This information was supplemented by field observations of the authors in several parts of the world. Geographical distribution : The entire known geographical range of the species, including areas of seasonal occurrence, is given in the text and shown on a small map. The name of a local species is preceded by the name of the country concerned (in capital letters) and, if necessary, geographical specifications (in lower case letters).
Development is straightforward and the young hatch as miniatures of the adults (to a greater or lesser extent depending on the species).
Cuttlebone - Elongated calcareous (chalk) plate supporting the dorsal part of the mantle of cuttlefish (see Sepia) (Fig. 13). Funnel valve - Semilunar muscular flap on the dorsal surface of the distal opening of the funnel (Fig. 18). Spine - The sharp spike-like extension at the posterior tip of the gladius or cuttle bone (Fig. 13) (see rostrum).
Habit - Thin lateral expansion of gladius arising from rachis (Fig. 11) (see Rachis).
Key to Orders and Families 1a. More than 8 circumoral appendages
Cartilaginous scales present on the mantle (may be small); tentacular clubs with 4 longitudinal rows of suction cups (Fig. 48). Fins almost as long as the mantle, supported by strong, transverse, muscular ribs; minute suction cups present on the oral surface of the mouth patches. Funnel lock cartilage oval with 1 or 2 knobs directed towards the center of the concavity (Fig. 42d).
They possess a coiled, pearly, external1 shell punctuated with chambers; the animal lives in the outer chamber with its body attached to the septum (back wall of the chamber).
FAMILY NAUTILIDAE Blainville, 1825
Living chambered nautiluses are limited to four extant species in the genus Nautilus, the sole survivors of a once extremely distinct subclass. A siphonic tube penetrates each septum and serves as a wick to remove fluid from the former living chambers, thus enabling the animal to regulate its movement through control of fluid and gas in the outermost chambers. Geographically restricted to the tropical Indo-Western Pacific, nautiluses live in association with the bottom, mainly reefs, from near the surface to about 500 m depth.
Collected alive at about 65 m depth on the outer slope of the Barrier Reef in New Caledonia; in the Coral Sea, trapped at 300 to 400 m.
CUTTLEFISHES (Order Sepioidea)
The species is reported from a survey of bottom beam resources in the Gulf of Aden. Size: Maximum length of the cloak 10 cm; maximum length in Indian trawling, 8.5 cm by Madras and 9.5 cm by Waltair. Fishing interest: This species occurs as an incidental catch in the East Indian trawl fishery near Madras and Waltair, but specific catch data are not reported.
Interest in fishing: caught by trawls in the Red Sea and along the Indian east coast.
Gladius rudimentary; up to 16 tentacular club suckers in the t r a n s v e r s e series across the club; usually 2 teats in transverse rows on arms (Fig. 3a); light organs not saddle-shaped. Left arm I hectocotylized by a large swollen bulb, with secondary lobes basally; suckers of dorsal row raised basally, followed by 3 or 4 strongly reduced suckers, then by 4 or 5 strongly raised suckers in the middle. Tentacular clubs well developed, 8 suckers in the transverse rows, well developed, markedly enlarged in proximal part of dorsal longitudinal rows.
Antennae short, strong; clubs not expanded, but with well-developed swimming keel extending length of clubs just proximal to suckers; 30 to 40 very small, numerous suckers in transverse rows. Suckers on the arms in 2 rows, smaller in females, slightly larger in the middle part in males; both arms hectocotylized: 6 proximal pairs of small suckers, followed by 6 pairs enlarged to 2 times the diameter of the basal pair; distal suction cups greatly reduced; a thick, fleshy pad extends from the 3rd to the 8th suckers along the ventral margin (protective membrane) of each leg I. Fr - Sépiole du Pacifique boreal SP - Globito del Pacífico boreal Diagnostic features: Feeler keys expanded, the sucker-bearing surface is surrounded by a protective membrane; 8 suckers in oblique rows, appearing as 5 or 6 suckers proximally, subequal in size, largest in dorsal longitudinal rows.
Tentacular rods not expanded, protective membrane around club; swimming keel that extends the length of the rod; 7 or 8 pistons in o b l i q u e r o w s a c r o s s t h e c l u b. 7 or 8 pistons in transverse rows, those of the 2 dorsal- most longitudinal rows, only slightly larger than those of ventral rows. Arms long, slender; arm pistons in 2 rows, widely spaced enlarged in middle sections, globose, barrel-shaped, with toothless rings.
Tentacular clubs slightly expanded; swimming keel extending from base to tip; 6 or 7 small pistons in the transverse rows, the dorsal ones about 2 times larger than the ventral ones; suction rings serrated around the entire margin. Left arm I hectocotylized: 7 pairs of normal pistons proximally, giving way to 4 rows of pistons much reduced in size; arm attenuate near tip with pistons in 2 rows; ventral protective membrane very broad from 3rd basal pair of setae for about 3/4 of arm length; stalks of pistils on ventral row forming a palisade, with small ridges projecting wrinkle-like on mouth surface of protective membrane.
FAMILY LOLIGINIDAE Orbigny, 1848
Habitat and Biology: An oceanic species; one of the most affected by sperm whales in the Southern Ocean.
FAMILY ARCHITEUTHIDAE Pfeffer, 1900
The juveniles and adults are heavily hit by sperm whales, while the juveniles are subject to predation by mesopelagic fish such as Aphanopus carbo and Alepisaurus ferox.
FAMILY HISTIOTEUTHIDAE Verrill, 1881
Habitat and Biology: An oceanic genus believed to occur between about 200 and 400 m depth, perhaps to 500 m or more, but a significant number of specimens have been observed on the surface of the ocean. FAO names: En - Umbrella squid Fr - Loutène bonnet SP - Joyeluria membranosa Diagnostic features: Mantle relatively short, broad, conical, covered with dark, elongated photophores on ventral and lateral surfaces (also on head and arms). Arms long, connected by a very broad deep, reddish-brown web; distinct, elongated dark light organs on the tips of the arms.
Geographical distribution: Eastern and western central Atlantic and western Mediterranean; South Indian Otean (limits undetermined). Habitat and biology: an oceanic species; reported to occur mostly at depths between 500 and 1 500 m, sometimes associated with the bottom. Although usually caught singly or in pairs in nets, they are suspected to be a shoaling species based on evidence in the stomachs of sperm whales.
In addition to sperm whales, it is preyed upon by Alepisaurus ferox, Aphanopus carbo and Thunnus alalunga. Diagnostic features: mantle conical, with relatively thick walls; the skin of the entire body is covered with densely spaced low fleshy papillae; ventral and lateral surfaces covered with elongate photophores; fin round. Diagnostic features: The mantle is very long and thin, covered (especially on the ventral and lateral surfaces) with scattered bright organs, especially large and dark at the posterior end.
Odhner (1923) suggested that Parateuthis tunicata Thiele, 1921, might be the large form of the monotypic Alluroteuthis antarcticus. Diagnostic features: The family is characterized by biserial suckers on the arms, 4 rows of suckers on the distal part of the manus and dactyl, and numerous small suckers on the proximal end of the manus, buccal connections that attach to the dorsal margins of the arms IV, a straight, simple funnel-shaped interlocking cartilage, the anterior fin lobes are absent and the posterior fin lobes are free, and the absence of photophores.
Illicinae lack both central and lateral pockets in the funnel groove as well as photophores. Size: Maximum mantle length 37 cm in the northern part of its range; 26 cm in females and 22 cm in males off West Africa. In the western Mediterranean, the length at first maturity is 18.5 cm in females and 11 cm in males.
Geographical Distribution: Circum-polar in the Southern Ocean; south of approx. 35°S; common in the Antarctic Convergence Zone. Individuals in the Mediterranean and the southern part of the range mature at sizes much inferior to those in the North Atlantic. Interest in fishing: In the beginning, the species was only taken as by-catch in the Australian shrimp fishery.
Catches are best in the waters around Tasmania and western Bass Strait, particularly from December to March. It is also known to migrate seasonally according to the temperature conditions of water bodies in the Northeast Atlantic. Habitat and Biology : An oceanic species occurring from the surface to a depth of probably 1,000 m, largely replacing the genus Ommastrephes in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Interest in fishing: Experimental fishing for this species was initiated in the early seventies in several. General notes on the family: Two genera, Thysanoteuthis and Cirrobrachium, are currently included in the family.
OCTOPUSES (Order Octopoda) Octopoda Leach, 1818, Zool.Miscell., 3(30):138
General remarks on the family: Systematics of the Octopodidae is in a completely unsettled state, and the group is in great need of systematic revision. Representatives of the family are usually encountered worldwide from the coast down to at least 1,000 m depth. During this time the females often almost stop eating, and therefore female mortality is high in these species after the eggs hatch.
Most brooding species have a direct development, and broods almost immediately adopt the benthic life of the adults. Interest in fisheries: Squids are the most traditional of all squid resources and have been exploited for more than 2,000 years. Habitat and biology: A benthic, not very cryptic species, common on the continental shelf from 30 to 120 m depth.
It is towed on the continental shelf or fished with traps and hooks. Habitat and Biology: A benthic, cryptic species that inhabits coral reefs in very shallow water, but is also found on grass flats and rocky and sandy bottoms. Size: maximum total length 100 cm and weight 1.5 kg; 60 cm in warmer parts of the distribution; total up to 40 cm.
Right arm III hectocotylized; ligula length 2 to 6% of hectocotylized arm length with weak laminae; calimus with deep groove; 9 to 11 filaments on outer half branch of gill. Habitat and Biology: A benthic species, associated with bottoms consisting of sand, broken coral and shells 10 m to 200 m on the lower part of the continental shelf.
