Evacuation Road, Shelter Plan and Preparedness for Tsunami Disaster Mitigation

Evacuation Road, Shelter Plan and Preparedness for Tsunami Disaster Mitigation in Watulimo District, Trenggalek Regency, Indonesia

Article  in  Disaster Advances · April 2020

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Evacuation Road, Shelter Plan and Preparedness for Tsunami Disaster Mitigation in Watulimo District,

Trenggalek Regency, Indonesia

Usman Fadly^1*, Anwar M. Ruslin², Murakami Keisuke³, Shoimah Fadhilatus¹ and Sari Indah C.¹

1. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Brawijaya University, Malang, INDONESIA 2. Department of Civil Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang, INDONESIA 3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Miyazaki, JAPAN

*fadlypwk@ub.ac.id, fadlypwkftub@gmail.com

Abstract

In every earthquake and tsunami event, an effort to evacuate to a safe place is the right choice. This is because after the earthquake, the damage caused is usually quite massive and there is little time to react in an attempt to evacuate to a safe place from the reach of the tsunami waves. Watulimo district is one of the districts in Trenggalek Regency which is located in coastal area and tsunami prone zone. The location of community settlements near the coast faced a risk of being affected by the tsunami disaster. The high density of settlements can cause economic losses in the surrounding community and cause loss of lives in the event of a tsunami disaster. There is no evacuation route and tsunami disaster management plan is also an urgency for the needs of evacuation route directives.

This study aims to identify and determine the location of the evacuation point (shelter) as well as compile the direction of the tsunami disaster evacuation route in the Watulimo District Coastal Area. Determination of temporary evacuation points is done by scoring and weighting techniques. Evacuation routes are analyzed using network analysis considering closest distance to the evacuation point. The results of the analysis of the evacuation route produce maps and directions for tsunami disaster evacuation routes in three coastal villages of Watulimo District Coastal Area.

Keywords: Tsunami, Evacuation, Shelter, ArcGIS, Network Analyst.

Introduction

Tsunami is large waves of water caused by disturbances on the seabed such as earthquakes. This disturbance forms waves that spread to all directions with wave speeds reaching 600-900 km/hour. Initially, the wave has a small amplitude (generally 30-60 cm) so it is not felt in the high seas, but the amplitude enlarges as it approaches the coast.

When it reaches the coast, tsunami sometimes hit land in the form of giant water walls (especially in large tsunamis), but the more common form is a sudden rise in water level. Rising water levels can reach 15-30 meters, cause flooding with current speeds of up to 90 km/hr, reach several kilometers from the coast, and cause great damage and casualties.

When a strong earthquake occurs, there is a high possibility of tsunami. Tsunami can come in a short time; therefore, the community must be alert and move quickly for tsunami evacuation. During the evacuation process, people were advised not to use motorized vehicles and approach the beach to see the receding seawater. The correct direction for evacuation is to run away from the beach or river. Then, they need to determine the nearest evacuation site to the house and make an evacuation map showing the evacuation route and signs.

If they do not have the chance to go to a hill or a high place, they have to find tall buildings that are strong enough to withstand a tsunami e.g. towers, antenna towers, tall trees or temporary evacuation sites that have been built by the government. In addition, all residents must know where to save themselves when a tsunami occurs. Quick response and cooperation are two keys to increasing mutual safety.

Trenggalek Regency is one of the coastal areas in the South Coast of East Java province that is prone to tsunami disaster.

Watulimo district is one of the areas located in the coastal zone of South Coast Trenggalek Regency directly facing to the Indian Ocean. Village areas included in the coastal area in Watulimo district are Prigi Village, Tasikmadu Village, and Karanggandu Village. Prigi Beach is stated as a prone area to tsunami and earthquake disasters.³

The potential of tsunami disaster in coastal areas can affect tourists’ safety and coastal communities in Prigi beach.

Location of community settlements close to the beach and knowledge of the community and tourists are still lacking in understanding danger threat of the tsunami disaster that can cause a high vulnerability in the event of a tsunami disaster, so it can take lives and property losses that can affect the economy of the surrounding community.

Prigi beach coastal area does not have a tsunami disaster mitigation plan such as a tsunami disaster contingency plan, disaster-based Prigi beach tourism development plan and an evacuation route in the tourist area and coastal settlement.

Therefore, research is needed for reducing the risk of tsunami disaster in Prigi coastal area. Tsunami risk reduction starts from identifying tsunami hazard, then planning disaster evacuation routes needed to reduce the number of losses and victims when Tsunami happens in Watulimo District Coastal Area.

Research Methods

Research on tsunami disaster risk reduction strategies in the Coastal Area of Trenggalek Regency is using quantitative and spatial analysis techniques. The quantitative analysis techniques used are scoring and weighting technique for determining the evacuation point. The spatial analysis technique is also performed using Arc GIS 10.5 with network analysis extension used to create evacuation path maps.

Research Variable: Variables of tsunami disaster evacuation are prepared by following SNI 7766 (2012) guidelines on tsunami evacuation routes using indicators sourced from Sea Defense Consultants^5,6, Suharyanto et al⁷, Ashar et al¹, Yamamoto et al⁸, Goto and Affan⁹, Oya et al¹² and Katada et al¹³. The variables and sub-variables in this study are listed in table 1.

Table 1 Research Variable

Purpose Variable Sub Variable Identifying and

analyzing the direction of the evacuation point location (shelter) in the Coastal Area Watulimo District Trenggalek Regency

Evacuation Point

 Land use (building function)

 Building area

 Number of building floors

 Building capacity

 Distance from the shoreline

 Location of the road

 Building Construction Making

directions for tsunami disaster evacuation routes in the Coastal Area of Watulimo District, Trenggalek Regency

Evacuation Road

 Road network (road class and road conditions)

 Travel time

 Standard width of the road

Research Analysis

Evacuation Point Analysis: Evacuation point analysis is measured by scoring analysis techniques to determine the most suitable evacuation point in the study area. The determination of the evacuation point is measured by several indicators including building function (land use), building area, number of building floors, building capacity, distance from the shoreline, location of the road and building construction. According to Suharyanto et al⁷, table 2 is scoring value of indicators for determining the evacuation point.

Class width is defined as the difference between upper limit of the class and lower limit of the class where this formula is used to measure categories in each parameter.

Determination of the class in this study will show the level of variable determination of evacuation point in the study area. Value of k which represents the class in this study is determined to be 4 classes. The total scoring results of all indicators will show the most suitable evacuation points in the Coastal Area Watulimo District, Trenggalek Regency, Indonesia.

Table 2

Evacuation Point Indicator Scoring Value Building

Condition Criteria Scoring Value Land use

(building function)

Residential 1

Health facility 2

Government or Private

Offices 3

School, Mosque 4

Number of building floors

One floor 1

Two floors 2

Three floors 3

> Three floors 4 Building

capacity

100 People 1

100 – 500 People 2 500 – 1000 People 3

>1000 People 4

Location of the road

Road side 1

Intersection of Local

Roads 2

Main Road Side 3

Intersection of Main

Roads 4

For other indicators including building area, and distance from the shoreline, the scoring value is determined using the Sturges formula. The Sturges method is used to determine the number of class or category intervals, and class width.

Sturges in Yusuf Wibisono¹⁰ introduces the formula about class width calculation using the following formula:

𝑐 = ^{𝑋𝑛−𝑋𝑖}

𝑘 (1) Note: c = estimated class size; k = number of classes; Xn = highest observation value and Xi = lowest observation value.

Evacuation Road Analysis: Evacuation road analysis is carried out spatially using network analysis. Network analysis is an analysis tool to process network data that forms a particular system or pattern. In this study, the pattern formed is the evacuation route by considering the closest distance.

Results and Discussion

Disaster evacuation planning in Coastal Area Watulimo District Trenggalek Regency includes determination of the

evacuation point which is done by scoring and weighting analysis techniques. The evacuation route is carried out through network analysis using a geographic information system application, namely Arc GIS.

Tsunami Hazard Prone Areas: Based on the Trenggalek District Regulation Number 15 of 2012 about Spatial Planning of the Trenggalek Regency Year 2012-2032, tsunami geological disaster-prone area has an area of approximately 5,538 hectares covering Watulimo District, Munjungan District, and Panggul District. Development of the tsunami disaster evacuation route includes roads leading to hilly areas in Panggul District, Munjungan District, and Watulimo District.

Figure 1: Satellite Image of Coastal Area Watulimo District Trenggalek Regency

Prevention of tsunami-prone areas has funding sources from the district APBD with implementing agencies namely Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Bina Marga dan Pengairan serta Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD). Thus, in 2019 an evaluation can be conducted regarding how prevention of tsunami-prone areas has been carried out by Trenggalek Regency Government.

Tsunami Hazard affected Areas: Two-third of Trenggalek Regency total area is mountain range with an altitude of 0 - 690 meters above the sea level. The majority of Trenggalek Regency has steep terrain of more than 40% covering ± 57,611 Ha, most of this land is critical land that is vulnerable to liquefaction, one of its areas is Watulimo District.

Watulimo District is an area with mountain topography and is located in southern coast of the Java island.

Areas of potential tsunami hazard are used to identify areas that are at locations with high, medium and low potential hazards. Determination of potential areas of tsunami hazard using tsunami hazard map is issued by German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) based on elevation accuracy (topography), water depth (bathymetry), and wave height.

Figure 2: Satellite Image of Topography Coastal Area Watulimo District Trenggalek Regency

Figure 3: Tsunami Hazard Affected Area Watulimo District Trenggalek Regency

Tsunami hazard maps provide information about possibility of tsunami affected areas; classification of tsunami hazard categories shows areas in red that may be affected by large tsunamis with certain wave heights. Table 3 shows the classification of tsunami hazard categories based on the range of tsunami wave height defined by BMKG in the Trenggalek District Tsunami Hazard Map issued by GITEWS.

Tabel 3

Tsunami Hazard Classification Based on Estimated Wave Height

Tsunami Category

BMKG Warning

Level

Wave Height at Coastline

Hazard Zone

Tsunami Warning ≥ 3 meters Red Major

Tsunami

Major Warning

< 3 meters Red- Yellow Source : BMKG in Tsunami Hazard Map (GITEWS)

Tsunami Evacuation Point Analysis: Land use that is used as an evacuation point takes precedence in the form of public facilities. The building area is used to estimate capacity, the displaced space needs are obtained from the building area divided by the minimum space requirement per person 1.64 m². Evacuation points to be determined must be able to serve

and accommodate according to the needs of space for refugees to be accommodated.

Figure 4: Map of Potential Shelters Evacuation Distribution for Tsunami Disaster in Karanggandu

Village

Determination of evacuation point considers accessibility in the form of ease of achieving the location where temporary evacuation points are located close to the main roads in the Coastal Area Watulimo District, Trenggalek Regency.

Karanggandu Village, Watulimo District has 15 potential evacuation point locations that can be used as temporary evacuation shelters (TES) as in figure 4.

Prigi Village, Watulimo District has 16 potential evacuation point locations that can be used as temporary evacuation shelters (TES) as in figure 5.

Figure 5: Map of Potential Shelters Evacuation Distribution for Tsunami Disaster in Prigi Village Tasikmadu Village, Watulimo District has 18 potential evacuation point locations that can be used as temporary evacuation shelters (TES) as in figure 6.

Figure 6: Map of Potential Shelters Evacuation Distribution for Tsunami Disaster in Tasikmadu Village Determination of evacuation points in the Coastal Area Watulimo District Trenggalek Regency considers several indicators including building function (land use) (A), number of building floors (B), building floor area (C), building capacity (D), location of road (E), distance from the shoreline (F), and construction of buildings (G).

Based on 15 potential evacuation points, 3 evacuation point locations are very suitable, 5 evacuation point locations are quite suitable and 7 evacuation point locations are less appropriate. From 15 potential evacuation points, 8 evacuation points that are very suitable and quite suitable, are chosen as temporary evacuation points (TES) for the tsunami disaster in Karanggandu Village, Watulimo District.

Based on consideration of the capacity of affected communities, 8 locations of the selected evacuation points have a capacity of 7179 people so that they can meet the needs of the number of affected people as many as 7169 people.

Figure 7: Evacuation Shelters Photo Mapping of Karanggandu Village

Table 4

Determination of Tsunami Evacuation Building Points in Karanggandu Village, Watulimo District

Code Name Scoring Total

Score Classification A B C D E F G

B1 Karanggandu Village Meeting Hall 3 1 2 2 3 2 3 16 Not Suitable

A1 Ar – Rohim Mosque 4 1 3 3 1 4 3 19 Middle

C1 Karanggandu 02 Elementary School 4 1 3 2 3 1 3 17 Not Suitable C2 Karanggandu 04 Elementary School 4 1 2 2 1 1 3 14 Not Suitable

C3 Karanggandu Elementary School 4 4 4 4 2 3 3 24 Suitable

A2 Darus Tsanawi Mosque 4 4 3 3 2 3 3 22 Suitable

A3 Baitus Salam Gandu Mosque 4 1 3 2 2 3 3 18 Middle

A4 Darul Ulum Mosque 4 4 4 4 1 3 3 23 Suitable

A5 Al Falaq Mosque 4 1 1 2 1 3 3 15 Not Suitable

A6 Al-Amin Mosque 4 1 3 2 3 4 3 20 Middle

A7 At Taubat Mosque 4 1 1 2 1 1 3 13 Not Suitable

A8 Ar – Rahman Mosque 4 1 3 2 2 3 3 18 Middle

A9 Darul Falaq Mosque 4 1 3 2 1 4 3 18 Middle

A10 Baiturrohim Mosque 4 1 1 2 3 2 3 16 Not Suitable

A11 At-Tanwir Mosque 4 1 1 2 3 1 3 15 Not Suitable

Table 5

Determination of Tsunami Evacuation Building Points in Prigi Village, Watulimo District

Code Name Scoring Total

Score Classification

A B C D E F G

A1 An-Nur Mosque 4 1 1 2 3 2 3 16 Not Suitable

C1 Muhammadiyah Watulimo Vocational High School 4 4 2 4 1 2 3 20 Suitable

D1 Watulimo Health Center 4 4 1 4 3 2 3 21 Suitable

C2 Watulimo 01 Junior High School 4 1 4 4 3 2 3 21 Suitable

B1 Prigi Village Meeting Hall 3 1 1 2 4 2 3 16 Not Suitable

C3 Trenggalek 04 Junior High School 4 1 2 4 2 3 3 19 Middle

A2 Romadlon Mosque 4 1 1 1 1 3 3 14 Not Suitable

A3 Baitul Muslimin Mosque 4 1 1 1 1 4 3 15 Not Suitable

C4 Watulimo 01 Vocational High School 4 4 3 4 1 4 3 23 Suitable

C5 PRIGI I Elementary School 4 4 2 4 1 4 3 22 Suitable

A4 Nurul Huda Mosque 4 1 1 2 1 4 3 16 Not Suitable

E1 Prigi Telecommunication Company 3 1 2 3 3 1 3 16 Not Suitable

A5 Jamiatul Muslimin Mosque 4 4 1 2 3 1 3 18 Middle

C6 PRIGI II Elementary School 4 4 1 3 3 1 3 19 Middle

B2 Watulimo Security Defense Office 3 1 1 3 3 2 3 16 Not Suitable

B3 Watulimo District Meeting Hall 3 1 1 2 3 2 3 15 Not Suitable

Figure 7 shows a photo mapping of evacuation shelters points in Karanggandu Village, Watulimo District. TES with very suitable classifications includes Karanggandu Elementary School, Darus Tsanawi Mosque and Darul Ulum Mosque where these three buildings have two floors of the building. TES with quite suitable classification includes the Ar-Rohim Mosque, Baitus Salam Gandu Mosque, Al-Amin Mosque, Ar-Rohman Mosque, and Darul Falaq Mosque where these five buildings have one floor of the building but are located quite far from the shoreline.

Based on 16 potential evacuation points, 5 evacuation point locations are very suitable, 3 evacuation point locations are quite suitable and 8 evacuation point locations are less appropriate. Out of 16 potential evacuation points, 6

locations that are very suitable and quite suitable are chosen as temporary evacuation points (TES) for the tsunami disaster in Prigi village, Watulimo District. Based on consideration of the capacity of affected communities, 6 evacuation points are chosen to have a capacity of 11,321 people so that they can meet the needs of 7508 people affected people.

Figure 8 is a photo mapping of the evacuation shelters of Prigi village, Watulimo District. TES with very suitable classification includes Muhammadiyah Watulimo Vocational School, Watulimo Public Health Center, State Vocational School 01 Watulimo and Prigi I Elementary School. TES with quite appropriate classification includes Jami'atul Muslimin Mosque and Prigi II Elementary School.

All selected Prigi village TES has two floors of buildings and most are located on the side of the main road. Watulimo 1 Public Middle School has a very appropriate classification but was not chosen as the Prigi village TES because the building is preferred by having more than one floor.

Based on 18 potential evacuation points, 6 evacuation point locations are very suitable, 7 evacuation point locations are quite appropriate and 5 evacuation point locations are less appropriate. From 18 potential evacuation points, 9 evacuation points locations that are very suitable and quite suitable, are chosen as temporary tsunami evacuation shelters (TES) in Tasikmadu Village, Watulimo District.

Based on consideration of capacity for the affected communities, 9 evacuation locations chosen have a capacity of 12,178 people so that they are able to meet the needs of affected people as many as 12,155 people.

Figure 9 is a photo mapping of the evacuation shelters of Tasikmadu Village, Watulimo District. TES with very suitable classification includes Tasikmadu Village Office, Jami 'Rohmatul Bahri Mosque, Tasikmadu Village Community Flat, Jami' Tasikmadu Mosque, As Salam

Mosque and Al Hidayah Mosque where the five buildings have two building floors and one other building that has four building floors.

TES with quite suitable classification includes Hidayatulloh Mosque, Al I’anah Mosque and Baitul Wahid Mosque where all three buildings have only one floor of the building but are located far from the beach. The other four buildings have quite appropriate classification but are not chosen because the selected TES location was able to accommodate the people of Tasikmadu Village so that only 9 TES locations are taken with the highest total scoring value.

Tsunami Evacuation Road Analysis: The evacuation route aims to minimize the negative impacts generated by the tsunami disaster. Evacuation routes in residential areas need to be considered because a certain plot or block of environment can be mapped according to the existing road hierarchy in the planning area. The research was conducted to identify the rescue route through the availability of good and safe evacuation routes, ease of accessibility of disaster- based roads and considering the location of refugees.

Figure 8 : Evacuation Shelters Photo Mapping of Prigi Village

Table 6

Determination of Tsunami Evacuation Building Points in Tasikmadu Village, Watulimo District

Code Name Scoring Total

Score Classification A B C D E F G

B1 Tasikmadu Village Meeting Hall 3 4 2 4 4 1 3 21 Suitable A1 Jami’ Rohmatul Bahri Mosque 4 4 3 4 4 1 3 23 Suitable

A2 Al Istiqomah Mosque 4 1 1 1 3 1 3 14 Not Suitable

A3 Hidayatulloh Mosque 4 1 2 3 3 4 3 20 Middle

C1 Tasikmadu 01 Elementary School 4 1 3 3 3 1 3 18 Middle C2 Tasikmadu 02 Elementary School 4 1 3 3 3 1 3 18 Middle

B2 Jatim Bank 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 13 Not Suitable

D1 Tasikmadu Football Field 3 1 4 4 1 1 0 14 Not Suitable

E1 Tasikmadu Community Flats 2 4 4 4 3 1 3 21 Suitable

A4 Jami’ Tasikmadu Mosque 4 4 3 4 2 1 3 21 Suitable

C3 Tasikmadu 03 Elementary School 4 1 3 3 3 1 3 18 Middle

F1 Tasikmadu New Market 3 1 4 4 1 1 3 17 Middle

A5 Agung Al Fatah Mosque 4 1 1 2 1 1 3 13 Not Suitable

A6 As-Salam Mosque 4 4 2 4 4 1 3 22 Suitable

A7 Baitul Wahid Mosque 4 1 3 3 3 2 3 19 Middle

A8 Al-I’anah Mosque 4 1 2 3 3 3 3 19 Middle

A9 Al Hidayah Mosque 4 4 3 4 4 2 3 24 Suitable

A10 Da’watul Muttaqin Mosque 4 1 1 1 1 2 3 13 Not Suitable

Figure 7: Evacuation Map of Karanggandu Planning an effective and easily accessible evacuation route

for the community used the shortest path analysis (Network analysis technique) with a Geographic Information System (GIS) tool, so that it can find the shortest path to the evacuation point (shelter area). Aspects considered in the analysis are the distance from origin to destination, travel time, and road width. Determination of travel time to the evacuation point is based on the average speed of walking during disaster evacuation using a speed of 1.07 m / sec.

Karanggandu village has an area of 5,287 Ha and a population of 7,237 residents. Based on the results of network analysis by ArcGIS, Karanggandu village has 12 evacuation routes to 8 selected temporary evacuation shelters (TES). Prigi village has an area of 777 Ha, and a population of 7,564 residents. Prigi village has 10 evacuation routes to 6 selected temporary evacuation shelters (TES).

Tasikmadu village has an area of 2,845 Ha and a population of 12,312 residents. Tasikmadu village has 14 evacuation routes to 9 selected temporary evacuation shelters (TES) (figure 7, 8 and 9).

Figure 8: Map of Prigi Village Evacuation Road

Figure 9 : Evacuation Map of Tasikmadu

Conclusion

In this research, several stages of analysis were carried out particularly related to the mitigation strategy for the tsunami disaster by evacuation. Tsunami affected areas were obtained from a tsunami hazard analysis based on data from the Trenggalek District Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) and the German-Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS). From these two spatial data, it can be seen that the most vulnerable settlement area affected by the tsunami disaster is Desa Prigi because it has the lowest topography compared to the other two villages.

Determination of evacuation point is carried out by considering land use, number of building floors, building area, building capacity, distance from shoreline, location of the road and building construction. Based on the potential evacuation points obtained, temporary evacuation points can already accommodate population affected by tsunami

hazard. Then spatial analysis is carried out using Network Analyst GIS. By using ArcGIS software, evacuation route can be determined by considering distance and travel time in order to obtain fastest route from the settlement to the nearest temporary evacuation shelters (TES).

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to express their gratitude towards Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, Research and Community Service (BPP FT- UB) through the Doctoral Service program for funding this research.

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(Received, accepted)