1. A Hull
A hull is the main body of a ship. It is plated from the outside and usually has a rectangular cross section. When building a ship hull, the first thing being laid is a keel - a backbone of the ship. It runs along the middle of the ship bottom and if it does not extend below it, it is known as a flat keel. Its usual shape is that of an I-beam. The keel has to be made very strong to withstand various forces and water pressure.
Superstructure
All other elements used in constructing the hull are attached either directly or indirectly to the keel.
Underwater sections of the hull are usually made stronger than the higher ones. This is because they are exposed to high pressure of water.
They are double-walled and the space in between the walls may be made into tanks for storing fuel oil or ballast seawater.
The bottom of a ship just over and around the keel is called bilges. Since bilges make the lowest part of a ship, water may collect there.
Hold
BOW
'
HULL
Glossary:
to plate to cover a construction with metal sheets;
a cutting through something;
main support;
In that case, water needs to be pumped out of the bilges.
Watertight vertical walls, called bulkheads, divide the interior of a hull into sections. Bulkheads increase the structural rigidity of the ship, create watertight compartments that can contain water in case of hull leak and can arrest fire.
Decks are horizontal structures that divide the ship into levels. They give the ship hull additional strength and rigidity and house internal spaces.
Modern ship hulls are made of light steel alloys with good corrosion resistance properties.
a cross section a backbone I-beam to withstand watertight
a piece of metal with the cross section in the shape of letter "I";
to oppose, to resist;
a tank rigidity a leak an alloy resistance corrosion a property underway to load
to unload (to discharge) a destination port
able to prevent any water from entering it;
a large container for storing fluids;
ability not to bend or change shape easily;
a hole in something that a liquid or gas comes out of it;
a mixture of at least two metals;
opposition to something;
a process of slow damage of metals by water or chemicals;
quality of something;
(about a ship) moving, not at anchor, not aground;
to put cargo into or onto a ship;
to remove cargo from a ship, a container or a vehicle;
a port at which cargo is delivered;
TASK 1. MarEngine Speaking
Note the differences between the three hull cross sections (on the right) and describe them briefly.
Single Bottom
Double Bottom
TASK 2. MarEngine Grasp
To sail safely on water, ships need to be stable. Water used for providing the required stability is called ballast water.
A
C
Ballast water is the sea water taken into ballast water tanks located in double-bottom and side spaces.
Ship ballasting and de-ballasting processes generally take place together with the cargo loading and unloading.
B
D
First, look at the four pictures and fill in the blanks with proper headings.
1. Loading Cargo 2. Cargo Hold Empty 3. Cargo Hold Full 4. Unloading Cargo
Next, match the following phrases to the pictures by rewriting them into the right columns of the table below.
ballasting; de-ballasting; at port; underway; ballast tanks full; ballast tanks empty;
loading ballast water; discharging ballast water; discharging cargo; at loading port; at destination port;
unloading ballast water; ballast tanks half-full; ballast tanks half-empty.
A B C D
UNIT 2 , PARTS OF A SHIP
2. A Bow and a Stern
The front end of a ship is called a bow.
Bows are strengthened against waves and can take different shapes, usually wedge-like ones, to reduce water resistance and modify water flows around the hull.
The inside part of the bow contains the anchor chain lockers and the forepeak tank. Sometimes, ships have a forecastle (pronounced "fohk'sel").
The forecastle is a deck ,or a superstructure, erected above the main deck where the anchor machinery is located.
I
I
I
Port quarter
' /
Ship areas are identified by of their locations and directions relating to the ship ends and its sides.
When you move towards the bow, you are going forward. When a vessel is moving forward, it is going ahead.
The rear end of the ship is called the stern. When the ship is underway, the visible part of the stern is usually flat or rounded.
The stern houses the propeller, the propeller shaft and the rudder.
The propeller is a screw that turns in water to propel the ship. Propellers use the energy of the ship engine and create a force in water. This force moves the ship in a required direction.
The engine rotates the propeller via the propeller shaft. It turns inside the oil-lubricated tube fitted with bearings.
Port side Port beam
l
-e • • a
~ :2
Stem
-!
Ico Amidships - -~
.8 - - - - -
I
C ::, I
- 0 • • •
s:::.<
~ l
Starboard Starboard
Quarter Beam
Starboard side
The tube is sealed to prevent seawater from entering it.
The rudder extends vertically at the stern. It is used to steer the moving ship by redirecting the water moving past the hull.
Its mechanism is housed in the steering gear compartment.
When you move in the direction of the stern, you are going aft. When the ship goes in this direction, it is going astern.
The entire right side of a vessel from bow to stern is called the starboard side and the left side is the port side.
In darkness, the starboard is indicated by a green light and the port side by a red one.
•
IPort bow f
• ' ' '
- - - Bow
-2._
I I t IStarboard
IBow
II
Glossary:
a wedge an anchor
a piece of a hard material with a thin edge that can be forced into a narrow opening;
a heavy object lowered to keep a ship in place;
a screw propeller to rotate
a blade via a shaft to seal a tube to house beam abeam
a rotating device with twisted blades used for pushing a ship or an aircraft;
to turn around, to revolve;
a broad, flat part of something;
by means of, by way of;
a bar transmitting motion to a mechanical part;
to close tightly to make something watertight or airtight;
a long pipe or a cylinder used for housing something;
to provide space for installing something;
maximum breadth of a ship;
position on either ship si_de and in line with a ship.
UNIT 2 - PARTS OF A SHIP
TASK 1. Maritime Terms
Rearrange the letters to discover words. Explain briefly what they mean.
1. I u I h 2. ob w
3. or ah c n ... . 4. ob t mot ... . 5. n g n e i e ... . 6. th f s a
7. e b a Id 8. k at n 9. tape I 10. w res c
TASK 2. Maritime Grasp
Following the explanations of ship directions and locations shown in the diagram, match the terms to their definitions:
Term Definition
inboard the front right bow athwart ships the front left bow outboard the right centre side port quarter the left centre side starboard bow the right rear section port beam the left rear section starboard direction from the centre
line towards either quarter
starboard or port side direction from either side port bow toward the
centre line
starboard beam a line running from side to side
TASK 3. SMCP Workpiece Spelling of digits and numbers
NOTE: Some of digits and numbers have a modified pronunciation compared to general English:
Number Spelling SMCP Pronunciation
0 zero [ZEERO]
1 one [WUN]
2 two [TOO]
3 three [TREE]
4 four [FOWER]
5 five [FIFE]
6 six [SIX]
7 seven [SEVEN]
8 eight [AIT]
9 nine [NINER]
1000 thousand [TOUSAND]
NOTE:
Over the radio, each number is said digit by digit.
Before the decimal, say "point", or "decimal"
Examples:
"My draught is one two decimal six meters" or
"My draught is one two point six meters"
Rewrite the following message changing the words into numbers and then pronounce the sentence using SMCP model.
"This is two-one-one-four-eight-zero-nine-one-six motor vessel
"Seashell".
Call sign delta alpha mike tango.
Position six two degrees one one decimal eight minutes north;
zero zero seven degrees four four minutes east"
3. Ship Load Lines
Ship load lines stand for a set of lines painted on both sides of the ship hull.
They indicate the depth to which the merchant ship may be legally and safely loaded.
Glossary:
In other words, they mark the minimum freeboard permitted in different water areas of the world during different seasons. The term freeboard essentially means the distance the ship rises above the line of water.
a line a long, thin mark, sometimes indefinite;
to indicate to show, to point out, to express;
The Plimsoll mark is another name for ship load lines, named after Samuel Plimsoll, a member of the UK parliament in the 19th century. He used to campaign actively for safety of people working at sea.
The freeboard rules are laid down by IMO (the International Maritime Organization) and local authorities.
to permit to allow, to give possibility;
fresh water water that is not salty and/or can be consumed by people;
TASK 1. Maritime Grasp
The sketch presents load lines commonly used nowadays.
Look at it and fill in the blanks in the definitions:
~:~---: ... : ::::Ir
~
·w WinterDariish ' .
Load Mark . WNA. Winter· t~e North Atlantic
·.Freshwater-!- Sea _water
S Summer load line is the waterline to which a ship can be loaded in ... ; W Winter load line is the waterline to which a ship can be ... in winter;
WNA Winter North Atlantic load line is the ... for the North ... conditions;
T Tropical load line is the waterline for ... conditions;
F Fresh water load line is the waterline for ... water conditions;
TF Tropical fresh water load line is the waterline to which a ship can be ... for tropical ... conditions.
TASK 2. Maritime Grasp
Finish the following sentences presenting your own ideas on differences between various waterline draughts (or drafts).
Draught is a term that defines a distance from the bottom of a ship to a waterline.
- The winter freeboard draught is less than ... ..
- The freeboard draught for tropical seas is ... ..
- The lowest waterline seems to be ... . - The highest of all is ... .
TASK 3. Maritime Speaking
Answer the following questions providing your own explanations.
- Why is the winter freeboard draught less than that valid for summer?
- What does the depth to which the ship may be safely loaded depend on?
- Why should "new waterlines" be accepted and given permission by international maritime institutions?
- Who is responsible for complying with the waterline rules when the ship is loaded?
TASK 4. SMCP Workpiece
Message marker application has been adopted into the IMO SMCP in order to increase the probability of clear and proper understanding of messages in shore-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication. There are eight Message Markers:
INSTRUCTION ADVICE
WARNING INFORMATION
QUESTION ANSWER
REQUEST INTENTION
Message Markers must be spoken preceding the message itself as shown in the example below:
"QUESTION. What is your present maximum draught?"
The use of this marker removes any doubt that the answer to the message is required or expected.
"ANSWER. My present draught is seven decimal five meters"
The use of this marker is to indicate the message is the reply to the previous question.
Provide questions and SMCP Message Markers to the following answers:
1. ... ?
My freeboard is six meters.
2. . ... ?
My present speed is 25 knots.
3. . ... ?
My last port of call was Singapore.
4. . ... ?
... I am approaching from Hong Kong.
5. . ... ?
My maximum draught is six decimal five meters.
4. Linear Dimensions of Ships
A ship is a three-dimensional structure having length, width and depth.
Main linear dimensions of a ship are measured on the basis of a solid ship hull.
The dimensions shown below describe the hull form and refer to the design draught which is normally less than, or equal to, the summer freeboard draught.
The draught (draft) is the vertical distance from the waterline to the point of the hull which is most submerged in water, usually to the keel. The draught indicates the height of the immersed part of a hull.
The freeboard is the part of the hull which emerges from water.
The depth of a vessel is measured vertically from the lowest point in the hull ( ordinarily from the bottom of the keel) to the side of any deck that you may choose as a reference point.
Therefore, it has to be stated in specific terms, such as depth to upper deck amidships. (If such a measurement were made for a building, taken from a floor to a ceiling, it would be called height.)
The breadth on waterline (BwL) is measured at amidships. BWL is the maximum distance between side frames.
The height is the distance from the waterline to the top of the highest superstructure.
The length between
perpendiculars (Lpp) is the distance between the foremost perpendicular, i.e. a vertical line going through the stern intersection with the waterline, and the aftmost perpendicular which normally coincides with the rudder axis. It is measured along the waterline when the ship is at full load.
The length on load waterline (LwL) is measured along the waterline from forward to aft.
---LOA---
ti
14' ---~•y_
-l'Ji I ____________ .,.
The length overall (L0 A) is the distance between the extreme points of the bow and the stern.
loA is the maximum length of the hull.
Glossary:
LWL
Dl!PTH
-
dimensions measurements in length, width and sometimes depth;
a point where two lines or surfaces meet, or cross;
to be identical, to take up the same position;
~
'-
DRAFT
an intersection to coincide with an axis
to immerse to emerge
(pl. axes) a straight line around which something rotates, or along which something is symmetrical;
to submerge in liquid;
to become visible;
TASK 1. Maritime Speaking
Answer the following questions:
- Which dimensions depend on the ship loading?
- Which ones depend on the ship design?
u
TASK 2. Maritime Terms
Identify the ship dimensions in the simplified drawing of a hull shown on the right.
c ____ --...1.,_: ____
:=>i
Fill in the blank boxes with the full names of dimensions.
TASK 3. Maritime Terms
There are many ways of expressing dimensions in English.
However, two of them are used for speaking about dimensions of a ship.
Look at the two examples and note the differences in verbs and the word order.
1. The overall length of the ship is 123 meters.
2. The ship has an overall length of 123 meters.
Ship name
BOA GALATEA CRUISE EUROPA MAARTJE THEADORADimension
(a survey vessel) (a passenger ferry) (a fishing vessel)Length overall 80.35 metre 225.30 metre 141.50 metre
Maximum draft 6.83 metre 13.00 metre 9.70 metre
Extreme breadth 13.31 metre 31.00 metre 7.30 metre
. .
Use the chart presenting the basic dimensions of the three ships for descnbmg and companng them . Work with your colleague to practice the SMCP model.
TASK 4. Maritime Terms
Fill in the table cells with the names of ship dimensions indicated by numbers in the two pictures below:
1. ... . 2 ... . 3 ... .
4 ... .
5 ... . 6 ... . 7 ... .
8 ... .
UNIT 2 • PARTS OF A SHIP
5. Displacement and Tonnage of a Ship
Ship sizes are commonly described with reference to their displacement and tonnage.
The two measurements refer to the weight and internal capacity of the vessel.
When a loaded ship floats at any water line, its displacement, according to the Archimedes law, is equal to the relevant mass of water displaced by it. Displacement is thus equal to the total weight of this ship, normally in seawater with a mass density of 1.025 t/m3 .
In other words, displacement refers to the weight of the ship and is measured in metric tons (MT).
The following list of items can be of much help to understand the ship tonnage:
A = the weight of the hull and its complete equipment systems and devices, furniture etc.
B = the weight of the machinery main engines, generators, propeller, shafts, etc.
C = the weight of liquids reserves of fuel, water for boilers, fresh water for cooling systems, etc.
D = the weight of supply crew, passengers with their luggage, food storage, fresh water.
E
=
the weight of carried cargo either on deck or in holds.A
+
B+
C+
D+
E = LOAD DISPLACEMENT So, the load displacement is defined as the weight of the fully loaded ship.Generally, lightweight, or light displacement is the weight of an unloaded ship.
A + B = LIGHT DISPLACEMENT = LIGHT WEIGHT
Tonnage, also known as registered tonnage, is used for determining the internal capacity of all the spaces in the ship.
The unit in use is called registered ton and is equal to 2.83 cubic meters which is equal to 100 English cubic feet.
1 REGISTER TON (RT) = 100 ENGLISH CUBIC FEET = 2.83 M3 The gross tonnage refers to the capacity of all the closed spaces on the vessel.
The net tonnage refers to the volume of all the ship spaces which earn money for the shipowner, such as passenger cabins, cargo holds etc.
Both measurements are expressed in units: GRT (Gross Register Tons) and NRT (Net Register Tons)
Every ship gets a certificate stating its register tonnage. Obviously, this is done according to specific international or local rules.
Deadweight tonnage generally includes the total weight of the entire cargo when the vessel is with its maximum draft. Therefore, we can once more make use of the items defined under letters from A to E:
I
DEADWEIGHT = C+
D+
EI
This tonnage is the most frequently used in shipping and is measured in metric tons.
Glossary:
to float relevant total density a generator a propeller a shaft
lubricating oil capacity TASK 1.
to stay on a liquid surface;
relating to, having a logical relationship with;
complete, entire, including all elements;
mass of an object to its volume, thickness;
a machine for producing gas, steam or electricity;
a device with twisted blades which rotate and make a boat move;
a bar transmitting motion to a mechanical part;
oil used for making moving parts smooth;
volume, content, the amount of space that can be filled;
Maritime Grasp
Fill in the blanks with the right arithmetic symbols; "=',
"+",
or"-' deadweight ... displacement ... light weight displacement ... light weight ... deadweightTASK 2. Maritime Speaking
Discuss the following drawing, its colours and the formula below.
+
c:J
Gross Tonnage (GT) Nett Tonnage (NT)6. Sea-going Qualities
All vessels must have a number of qualities which allow them to move on waters safely and in good condition. The required qualities are as follows:
1. Floatability (or Buoyancy)
Floatability (buoyancy) is the capability of a ship to float with certain amount of cargo on board while being immersed to its load waterline. Every ship has free waterproof space between its load waterline and the deck line. The free space is called reserved floatability and is measured in terms of the freeboard height.
2. Stability
Stability means the capability of a ship not to lean or tip easily together with being able to regain its
balance. In other words, this is the tendency of a ship to remain upright or return to upright position. Longitudinal stability is the stability of the bow - stern direction. Cross stability refers to the ship being able to resist the inclinations from side to side
3. Maneuverability
This quality is defined as the ability of a vessel to readily change its course in any direction when commanded from the navigating bridge and to keep the course.
4. Movability
It is the ability of a ship to go at a speed required by the main engine capacity. The most important is operational speed which determines the time of voyages. The speed is measured in knots.
5. Unsinkability
It is characterized by the ship's ability to stay stable and floatable in case one or more of the ship compartments are flooded. A ship sinks because taking water in is just like loading extra cargo. This, obviously, increases the ship's draft.
Most often, ships sink because they spring a leak in rough seas. A 30-foot wave moving at 30 miles per hour exerts a force of one million foot-pounds.
That is enough to tear cargo hatches open and allow water to pour inside.
6. Soundness
Soundness is defined as the capability of a vessel to resist the force of waves and wind, even while sailing fully loaded in rough seas.
Glossary:
to displace to expose to a principle to immerse waterproof to tip over to regain to heel to determine to spring a leak to exert
1 KNOT = 1 NAUTICAL MILE PER HOUR 1 KNOT = 1.852 KM PER HOUR
to replace, to take the place of;
to lay open to something, to leave unprotected;
a fundamental truth, a law;
to drop or dip into liquid;
keeping out water completely;
to turn over, to turn upside down;
to get back to, to reach something again;
to lean to one side;
to define, to calculate, to decide;
to begin to leak suddenly;
to apply with great energy or effort;
to open violently, by force, to remove by pulling;
to tear (tore/torn) open
a hatch a lid, a covering, an opening in a deck through which cargo is loaded and unloaded.
TASK 1. Maritime Speaking
Think about steps that can be taken in order to improve unsinkability. Discuss the ideas below.
waterproof sections;
bulkheads;
double hull (inner and outer one);
high technology, computerization;
human mistakes (losing control of the ship);
overloading.
TASK 2. Maritime Speaking
How do you understand the following saying? "You can't idiot-proof a ship"
-· 'iy.
~·~-: ~" . UNIT 2 • PARTS OF A SHIP
TASK 3. Maritime Terms
Read the text and then fill in the gaps with the words given below.
ballast, collided, crew, decision, fuel, full, Harbour, hull, ocean, port, pump, sank, ship, side, States, voyages
To keep its massive ... in balance, the ... of ANDREA DORIA had to pump seawater into its . . . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . . . tanks as the fuel was burned up on trans-Atlantic ... . Approaching the coast of the United ... on 25th July 1956, the ship tanks were ... ..
of this "dirty ballast". Instead of having it pumped into barges in New York ... the crew decided to . . . the ballast out into the open ... before they reached the ... . This turned out to be a fatal ... .
The ANDREA DORIA ... with a smaller cruise ... and began to take on water on her starboard
This made the ship list and because of the lack of the proper ... , the ship capsized and
...
'... .
TASK 4. Maritime Grasp
Decide whether the statements below are true or false. If you think they are false, make them true.
1. The weight of the boat pushes it up.
2. The Archimedes Law explains how things float.
3. Rescue at sea is always possible.
4. When you move around in a small boat you change its gravity center.
5. A vessel heels when it leans over to its starboard.
UNIT 2 • PARTS OF A SHIP
7. Ship Movements on Water
A vessel on water always moves. It moves even while floating with its engines stopped. A vessel undergoes various forces made by waves, currents, tides and winds.
This is because water in sailing areas like rivers, lakes, seas and oceans is never motionless.
When a vessel is propelled and ploughs water, it is affected by many different movements.
Generally, there are six motions in water and they are called "six degrees of freedom". These are rolling, surging, pitching, swaying, yawing and heaving. All the movements are either along or around the ship axes.
The scheme below shows briefly the ship axes and all the six motions.
First of all, the three axes have to be considered.
- the vertical axis, marked with the letter "Z" - also called the yaw axis
- the "X' axis, called the longitudinal axis
- the transverse axis - also called the lateral axis, marked in the scheme above by the letter "Y".
Each of the axes is involved in two motions, one linear and one rotary. The linear motion is a motion along an axis.
The rotary motion is a motion around an axis. So, as there are three axes in a ship, we get six motions altogether.
The linear movement along the "X" axis is called surging.
A ship surges when it is pushed forward by waves and then falls back into a trough.
The rotary movement around the longitudinal axis is called rolling.
A ship rolls when it moves with waves from the starboard side to the port side with. When a wave strikes a ship on one side, the underwater volume of this side increases.
This causes the ship to incline to port side.
When a wave strikes the port side, a ship inclines to its starboard. Rolling can make people on board seasick.
HEAVING
y
The "Y" axis passes from side to side. The linear movement along it is called swaying. A ship sways when it moves bodily to its starboard and then to the port side.
When a wave crest strikes the starboard side, a ship is pushed in the direction of the wave to the port side.
When a wave trough forms at the starboard, a ship is pulled bodily towards this side.
The rotary movement around this transverse axis is called pitching.
A ship pitches when its bow and stern rise and fall with waves.
When a wave crest hits a ship at its bow, the underwater volume of water increases and makes a ship incline to its stern.
The "Z" axis is drawn from top to bottom and is perpendicular to the other two axes. The linear movement along this vertical axis is called heaving.
A ship heaves when it rises up and then falls back into a wave trough. This can be easily observed on rough waters.
When a huge wave gets under the ship bottom, the whole ship is lifted up. When it gets into a wave trough, it is lowered down bodily.
The rotary movement around the vertical axis is called yawing.
A ship yaws its bow is pushed towards the starboard and then to the port side. When a wave crest strikes the bow on the starboard side, the bow is pushed in the direction of the wave towards the port side.
When a wave trough forms at the bow on the starboard, the ship is pushed bodily towards this side.
Ships at sea experience a combination of all these movements continuously.
z
PITCIIlNG
UNIT 2 • PARTS OF A SHIP
Glossary:
longitudinal transverse to plough motionless
to strike (struck/struck) to incline
a wave crest a wave trough bodily
situated or running along the length; opposed to transverse;
situated or running across; opposed to longitudinal;
(about a ship) to travel through water area;
stationary, not moving;
to hit against something; (about a ship) to collide with an object;
to get a leaning;
the top of a wave;
the bottom of a wave;
in one mass; as a whole;
to get or make greater in amount, size or degree;
at 90° angle to a line or a plane;
stormy, turbulent waters;
to increase perpendicular rough waters
to push to apply force on something or somebody to move them away; to press;
to pull continuously
to hold on to something or somebody applying force in order to move them;
without interruption.
TASK 1. Maritime Terms
Place the names of the "six degrees of freedom" under the right headings.
LINEAR MOTION ROTARY MOTION
TASK 2, Maritime Terms
Fill in the blanks with the right names of the "six degrees of freedom"
1 ... .
2 ... ..
3 ... .
4 ... ..
5 ... ..
6 ... '··· ... .
•
TASK 3. Maritime Grasp
Match the features with the correct ship movements by drawing a ,,tick" in the boxes
FEATURE swaying pitching heaving heaving yawing surging linear
along axis vertical axis side-to-side
transverse around axis bow-to-stern longitudinal
UNIT 2 • PARTS OF A SHIP
•
8. The Story of the "Titanic"
The famous "Titanic" was a British passenger ship that went to the sea bottom after a collision with a huge iceberg.
This disaster occurred on the liner's first voyage from Southampton to New York in 1912. The impact caused a number of cracks and damaged riveted seams in the ship hull.
Seawater entered through the ship side. Nearly three hours later, the vessel hull broke into two parts and the ship sank.
The "Titanic" was the largest and most luxurious ocean liner of its time.
It displaced more than 52,000 metric tons of water and measured 8821 feet, which is nearly the length of three standard football fields.
The "Titanic" carried enough lifeboats for only about half of its 2,200 passengers and crew. Actually, the 46,000-ton ship had twenty lifeboats on board.
There were 14 regular wooden lifeboats and 2 smaller ones which were kept swung out on either side of the bridge for a quick launch in case of emergency.
Glossary:
In addition, the ship had 4 collapsible boats which were stored on top of the officer quarters.
The fact is that the "Titanic" had been designed to carry 48 lifeboats.
However, the plans to add some extra boats were rejected, because so many lifeboats on the deck would have made it appear too cluttered.
The outfitting of the Titanic was completed in March and on 2nd April the liner set out for its sea trials. The trails lasted only half a day and only one test was done.
The only test carried out was the one that checked how fast the ship could stop. The result was that it took the vessel 3 minutes and 15 seconds to stop.
Both engines had been in reverse position and it had been going at the speed of 18 knots.
Many people believed the ship was unsinkable because its hull was divided into 16 watertight compartments made by 15 watertight bulkheads. • The bulkheads had electric doors that could be controlled from the bridge.
This system was regarded as making the ship unsinkable.
In fact, only 12 doors could be closed electrically, which is only one-third (1/3) of all. The rest had to be closed manually. The night the Titanic sank, not all the doors were closed.
Many of the electric doors in the bottom of the ship were reopened in order to rig the pumps.
The Titanic was designed to be able to float with any two adjoining compartments flooded.
Experts on naval architecture say that the Titanic would have been able to float with even any three of the first five compartments flooded.
The problem was that water got into the first five compartments.
As they had been filled with water, the bow of the ship was sinking deeper and deeper allowing the water to enter the next sections. The ship could not survive this, but its many watertight bulkheads did retard the flooding so that it required two hours and forty five minutes for the "Titanic" to sink.
to sink (sank/sunk) a collision
to go beneath the surface of water and be covered by it;
striking at something with force;
an iceberg to occur an impact a crack riveted a seam
to swing (swung/swung) collapsible
to reject cluttered watertight manually to rig adjoining to retard
an ice mountain, mass of ice floating on water;
to take place, to happen;
a force of colliding one with another;
a break, usually without separation of parts;
fastened with metal bolts inserted through holes;
a line formed by joining together two pieces of material;
to move, or cause to move, back and forth or side to side able to be folded into a small space;
to refuse to accept;
filled with an untidy collection of objects;
constructed so tightly as not to leak or take into any water;
done with hands;
to prepare for use;
touching the same point or a line;
to make slow, to delay in progress or development;
UNIT 2 • PARTS OF A SHIP
TASK 1. Grammar Workpiece
Scan the reading for the conditional sentences. Define the conditional type of the identified sentences.
The third conditional sentences refer to the past. We talk about the condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no chance for this condition to happen.
We use the following verb forms to express this conditional:
CONDITION RESULT
If PAST PERFECT WOULD+HAVE+3RD verb form
If they had been in the
they would have survived lifeboat
Complete the following sentences.
Note that all of them refer to the definite time in the past.
1. If there had been more lifeboats ... .
2. If all the bulkhead doors had been closed ... .
3. If the Titanic had hit the iceberg with its bow, not its side, ... .
4. If the sea trails had lasted more than half a day, ... .
5. If the Titanic had not been traveling too fast through an area with icebergs, ... .
TASK 2. Maritime Terms
Match words from column A to the ones of similar meaning in column B.
A B
ship compartments
with hand nautical miles move out of place manually
sections displace
buoyancy adding equipment outfitting floatability
knots to perforate
freight vessel
to make holes in cargo
UNIT 2 - PARTS OF A SHIP
