76 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

Fig. 86.

—

^{Cliff dwelling, Pueblo Canyon, SierraAncha, .Vpaclie Irail, Ari-}

zona. Photograph by

Mark

Daniels.

Fig.87.—^{Cliffdwelling.Cherry}Creek, SierraAncha,Apache Trail,Arizona.

Photograph by

Mark

Daniels.

of exactly the

same mode

of life as Pueblos. l<'or instance, the cliff-dwellinos of the X'erde N'alley. a tributary of the Salt River in

southern Arizona, are different structurally

from

those of the

San Juan

^{Basin in}

Colorado and

L'tah.

Some

of these aberrant cliff- houses, thus far little

known,

^Init i)leading" for investi5j,ation, are situated in

Tonto

^I'.asin near the

Apache

trail, Arizona.

The

char- acter of the

environment

^{in this} region appears in the view

up

Fish

Creek

(fig. 85), a

rugged

canyon, the

mouth

^of

which

is visible to travelers on the road to Roosevelt

Dam.

AaJP*"

J

Fig.88.

—

^{Interior cliffdwelling, Cherry} Creek, Sierra Ancha, ApacheTrail, Arizona. Photograph by

Mark

Daniels.

By

courtesy of Air.

Mark

Daniels,

photographs showing

^cliff- dwellings of the Sierra

Ancha Mountains

in southern

Arizona

are here reproduced (figs.

86

to 87).

Although

these buildings are situated in cliff's they

have

only a distant likeness structurally to those of the

Mesa

\'erde Xational

Park

in southwestern Colorado.

The

principal difference

from

the latter is the absence of circular ceremonial

rooms

or kivas.

They may

be said to re])resent the cliff-

dwelling ])hase of a housebuilding culture that reached its highest develo])ment in so-called com])ounds near the (lila

which

are unlike

78

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 70 pueblos.

They

are villages typical of the plains of southern

Arizona

built in caves of a

mountain

environment. Their

masonry

is

com-

paratively poor, with a tendency to the horizontal, but has

com-

ponent stones arranged in irregular courses, the

mason

relying

more on

natural cleavage than artificial pecking or dressing. Plastering

still remains on the outer surfaces in several cases. In one of these the roof is in place

and

well preserved, as

shown

in figure 88.

A

remarkable pictograph

from

this region is

shown

in figure _89.

P'lG. 89.

—

^hidian inscriptions, Cherry Creci<, Sierra Anclia, Apache 1rail Arizona. Photograph by

Mark

Daniels.

Among many

instructive sites of ruins in the

Hovenweep

^district

is the blufi:'

where

the

Yellow

Jacket

Canyon

enters the

McElmo.

On

top of this high

promontory

there are enclosures built of

mega-

liths set on edge, apparently of the

same

cyclopean type of construc- tion that characterizes larger buildings described by Jackson on

JMontezuma Mesa,

Utah.

We

areevidentlyhere

on

the dividingline, geographically,

between

the region of stone slab houses

and

the horizontal masonr\- of the Pueblo culture, such as is

found on

the IMcElmo.

They

are believed to represent an archaic

masonry

older than the kiva type of

Mesa

\'erde.

It

was found

that the artificial heaps of stones in the

Montezuma

\alley

and

the

mesa

north of the

McEhno

are

arranged

in clusters

forming

villages like the

Mummy Lake

Grouj^ on the

Mesa

Verde.

All

component mounds

of a

group

are the remains of buildings con- structedonthe

same

generalplan, their size

depending

on the

number

of

component

unit types orkivas.

The

characteristic

form

of a unit type with four ^{kivas is}

shown

in

Far

\'iew

House,

illustrated in the account of field-work for 1916.

There

is every reason to sui)pose that a like clustering of small pueblos into villages occurs

on

the

Mesa

A erde. throughout

Montezuma

\'alley.

and on

the

summits

of the

mesa

north of the

McElmo.

Fig.90.

— ^Mound

^{on Santa Fe Ranch,} near Topila, Vera Cruz. Courtesy of Drs. Adrian. Stauh,and Mr. Muir.

Chronologically arranged, the classification of ancient hal^itations inthe

McElmo,

adoptedas a resultof recent field-work, is as follows:

(_I) Single houses with walls constructed of rude cyclopean

masonry,

stone slabs or megaliths set on end. (2)

Milages

in clififs

or in the open,

composed

of units of the

same

structure in clusters or consolidated, each unit being

composed

of a characteristic circu- lar kiva with vaulted roof

embedded

in rectangular rooms.

Towers and

great houses, either isolated or united, are

sometimes found

ⁱⁿ

this group,

which

is a prehistoric type,

now

extinct, the highest attained

by

the Pueblos. (3⁾

The mixed

type of architecture,

found

in

modern

pueblos, has

no embedded

circular kivas.

and marks

an epoch of decline in house building largely

due

to

admixture

or in- fluenceof othertribes.

6

8o SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

^VOL. JO Aztec Spring

Ruin

in the

Montezuma

X'alley will probably, in the future,

become

of considerable popular interest, as the owner,

Mr. Van

Kleeck, of Denver, has generously offered the site to the Public

Parks

Service for

permanent

^care by the

United

States

Gov-

FiG. 91.

—

^{Side view of painted clay drinking}

vessel with hollow handle. Tempoal, Vera Cruz. Courtesy of Drs. Adrian, Staub, and Mr. Muir.

ernment. In order to be in a position to give expert advice on the desirability of accepting this generous oft"er. Dr.

Fewkes

revisited Aztec Spring

Ruin and

reports that it is not only one of the largest

and most

typical prehistoric villages of the

Montezuma

A'alley, but also

recommends

that itbe excavated

and

^rc])aired.