldom accomViolent storms are not uncommon, however, panied by high wind. especially in November, during the latter part of January, and in February. One gale from the south and southwest, which occurred Januaiy The most agreeable 22, 1882, rea.clied a velocity of 100 miles an hour. season of the year is between the middle of May and the end of July, when the sea opens. After this there is mucli foggy and cloudy weather. Fresh-water i>onds begin to freeze about the last week in September, and by the first or second week in October everything is sufficiently fisli through the ice of Melting begins with the thawing of the snow, but the larger ponds are not clear of ice till the middle or end of July. The sea in most seasons is permanently closed by freezing and the moving in of heavy ice fields fi-oni about the middle of October to the end of July. The heavy ice in ordinary seasons does not move very far from the shore, while the sea is more or less encumbered with floating nnisses all summer. These usually ground on a bar which runs from the Sealiorse Islands along the shore parallel to it and about 1,000 yards distant, forming a "barrier" or "laud-floe" of high, broken hummocks, inshore of which the sea freezes over smooth and undisturbed by the pressure of the outer pack. Sometimes, however, the heavy pack, under the pressure of violent and long-continued westerly winds, pushes across the bar and is forced up on the beach. The ice sometimes comes in with great rapidity. The natives informed us that a year or two before the station was established the heavy ice came in against the village cliffs, tearing away part of the bank and destroying a house on the edge of the chft" so suddenly that one of the inmates, a large, stout man, was unable to escai>e through the trap-door and was crushed to death. Outside of the land-floe the ice is a broken pack, consisting of hummocks of fragmentary old and new ice, interspersed with comparatively level fields of the former. During the. frozen for the natives to travel with sledges to. the inland rivers..

THE rolNT BARROW ESKIMO.. 32 early part of. tlic. winter. tliis. pack. tinies ujoviny northeastward with. is. most of the time. tiie. in. motion, souie-. prevailing cnrrent and grinding. along the edge of the barrier, sometimes inoviug oft' to sea before an offshore wind, leaving "leads" of open water, whieh in calm weather are immediately covered with new ice (at the rate of 6 inches in 24 hours), and again coming in with greater or less violence against the edges of Portions this new ice, ^^rushing and crumpling it up against the harrier. of the landfloe even tioat ofi' and move away with the pack at this season. The westerly gales of the later winter, however, bring in great quantities of ice, which, i)ressing against the land-floe, are pushed up into hummocks and ground flrndyin deeper water, thus inc-reasing the breadth of the tixed land-tioe until the line of separation between the laud-floe and the moving pack is 4 or .5 (tr sometimes even 8 miles fiom laud. The hummocks of the land-floe show a tendency to arrange themselves in lines parallel to the shore, and if the pressure has not been too great there are often ttelds of ice of the season not over 4 feet thick between In tlie ranges of luimmocks, as was the case in the winter of 1881-'82. the following year, however, the pi-essure Avas so great that there were no such fields, and even the level ice inside of the barrier was crushed into. hummocks. in. many. places.. After the gales are over there is genei-ally less motion in the pack, until about the middle of April, when easterly winds usually cause leads to open at the edge of the land-floe. These leads now continue to open and sliut, varying in size with the direction and force of the wind. As the season advances, especially in <TuIy, the melting of the ice on the surface loosens portions of the land-floe, which float oft' and join the pack, bi'inging the leads nearer to the shore. In the meantime the level shore ice has been cut away ft't^m the beach by the warm water I'unniug down ti'om the land and has grown "rotten" and full of holes from the heat of the sun. By the time the outside ice has moved away so as to leave only the floes grounded on the bar the in.side ice breaks up into loose masses, moving uj) and down with wind and current and ready Portions of the reto move ott' through the first break in tlie barrier. maining barrier gradually break off and at last the whole finally floats and moves out with the pack, sometimes, as in 1881 a very remarkable season moving out of sight from the land. This final departure of the ice may take jihu'c at any time between the middle of July and the middle of August. East of Point Barrow we had opiiortunities only for hasty and superficial observations of tlie state of the ice. The land floe appears to fonn some distance outside of the sandy islands, and from the account of the natives there is much open water along shore early in tlie season, caused by the breaking uji of the rivers. Dr. Simpson' learned from the natives tliat the trading l)arties which left the Point about the 1st of July found open water at Dease Inlet. This is more definite information than we were able to obtain. "We only learned that they counted on finding open water a. —. few days' journey east.. —.

PHYSICAL CHAKACTERI.STICS OF THK PEOPLE.. 33. THE PEOPLE. PIIY.'^ICAL. stature these. Ill. ])e()ple. are. (if. CHARACTERISTICS. a inediuiii lieij;lit,. robust and iimseular,. "iueliuiug rather to spareiie.ss thau eorpuleuee,"- though the I'ulhiess of the face aud the thick fiir clothing often gives the inipres.sion of. There. however, consideral)k' individual vaiiation among Tlie women are as a ride shorter tlian the men, occasionally almost dwarfish, thimgli some women are taller thau many of the men. The tallest man observed measured 5 feet 9i inches, and the hitter.. them. is,. in this respect.. The tallest woman was 5 feet 3 inches in and the shortest -t feet i inch. The lieaA-icst man weighed 204 pounds and the lightest 12() pounds. One woman weighed 102 pounds aud tlie shortest woman was also the lightest, weighing only Kill pounds.^ The hands and feet are small and well shaped, though the former .soon become distorted and roughened by work. "We did not observe the lieculiar breadth of hands noticed by Dr. Simpson, nor is the slutrtness of the thumb which lie mentions sufficient to attract attention.^ Their feet are so small that only one of our party, who is much below the ordinary size, was able to wear the boots made by the natives for themSmall and delicate hands and feet apjicar to be a universal selves. characteristic of the Eskimo race and have been mentioned by most observers from Greenland to Alaska.* The features of these pc-ojile have been described by Dr. Simpson,* and are distinctively Eskimo in type, as will be seen by comparing the accompanying portraits (Figs. 1, 2, 3, aud 4, from photographs by Lieut. Ray) with the many pictures brought from the eastern Ai-ctic the shortest 4 feet 11 inches. height,. '. Op.. cit.,. p. 264.. 'SiTDp.sc>n, op.. ('it.,. p. 238.. "See Report of Poiut Barrow E.vpeclilioii, j). 50, for a. table of measurements of a number of individuals selected at random from the natives of both villages and their visitors. «0p. cit., p. 238. »D.->vi8 (1586) speaks of the "auiall, slender bands ,ind feet" of the Greenlandera. Uaklujt's Voyages, etc. (1589), p. 782.. "Their hands and feet are little and soft." Crantz, vol. 1, p. 133 (Greenlandl. feet "extremely diminutive," Parry 1st Voy., p. 282 (Baffin Landi. "Their hands and feet are small and well formed." Kundien Contrili., p. 15 (Ciunberland Gulf). "Feet extraordinarily small." Ellis, Voyage, etc., it. 132 (Hudson Strait). Franklin (1st Exp., vol. 2, p. 180) mentions the small hands and feet of the two old Eskimo that he met at the Bloody Fall of the Coppermine River. boots purchased on the coast were seldom large enough for our jteople." Richardson. Hands and. ".... Searching Exp.,. i,. p. 344. (Cape Bathurst).. "Their hands and feet are small." Petroff, Report, etc., p. 134 (Kuskoquim River). C'happell (Hudson Bay, pp. 59, 60) has a remarkable theory to account for the smallness of the extremities among the people of Hudson Strait. He believes that "the same intense cold which restricts vegetation to the form of creeping shrubs has also its effect upon the growth of mankind, preventing the extremities from attaining their due proportion" 'Op. cit., p. 238. !. 9. ETH. 3.

34. THE POINT HAKKOW. Flii.. 1.— Uualiua,. !i. man. K.SKIMO.. iif. Nuwuk..

35. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS.. regions by various explorers, some of which might easily pass for portraits of persons of our acquaintauee at Point Barrow.' The face is broad, tlat, anil round, with liigh eheek bones and rather. low forehead, broad across the brow and narrowing above, while the head is somewhat pointed toward the crown. The peculiar shape of the. FlQ.. 2.. —M&mtlniDa.. a woiiiau of. Nuwtik.. somewhat masked by the way of wearing the hair, and is best The nose is short, with little or no bridge (few Eskimo were able to wear oui- spring eye-glasses), and broad, es])ecially across the alae uasce, with a peculiar rouuded, somewhat bulbous tip, head. is. seen in the skull.. ' One young man at Point Barrow looks remarkably like the well ber him in Boston in the winter of 186a-'63.. known "Eskimo Joe,". as I. remem-.

THE rOINT BARROW ESKIMO.. 36 and large. nostrils.. The eyes are horizontal/ with rather. fnll lids,. and. are but slightly sunken below the level of the faee.. The mouth. is. large. and the. under one. The and generally regidar,. lips full, especially the. teeth are naturally large, and in youth are white. but by middle age they are generally worn down to Hat-crowned stumps, as is usual among the Eskimo. The color of the skin is a light yellowish. Fio. 3. Akfibiana, a youth of Utkiavwiii.. brown, with often considerable ruddy color on the cheeks and lips. There appears to be much natural variation in the complexion, some women being nearly as fair as pjuropeans, while other individuals seem to have naturally a coppery color.'- In most cases the complexion appears darker than it really is from the eflects of exjiosure to the weather. All sunburn very easily, especially iu the spring when there is a strong reflection from the snow. '. The expression. of obliquity in the eyes, mentioned by Dr. Simpson (op. eit., p. 239), seems to me to tlie cheek bones. I may bo mistaken, liowever, as no careful compari-. have arisen from the shape of sons were made on the spot. '. Frobisher says of the people of Baffin Laud Hakluyt's Voyages, etc. (1589), p. 627.. man.". :. '. Their colour. is. not. much unlike the sunburnt countrle.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS.. MCRDOCH.l. The. 37. old are inncli wrinkled, and tliey freriiieiitly suffer from watery under them, wliich begin to form at a compara-. eyes, with large tracks. tively early age.. There. is. considerable variation in features, as well as. among them, even. in cases where there seems to be no susmixed blood. There were several men among them with decided aquiline noses and something of a Hebrew cast of countenance.. complexioTi,. picion of. Fig.. 4.. — Puka,. a young. man. of Utkiuvwiu.. The eyes are of various shades of dark brown— two pairs of light hazel eyes were observed and are often handsome. The hair is black, perfectly straight, and very thick. With the men it is generally coarser than with the women, who sometimes have very long and silky hair, though it generally does not reach much below the shoulders. The eyebrows are thin and the beai'd scanty, growing mostly upon the upper In this they lil> and chin, and seldom appearing under the age of 20. resemble most Eskimo. Back,' however, speaks of the "luxuriant. —. '. Journey,. etc., p. 289..