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COPYRIGHT © BY THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY,INCORPORATED

BISSONNETTE ET AL.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DISTINGUISHES SURGICAL TRAINING LEVELS IN A VIRTUAL REALITY SPINAL TASK

http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.18.01197 Page 1

The following content was supplied by the authors as supporting material and has not been copy-edited or verified by JBJS.

Appendix A-Questionnaire provided to spine surgeons

Please check () the metrics of performance you believe are important to measure to evaluate a surgeon performing a L3 hemilaminectomy with a burr and suction and could differentiate between a Senior surgeon (PGY-4 and above training level) and a Junior surgeon (PGY-3 and below training level).

METRIC OF PERFORMANCE Yes

Example: Relevant metric to measure 

Example: Irrelevant metric to measure SAFETY

Mean force applied on ligamentum flavum Maximum force applied on ligamentum flavum Volume of ligamentum flavum removed

Mean force applied on dura Maximum force applied on dura Volume of dura removed

Number of times dura was touched with an active burr

Minimum position of the burr in the cephalad-caudad axis while removing L3 Maximum position of the burr in the cephalad-caudad axis while removing L3 Minimum position of the burr in the medial-lateral axis while removing L3 Maximum position of the burr in the medial-lateral axis while removing L3 Maximum position of the burr in the anterior-posterior axis while removing dura Blood loss

Other SAFETY metrics not mentioned above?

EFFICIENCY

Position of the burr when the first removal of L3 occurs

Idle time (amount of time no force is applied by any tool on any structure) Total tip path length of the burr (sum of every change in position)

Total tip path length of the suction (sum of every change in position) Time to completion

Amount of time spent removing L3/ Time to completion Other EFFICIENCY metrics

not mentioned above?

COORDINATION

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COPYRIGHT © BY THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY,INCORPORATED

BISSONNETTE ET AL.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DISTINGUISHES SURGICAL TRAINING LEVELS IN A VIRTUAL REALITY SPINAL TASK

http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.18.01197 Page 2

Volume removed while simultaneously using the suction and the burr Mean velocity of the suction while simultaneously using the burr

Number of times structures are touched with suction while using the burr Amount of time spent while simultaneously using the suction and the burr Mean distance between the tip of the burr and the tip of the suction Other COORDINATION

metrics not mentioned above?

MOTION Variance of angles of the burr when removing L3

Distance between two acceleration peaks for both tools (consistency of movements) when removing L3

Mean acceleration of the burr over the whole procedure Mean acceleration of the suction over the whole procedure Mean velocity of the burr when removing ligamentum flavum Maximum velocity of the burr when removing ligamentum flavum Mean velocity of the burr when removing dura

Maximum velocity of the burr when removing dura Other MOTION metrics

not mentioned above?

Other metrics ideas not described in this list?

Referensi

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