SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF HIGH TEMPERATURE NUCLEAR REACTOR AND DESALINATION COUPLING FOR REMOTE AREAS
By
Faikar Achmad Luthfi 11604007
BACHELOR’S DEGREE in
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower
Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No.15 Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 – Indonesia
July 2020
Revision after Thesis Defense on 6 July 2020
Faikar Achmad Luthfi STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
Faikar Achmad Luthfi
_____________________________________________
Student Date
Approved by:
Dr.-Ing Diah I. Widiputri, S.T., M.Sc
_____________________________________________
Thesis Advisor Date
Dr. Eng. Topan Setiadipura, M.Si,M.Eng
_____________________________________________
Thesis Co-Advisor Date
Dr. Dipl.-Ing. Samuel P. Kusumocahyo
_____________________________________________
Dean of Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology Date
Faikar Achmad Luthfi ABSTRACT
SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF HIGH TEMPERATURE NUCLEAR REACTOR AND DESALINATION COUPLING FOR REMOTE AREAS
By
Faikar Achmad Luthfi Dr.-Ing Diah I. Widiputri, S.T., M.Sc Dr. Eng. Topan Setiadipura, M.Si,M.Eng
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Water is one of the basic necessities for people, since water demands keep increasing over the years a way to obtain more water is needed. One of the ways to obtain clean water is desalination which purify sea water by heating it in a distillation process to evaporate clean water. The energy that is needed for the desalination will be supplied from high temperature nuclear reactor which is can supply a large amount energy needed for the desalination process.
The HTGR-MED coupling design is aimed as one of the solutions to electricity and clean water demand in remote areas that is competitive with small scale solar desalination. The design conducted based on considerations of DEEP5.1 program which is also the program that is being used for economic evaluation, and PEBBED6 software was used for HTGR design. with the main parameter of water production capacity and water costs of clean. The result of the design, from 10MWt HTGR reactor, 1598 m3 /day of water can be produced with the water priced at 6.85$/m3 and GOR value of 5.86. the coupling system design is found to be competitive compared to solar desalination however the thermal efficiency of this design is lower than other thermal desalination process.
Keywords: Nuclear, Desalination, System Design.
Faikar Achmad Luthfi
© Copyright 2020 by Faikar Achmad Luthfi
All rights reserved
Faikar Achmad Luthfi DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis to myself and my advisors, teacher, and parents who always supported me along the way.
Faikar Achmad Luthfi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to God almighty for His grace that guides me and give me strength throughout my life. Without His grace, I would not be able to finish my thesis.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my Advisor, Mrs. Diah for her patience and guidance throughout the research, And also to my Co-Advisor Mr. Topan for his advice, teachings and suggestions during the research. I also would thank each and every single one of my teachers in Swiss German University, from their teaching I could understand many things while working on this research.
I would like to give my deepest appreciation to my parents for their constant support. With their support I manage to finish my entire years of being a university student.
Faikar Achmad Luthfi TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2
ABSTRACT ... 3
DEDICATION ... 5
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 7
LIST OF FIGURES ... 10
LIST OF TABLES ... 12
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ... 14
1.1 Background ... 14
1.2 Research Objectives ... 15
1.3 Significance of Study... 15
1.4 Research Questions... 15
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW ... 16
2.1. Energy Demand ... 16
2.1.1. New and Renewable Energy ... 18
2.1.2. Nuclear Energy Usage ... 20
2.2. Water demand ... 21
2.3. Nuclear Power ... 23
2.4 Type of nuclear reactor ... 25
2.4.1. Boiling water reactor... 25
2.4.2. Pressurized water reactor ... 25
2.4.3. Pressurized heavy water reactor... 26
2.4.4 High temperature gas reactor ... 27
2.5. PeLUIt ... 31
2.6. Desalination ... 32
2.6.1. Multiple effect distillation desalination ... 34
2.6.2. Reverse osmosis desalination ... 34
2.6.3. Multi-stage flash desalination ... 36
2.7. Nuclear Desalination ... 37
Faikar Achmad Luthfi
2.8. Solar Desalination... 38
2.9. Steam Turbines ... 39
2.10. Thermal Vapour Compression... 39
2.10.1. Single Effect Thermal Vapour Compression ... 39
2.10.2. Parallel Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation with thermal vapor compression 40 CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODS ... 43
3.1 Venue and Time ... 43
3.2 Equipment ... 43
3.3 Design of Research ... 43
3.4 General Procedure ... 43
3.4.1. HTGR Design Using PEBBED6 ... 44
3.4.2. Desalination design consideration using DEEP5.1 ... 46
3.4.3 Desalination Unit Design and Optimization ... 47
3.4.4. Economic Evaluation ... 47
CHAPTER 4 – DISCUSSION ... 49
4.1. Literature and Data collection ... 49
4.1.1. Data Collection for Nuclear Reactor and Nuclear Power Plant ... 49
4.1.2. Turbine for Nuclear Power Plant ... 50
4.1.3. Data Collection for Desalination ... 55
4.2. HTGR Design and Optimization using PEBBED6 ... 59
4.2.1. User interface of PEBBED6 ... 59
4.2.2. Algorithm of PEBBED6 ... 61
4.2.3. HTGR Design and Simulation Input and Result... 63
4.4. Desalination Design Consideration using DEEP5.1 ... 65
4.3.1. User Interface of DEEP5.1 ... 65
4.3.2. Algorithm of DEEP5.1... 68
4.3.3. Initial Desalination Design Input and Result ... 71
4.4. Design Evaluation... 73
4.4.1. Conceptual Design result of combined HTGR and Desalination co-generation unit 73 4.4.2. Energy and Material Balance of Nuclear Power Plant ... 76
4.4.3. Energy and Material Balance of Desalination ... 77
Faikar Achmad Luthfi
4.4.4. Economic Evaluation ... 81
4.5. Overall Result of the system design and optimization of HTGR and Desalination Coupling system... 82
CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS ... 84
5.1. Conclusions ... 84
5.2. Recommendations ... 85
GLOSSARY ... 86
REFERENCES ... 87
CURRICULUM VITAE ... 89
Faikar Achmad Luthfi LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1 Power Plant Installed Capacity per Energy Source (DEN 2018) ... 17
Figure 2-2 Global fresh water uses per year in m3(Ritchie & Roser, 2017) ... 21
Figure 2-3 Nuclear Fission (EU science hub,2019) ... 23
Figure 2-4 Nuclear Fusion (Habjanec, 2010) ... 24
Figure 2-5 Controlled Nuclear Chain Reaction (Atomic Archive,2009) ... 24
Figure 2-6 Boiling water reactor schematic (Breeze, 2014) ... 25
Figure 2-7 Pressurized water reactor schematic (Breeze, 2014) ... 26
Figure 2-8 Pressurized heavy water reactor schematic (Breeze, 2014) ... 27
Figure 2-9 High temperature gas reactor schematic (Breeze,2014) ... 28
Figure 2-10 RDE General Scheme (Setiadipura, 2018) ... 29
Figure 2-11 RPV Schematic (Setiadipura,2018) ... 30
Figure 2-12 Schematic of Peluit (Setiadipura,2019) ... 31
Figure 2-13 Multiple Effect Distillation Flow Diagram (IAEA,1997) ... 34
Figure 2-14 Spiral-wound reverse osmosis schematic (IAEA,1997) ... 35
Figure 2-15 Hollow fibre reverse osmosis schematic (IAEA,1997)... 36
Figure 2-16 Multi-stage flashing desalination schematic (IAEA,1997) ... 37
Figure 2-17 Nuclear Desalination Example (Al-Othman,2019) ... 38
Figure 2-18 Solar Desalination Example (El-Nashar, 2001) ... 39
Figure 2-19 Single effect thermal vapor compression evaporator-desalination process (El- Dessouky & Ettouney, 2002) ... 41
Figure 2-20 Schematic of multiple effect evaporation with parallel feed thermal vapor compression (MEE-TVC) (El-Dessouky & Ettouney, 2002) ... 42
Figure 3-1 Design of Research Flowchart ... 43
Figure 3-2 Flowchart of the experiment ... 44
Figure 3-3 HTGR Core Illustration in PEBBED6 ... 46
Figure 4-1 Schematic of various steam turbine types (Tanuma, 2016) ... 51
Figure 4-2 Cogeneration plant (Tanuma, 2016) ... 53
Figure 4-3 Throttle control example (Tanuma, 2016) ... 53
Figure 4-4 Nozzle control example (Tanuma, 2016) ... 54
Figure 4-5 Seawater temperature in Indonesia (Menriskel, 2018) ... 57
Figure 4-6 PEBBED6 input opened on notepad++ ... 60
Figure 4-7 PEBBED6 output opened on notepad++ ... 60
Faikar Achmad Luthfi
Figure 4-8 PEBBED6 while running ... 61
Figure 4-9 PEBBED4 Computational flow (Gougar et al., 2010) ... 62
Figure 4-10 Axial Core Geometry in PEBBED6 code ... 64
Figure 4-11 Radial Core Geometry in PEBBED6 code... 64
Figure 4-12 DEEP5.1 main menu ... 66
Figure 4-13 DEEP5.1 initial input UI ... 66
Figure 4-14 DEEP 5.1 more specific input UI ... 67
Figure 4-15 DEEP5.1 expert mode ... 67
Figure 4-16 DEEP5.1 flow diagram result ... 68
Figure 4-17 HTGR - MED Desalination cogeneration unit ... 73
Figure 4-18 HTGR nuclear power plant process flow diagram adapted from (Setiadipura et.al, 2019) ... 74
Figure 4-19 Desalination unit process flow diagram ... 75
Faikar Achmad Luthfi LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1 World primary energy demand by fuel and scenario (Millions of tonnes oil
equivalent) (IEA, 2019) ... 16
Table 2-2 Assumption for each scenario (DEN, 2019)... 18
Table 2-3 World energy demand by scenario (IEA, 2019) ... 19
Table 2-4 Renewable energy in Indonesia (DEN, 2019) ... 20
Table 2-5 Clean water distributed in Indonesia by province in million m3 (BPS,2018) ... 22
Table 2-6 Specification of Core, fuel pebble, and TRISO coated particle ... 32
Table 2-7 Equilibrium analysis results of PeLUIt ... 32
Table 2-8 Indonesia's national standard for sanitation water (SNI, 2017) ... 33
Table 3-1 PEBBED6 Parameter and Optimum Condition ... 45
Table 4-1 The coolant of nuclear reactor by type, with average operating temperature and pressure, and average power ... 49
Table 4-2 Data collected for nuclear reactor and power plant design ... 50
Table 4-3 Data collected for nuclear about efficiency ... 50
Table 4-4 Solar-MED plant ... 56
Table 4-5 HTGR design PEBBED6 Input ... 63
Table 4-6 Geometry Result ... 63
Table 4-7 Result Obtained from PEBBED6 ... 64
Table 4-8 Value comparison of result of PEBBED6 and target ... 65
Table 4-9 Single purpose plant DEEP5.1 formula (IAEA, 2013) ... 69
Table 4-10 DEEP5.1 parameters and default value (IAEA, 2013) ... 70
Table 4-11 DEEP5.1 MED calculation formula (IAEA, 2013) ... 70
Table 4-12 Initial desalination consideration value input ... 71
Table 4-13 Initial desalination consideration value result ... 71
Table 4-14 Desalination Parameter Cases ... 72
Table 4-15 second desalination consideration value input (case 3 as chosen scenario) ... 72
Table 4-16 second desalination consideration value output (case 3 as chosen scenario) ... 72
Table 4-17 Parameter for nuclear power plant calculation ... 76
Table 4-18 Mass balance of nuclear power plant ... 76
Table 4-19 Pressure for nuclear power plant ... 76
Faikar Achmad Luthfi
Table 4-20 Temperature for nuclear power plant ... 77
Table 4-21 Recovery rate value of desalination ... 77
Table 4-22 Mass balance of desalination ... 78
Table 4-23 Parameters for desalination calculation ... 79
Table 4-24 Temperature for desalination ... 80
Table 4-25 Economic evaluation parameter ... 81
Table 4-26 HTGR-MED comparison with other solar desalination ... 82
