1
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN BRADBURY’S SHORT STORIES (THE VELDT, THE LAKE, and DARK THEY WERE AND GOLDEN EYED)
Anisa Yunita sari*)
**) Yulmiati and ***) Lili Perpisa Staf Pengajar Program Studi Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat)
ABSTRAK
Majas atau Peribahasa (Figurative Language) merupakan ungkapan yang menggunakan perbandingan secara tidak langsung dan bermakna kias. Majas ini banyak digunakan dalam karya sastra yang salah satunya adalah cerita pendek atau cerpen. Cerpen yang banyak menggunakan majas adalah cerpen karya Ray Bradbury. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat jenis majas apa saja yang ditemukan dan menganalisa makna yang terdapat dalam majas tersebut didalam tiga cerpen karya Bradbury yang berjudul “The Veldt”, “The Lake”, dan “Dark They Were and Golden Eyed”. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif yakni metode yang secara nyata dan natural menggambarkan ungkapan-ungkapan majas yang terdapat dalam cerpen. Data diperoleh dari ungkapan-ungkapan majas yang ditemukan didalam tiga cerpen tersebut. Berdasarkan analisis data yang dilakukan, maka ditemukan dari sepuluh jenis majas, ada lima jenis majas yang ditemukan yaitu: simile, personification, imagery, metaphor, dan hyperbole. Data simile sebanyak 30 data, personification sebanyak 25 data, imagery sebanyak 13 data, metaphor sebanyak 4 data dan 2 data untuk jenis majas hyperbole. Data makna dari masing-masing majas ditentukan berdasarkan teori pragmatic yang merupakan satu keseluruhan konteks yang terdapat dalam cerpen tersebut.
Kata Kunci: Short story, Figurative Language.
*) Peneliti
**) Pembimbing I
***) Pembimbing II
2 INRODUCTION
Figurative language is form of language that has meaning not only in literal meaning but also in connotative meaning.
Commonly, it is used by people who work in literary term such as the writers of poetry, novel, short story, poem, etc. the researcher found that many college students who understand about English has difficulties in understand the sentences in figurative language form. When the researcher asks some of college students who understand English about figurative language, most of them have difficult to understanding the sentences because figurative language not only has the literal meaning but also has the connotative meaning of the sentences. Thus, it makes confused in analyzing the meaning of the sentence of figurative language. Figurative language often found in literary work such as short story. There are two purposes of this study. The first one was to find out the types of figurative language found in Bradbury‟s short stories. Then to find out the meaning of figurative language that have found.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 1. Study of Contextual Meaning
Expressing the meaning by using language cannot be separated from the situation. It is impossible to discusses language meaning without discuss the context of language itself because the context will reveal the meaning of the language that is used. Moreover, Hymes in Thouesny and Linda (2011: 56) makes SPEAKING model to determine the situational context. The SPEAKING model acronym into S: setting / Scene, P: participants, E: Ends, A: Act sequence, K: key, I: Instrumentalities, N:
Norms, G: Genre. Each element in SPEAKING model has relation with others.
There is one of study that deal with the language and the context that is called as pragmatics. According to Mey (2001: 6), pragmatics studies the use of language in human communication as determined by condition of society.
Furthermore, Parker in Nadar (2009:4) states that pragmatics is the study of how language is used for communication. It means that science which is learned about language that is used for communication among people.
Thus, it will need another element that is used in communication that should be learned by people through analyzed the phenomena.
From those definitions of pragmatics about, the researcher conclude that pragmatics is the study of the way language is used to express real intention in particular situation or context. Where the context is usually influence the meaning of the information that will be delivered to the listeners. Not only that, context is become important aspect in communicative because context affect the choice of words and another elements in communicative like states in SPEAKING model by Hymes.
2. Figurative language
a. Basic Concept of Figurative Language According to Honeck in Carroll (2008: 141), figurative language is language that means one thing literally but is taken to mean something different. It means that sentence in form of figurative language has another meaning besides the literal meaning.
In addition, Angel (2009: 87) states that figurative language is the creative use of language to convey meaning beyond the literal sense. It refers to the use of language to give information vividly in another way to the listeners softly.
Furthermore; Smith (2009:69) states about figurative language is language that contains figures of speech. In order to understand it, you must use your imagination. It means that when the readers read or hear language that contains of figures of speech, they must use her imagination to understand it.
From those definitions about figurative language above, the researcher concludes that figurative language is the language which has
3 meaning not only literal meaning but also connotative meaning
b. Types of Figurative Language 1) Metaphor.
According to Smith (2008:69), metaphor is direct comparison between two unlike things. It means that in the sentence consist of two unlike things that will be compared by the writers directly. Those two things are actually not balance to compare because it is not appropriate in context and the factual situation.
Then, Tarigan (2009:12), he states that metaphor is the language style which is compare two unlike things brevity. There are two ideas in the sentence, one is the real and the others is the comparison. It means that the language style used directly refers to the characteristic of the object that talking about
From all of the explanations about metaphor by the experts above, the researcher concludes that metaphor is the figures of speech that compare two unlike things which has similarity that can be related between them.
2) Personification
According to Inagaki and Hatano (2002: 44), personification means the extension and application of human properties and behaviors to any nonhuman.
Then, Smith (2008: 69) states personification. It gives human qualities to inanimate object. It means that the writers make inanimate object can do activity like human
In conclusion,
personification is figures of speech which make inanimate object as if become alive and can do anything like human.
3) Allegory
According to Rivers (2005: 159), allegory is associated with general terms like myth, symbol, parable and fable, and on the other with more restricted term like metaphor, conceit and emblem.
Then, Tarigan (2009: 12) states that allegory is the story which is using the symbols. It means that the symbol in the story refers to the characters in the story and the characters in the story give model to the readers about bad habit and good habit
In summary; Allegory is figures of speech which display the characters thorough symbols.
It purposes is to preach the some kinds of moral lesson.
4) Antithesis
According to Myers (2008:174), Antithesis is a balance of contrasting terms with parallel grammatical structure. It means that language style which has two different situations in a sentence with stay abreast the grammatical structure.
Furthermore, Ducrot &
Todorov in Tarigan (2009:26) explains that antithesis is the language style which is compare two antonym which have opposite meaning.
The researcher concludes that Antithesis is types of figurative language which compare two sides of different situation or opposite condition of the object that is talking about.
This language style makes clear comparison between the conditions of object.
5) Redundancy and tautology
According to
Poerwadarminta in tarigan (2009:28), redundancy is the using a lot of words that not needed. Then tautology is
4 repetition the same idea in another word.
In addition, Wiarda (2014: 93) states that tautology involves the repetition of the same idea in different word.
In short, Redundancy and tautology is figures of speech which contains of a lot of words that not necessary in a sentence.
Basically, those words can be replace into one word only that will not change the meaning of the sentence
6) Periphrasis
According to Lass (2006:
240), periphrasis is a marker of argumentative expression which aims at influencing the audience‟s view and opinion
In addition, Hunt (2008:
25) states that periphrasis defines thus when a description is used instead of a name going round about a thing. When this is done to avoid what may be indelicate or unseemly
Clearly, periphrasis is the types of figurative language which use a lot of words that unnecessary to avoid what may be indelicate or unseemly for listeners.
7) Anticipation or prolepsis
Keller at al (2002: 309) states that prolepsis is the representation of the future act or development as being presently existing.
explanation about Prolepsis is from Currie (2013:
507), he states that Prolepsis might be thought of as the opposite of surprise. It is one of those anachronies, the one that reveal the future out of turn and because in life future cannot be revealed out of turn.
In conclusion, anticipation or prolepsis is the representation
of the future or reaction toward something that will happen.
8) Hyperbole
According to Schalley and Drew (2007: 195), hyperbole is the speaker overstating or understanding the magnitude of something. It means that speaker expresses something become a larger of the real condition or make the situation become dramatic than the real condition.
Moreover, Evan Carter (2014: 277) states that hyperbole is exaggeration for literary effect.
In conclusion; hyperbole is figurative language which giving dramatic effect of real situation. The writer is exaggeration of something that actually to make a point.
9) Imagery
According to Mandler (2002: 95), imagery is representation in the mind that gives rise to the experience of seeing, in the absence of the appropriate visual stimulation from the eyes
Then, Smith (2008: 69) states that imagery appeals to the five sense of sight, touch, sound, taste and smell. Each sense helps paint a picture with words.
Indeed; imagery is language style which makes the reader imagine the situation that is telling. And give new experience to the readers as if the readers are in the situation that talking about.
10) Simile
According to Smith (2008: 69), simile is a type of metaphor that uses “like”, ”as”, or
“as if” to compare two unlike things. Furthermore, Angel (2009:
88) explains that simile is very similar to a metaphor in that it also makes a comparison between two entities to create descriptive image. In summary; simile is
5 figures of speech which compared two unlike things. It almost same with metaphor but simile use word “like, as, or as if” to compared those things
3. Short story
According to Lyon (2004:39), short story is complete onto itself even those as long as ten thousand words, the
„outer limit‟ short stories feature one central conflict. Then, Baiz (2007:3) states that short story is brief and is concentrated. It aims to present a specific aspect of life or of a conduct by using a single plot, few characters and generally, a short period of time and quick ending.
From those definition by the experts about short stories above, the researcher conclude that short story is a short a piece of fiction which concerned with single conflict that will face by one or two characters in the story then the conflict usually rises in dramatic intensity, leading to single crisis and the climax until get resolution or conclusion
METHOD OF THE RESEARCH
This research was descriptive research.
Because it was going to find data about types of figurative language found in Bradbury‟s short stories then the researcher analyze the meaning of sentences in form of figurative itself. the source of data in this research were the document or artifact analysis. The data was Bradbury‟s short stories with title “the veldt, the lake and dark they were and golden eyed”. The researcher passed some steps in analyzing the data, according to Miles and Huberman (2014:31) which consist of three flows of activity: data condensation, data display and drawing and verification conclusion then the researcher used Oxford Advanced learner‟s Dictionary to avoid the misunderstanding about the meaning of figurative language found in the short stories.
Then the researcher also use SPEAKING Model by Hymes in Linda and Thouesny (2011:56) to find the context of meaning.
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
The purpose of this research was to find out the types of figurative language in Bradbury‟s short stories then analyze the meaning of figurative language found. The researcher found five types of figurative language in three short stories of Bradbury with title The Veldt, The Lake, and Dark They were and Golden Eyed. Those types are simile, personification, imagery, metaphor and hyperbole. The researcher found 29 data of types of figurative language of simile. Then, 24 data of figurative language of personification, the researcher found the data of imagery as much as 13 data, the data of metaphor is 4 data and the last data of hyperbole are 2 data.
From the finding above, it can be seen that from five types of figurative language, simile is the most dominant type appearing in the short stories. Because the writer want to describes something vividly by comparing two unlike things. Furthermore, the second dominant types are personification, then Imagery, metaphor and the last is hyperbole.
CONLUSION
Figurative language is one of language style which has two meaning both literal meaning and connotative meaning. From the result of the research, the researcher concluded that five types of figurative language found in Bradbury‟s short stories with title “The Lake”,
“The Veldt”, and “Dark They were and Golden Eyed” those five types of figurative language are (1)simile, (2)personification, (3)imagery, (4)metaphor, and (5)hyperbole from the data it can be seen that the dominant types of figurative language was simile, then is followed by personification, metaphor, imagery and the last is hyperbole.
The researcher only research about the types of figurative language and the meaning of the sentence of figurative language from short stories by Bradbury. This research is not perfect yet, therefore, the researcher suggest to others to conduct the relevant studies about
6 figurative language in different topic and the researcher also hoped that this research can be reference in conducting the research of figurative language by another researchers.
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