explorations and field-workof the

6.—Small glacier in an amphitheater on the eastern slope of Mount Breese (see fig. 5) with a steep talus slope extending from the base of the glacier almost to the waters of the lake. From one of these camps (fig. 11), geological sections of the Cambrian rocks on the eastern slope of Mount Thomson were measured.

H SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

As shown in figure i (front), the flood plain at the foot of the glacier extends for nearly a mile to the edge of the lake, which is a good illustration of the mode of glacial infilling. At a salt flat on the west branch of the Saskatchewan River many . goats were seen.

20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

GEOLOGICAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL FIELD-WORK The field-work of the Division of Geology during- 1918 was limited

Collections of two to four samples were obtained from each of the seven varieties of rocks showing the fresh and intermediate steps in the present stage. In each case the oxidation has proceeded sufficiently to result in the formation of red or yellow.

22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL

Resser, several days were spent studying "the stratigraphy of the valley and collecting" minerals and. Magnetite often appears well crystallized, but the mineralogical interest of the locality lies in the minerals of copper, iron and magnesium silicates which are formed with the magnetite.

FIELD-WORK OF THE SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY

Aldrich, the difference would be that they would reflect away about 39 percent of the sun's rays, rendering them ineffective at warming the earth. The current station was chosen as the most cloud-free to be found on land, and they have been able to observe about 75 percent of the days since July 27.

30 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. JO of meteorological observations there in former years led us to hope

THR COLLIXS-CARXER FRENCH CONGO EXPEDITION

However, war conditions greatly delayed the arrival of the first members of the party in Africa and Mr. We have forwarded six consignments of specimens to the Museum and have a seventh on the way; but we find great difficulty in getting the steamers to take them from Port Gentil (Cap Lopez), as they are all under the direction of the French military authorities.

EXPEDITION TO BORNEO AND CELEBES

During the hot part of the day the buffaloes spend most of their time in a pond or pool, with all but their heads under water, paying little or no attention to the children who climb over them and dive off their backs not. 36 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70 in Celebes until the end of August 1916 .. remained in the central part of the island until March 1918.

38 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

After finding the animal's den, they try to drive it out by inserting stakes into the passages where there is only one exit. To make sure he doesn't cut the animal off from the entrance to his den, the search starts a few meters away.

NO. 2 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I918 4I

MARINE BIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN CALIFORNIA

BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN ECUADOR

46 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

52.- A view of the Quinta Normal at Ambato, the first .\gricultural experiment station established in Ecuador, .\ugusto N. Much is being done here to alleviate the condition of the poor in southern Ecuador.

BOTANICAL FIELD-WORK IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES

A few days were spent near Long's Peak, Colorado, headquarters being Long's Peak \\\w. Long's Peak lies a little to the south-west, on an aerial line of four and. A short distance to the northwest is Estes Cone, a sim-. metric peak, isolated about 11,000 meters high. One trip was made to the summit of the Twin Sisters and another to the summit of Long's Peak.

52 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

On the morning of the second day the climb to the summit began and the summit was reached around noon. In this environment, the trees are hampered by the force of the wind and can develop on their own. The forest on the slopes of the mountain consists mainly of four species: aspen, Englemann fir and two species of pine.

56 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70 around Long's Peak Inn and the lower slopes of the mountains

58 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

Probably the most beautiful of the mountain flowers is the columbine (Aqitilci^ia cocnilca), with large blue. They were, according to such evidence as we possess (crania, etc.), a homogeneous stock, physically related to the type of the Eastern Algonquins. Of the Seminoles, four individuals were met with among the islands, two of whom were thoroughbreds.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL WORK IN PERU AND BOLIVIA

Although it is only approx. 85 feet in height, this small building is remarkable for the attractive arabesque patterns made in the stucco of the walls. The western end of the main room was provided with a platform raised about 3 feet above the rest of the floor. It is now not possible to know exactly what kind of roof there was, because the wind has eroded the top of the walls and signs of roof beams or beams are no longer visible.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD-WORK IN SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO AND UTAH

70 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70 walls of the remainder of the ruin is shown in the view of a model

Among these are well-built rock houses, one of the best preserved of which is. There is another house (fig. 84) in a ceremonial cave, consisting of a single circular kiva of the Mesa \erde tower-shaped .. type, McLean Basin, Utah. Photo by J. Walter Fewkes.. surrounded by rectangular chambers, occupying the entire floor of the cave.

76 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

The character of the environment of this region is shown in the view up Fish Creek (fig. 85), a craggy gorge, the mouth of which is visible to travelers on the road to Roosevelt Dam. These are villages typical of the plains of southern Arizona. built in caves in a mountain environment. It was found that the artificial rock piles in Montezuma .. alley and the mesa north of McEhno are arranged in clusters forming villages like the Mummy Lake Grouj^ on Mesa Verde.

ANTIQUITIES OF THE GULF COAST OF AII-LXICO

82 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

The general appearance of ruined buildings or mounds, locally called 'cuves' (fig. 90), located along the Panuco River, Mexico, is reminiscent of that of the mounds of Louisiana, but unlike these they were as a rule faced with stone work, without in all the hills of the Mississippi X'alley. A stone superstructure or temple stood on top of the Mexican mounds, but the mounds show no indication of walls within, as is the case with artificial cairns in Colorado. The burned clay figurines (fig. 93) excavated from these hills are vaguely reminiscent of the clay heads found in the Antilles, but more closely resemble those from the mainland.

84 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. JO

The National Luseum, was part of the front of one of these domes, or perhaps one of the bounding stones of a ball court used by the Huaxtecs, and recalls the prehistoric remains of Puerto Ricans called jucgos de bola. The representation of a conical hat found on one specimen (fig. 98) appears to show the same god as that figured and identified by Sahagun as Quetzalcoatl, the Plumed. Perhaps the stone collars of the Antilles may be idols embodying the isolating concept of a being corresponding to the Serpent-Bird Dragon of the Maya.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

90 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 'JO \

ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION IN ARIZONA

As the character of the geography gradually changes from Fort Apache to Payson in the Tonto. The latter are generally of large, compact pueblos, the art of which, judging from the pottery, corresponds to that of the north in the basin of the Little Colorado, but clearly shows a fairly high development. As exploration westward progressed, it was found that coincidences of southern culture emerged, while in the northern part of the Tonto basin the culture appears to be entirely aligned with the lower Gila and west of that river.

ARCHEOLOGICAL RECONNOISSANCE OF NORTHWESTERN ARIZONA

The art of the ehft' houses does not seem to agree with that of the neighboring open-air pueblos in terms of pottery and other things. A rather unusual proof of the age of a pueblo was furnished by a juniper 126 inches in circumference growing in the house mass of a ruin near Blue House Mountain in the western portion of the. The Apaches are generally prosperous and contented, and have an intelligent appreciation of their duties to the United States (fig. 104).

94 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70 House remains were plentiful along- the road and the narrow trails

70House remains were abundant along the road and then arrow roads. . of the prehistoric Pueblos of the San juan drainage and neighboring parts of the Sowwitwest. All the structures are circular - no evidence of a former rectangular dwelling has been noted in their immediate vicinity. Prehistoric remains similar to these have also been observed east of the Colorado River, between Grand Gulch and Chinlee\'alley, in the San Juan drainage.

96 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

Like other parts of the Southwest, prehistoric dwellings are not always found near existing springs or pockets of water. Gerard Fowke, an associate of the bureau, made an acquaintance in the (Jzark region of south-central Missouri. As the elevation of the cave strata changes, due to the sinking of the formations, a smaller number .. are also adapted for shelters.

FIELD-WORK AMONG THE KIOWA

Almost all of them were of the usual conical ordomestic shape, formed by throwing stones over the grave, and are not at all distinctive, being in this respect similar to similar burial-grounds in various parts of the country. The graves in these are marked by stone walls, forming an enclosure as nearly square as the skill of the builders permitted. In one form only one row of flat stones was laid, and the grave, including the narrow space around the outer wall, was covered with stones, so that the pile outwardly resembled an ordinary thunderbolt.

100 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. JO

A complete series of miniature models of the relevant shields and teepees, made by the best artists of the two tribes. The Peyote study involves about 20 different tribes in Oklahoma, as well as others in several western states, along with the majority of tribes in the highlands and central Mexico up to Mexico City. Iooney, at the invitation of the tribes, conveyed by delegates of the Councils, made observation of the ceremony and of the medical use of the plant, and had completed a number of individual questionnaires on the same subject, among the Kiowa, Comanche, Apache, Caddo , Cheyenne and Arapaho were everywhere received with the most generous hospitality, and were given every opportunity of observation and investigation, because of his long friendship with the tribes and his well-known interest in the subject.

FIELD-WORK AMONG THE IROQUOIS

Continuing his study, which was begun years ago, before the Peyote religion had reached its present high development or territorial expansion, Mr.

I04 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70 Since nearly all the traditions recorded in these texts were trans-

70 Several words found in Iroquois texts indicate that the laws and rules of procedure among the Five Iroquois Tribes were not the decrees of an autocrat or tyrant, but rather were the formulated mastery of a group of peers, whose official positions owed their right to vote. of those who possessed their titles, and that the form of government was a limited democracy, or, strictly speaking, a limited gynecracy. The law defining the position, powers and limitations of a chief, or Goyanego'na'; the law defining the position, powers and limitations of tribal chiefs and federal or Royancr chiefs of the league (or Grand Lodge) and.

FIELD-WORK AMONG THE CHOCTAW AND CATAWBA

He discovered that this was a band of the Sixtown Choctaw, the southernmost division of the Choctaw. 34;mother hill," of the Choctaw, where, according to some versions of the Choctaw origin legend, the ancestors of this tribe emerged from the earth. Its special value lies in the fact that this is the only surviving dialect of the Oriental dialect. Siouan group and that the other Siouan fragments from the same area must be interpreted with it.

RESEARCHES AMONG THE OSAGE

A ritual was formulated for each of the two leaders to perpetuate the memory of these events. When the fourth phase of tribal government was completed, this rite was transferred to the head of the Po''-ka Wa-shta-ge and also added to the rite formulated for him. The translation of the story of this combined rite, as given in full by W'a-xthi'-zhi, is in completion.

MATERIAL CULTURE AMONG THE CHIPPEWA

The writer continued the collection of medicinal herbs begun in 1917 and recorded much information about the early habits of the Chippewa. The last site visited was near Lake Winnebigoshish, where some old graves were "washed away." More than 250 fragments of pottery were collected, among which there were no pieces of rims and necks of jars. The color of the pottery fragments also showed great variety, including black, orange, and very pale gray, as well as the familiar brown and reddish hues.

STUDIES OF THE KIOWA, TEWA, AND CALIFORNIA INDIANS

More than 250 pieces of pottery were collected, none of which were pieces of the rims and necks of jars. The color of the pottery fragments also showed a wide variety, including black, orange and very pale grey, as well as the familiar brown and reddish hues. Numerous human bones collected were the skull of an Indian who found it in the immediate locality. Taos, New ^lexico, where, come- as he did fresh from Kiowa. field, an excellent opportunity was afforded during the following weeks to compare the Tanoan with the Kiowa.

I20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70 of the plains Indians whose earher home was in what is now western

FIELD-WORK AMONG THE SAUK AND FOX