Accounting Information Systems, 6th edition James A. Hall
COPYRIGHT © 2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. Cengage Learning and South-Western are trademarks used herein under license
Objectives for Chapter 7
y Elements and procedures of a traditional production process
y Data flows and procedures in a traditional cost accounting system
y Accounting controls in a traditional environment
y Principles, operating features, and technologies of lean manufacturing
y Shortcomings of traditional accounting methods in the world‐class environment
y Key features of activity based costing and value stream accounting
y Information systems of lean manufacturing and world‐
class companies
The Conversion Cycle
y Transforms input resources, raw materials, labor, and overhead into finished products or services for sale
y Consists of two subsystems:
y
Physical activities – the production system
y
Information activities – the cost accounting
system
Revenue Cycle
Expenditure Cycle
Purchase Requisitions
Marketing System
Conversion Cycle
Sales Forecast
Sales Orders
Labor Usage
General Ledger and Financial Reporting System
Work In Process
Finished Goods
Conversion Cycle in Relation to Other Cycles
Production System
y
Involves the planning, scheduling, and control of the physical product through the manufacturing process
y determining raw materials requirements
y authorizing the release of raw materials into production
y authorizing work to be conducted in the production process
y directing the movement of work through the various stages of production
Production Methods
y
Continuous Processing creates a homogeneous product through a continuous series of standard procedures.
y
Batch Processing produces discrete groups (batches) of products.
y
Make‐to‐Order Processing involves the fabrication of discrete products in accordance with customer
specifications.
Overview: Traditional Batch Production Model…
y consists of four basic processes:
y
plan and control production
y
perform production operations
y
maintain inventory control
y
perform cost accounting
y Production Planning and Control
y Materials and operations requirements
y Production scheduling
y Materials and Operations Requirements
y Materials requirement – the difference between what is needed and what is available in inventory
y Operations requirements – the assembly and/or
manufacturing activities to be applied to the product
Batch Production System
y Production Scheduling
y Coordinates the production of multiple batches
y Influenced by time constraints, batch size, and other specifications
y Work Centers and Storekeeping
y Production operations begin when work centers obtain raw materials from storekeeping.
y It ends with the completed product being sent to the finished goods (FG) warehouse .
Batch Production System
y Inventory Control
y Objective: minimize total inventory cost while ensuring that adequate inventories exist of
production demand
y Provides production planning and control with
status of finished goods and raw materials inventory
y Continually updates the raw material inventory during production process
y Upon completion of production, updates finished goods inventory
Batch Production System
EOQ Inventory Model
y Very simple too use, but assumptions are not always valid
y demand is known and constant
y ordering lead time is known and constant
y total cost per year of placing orders decreases as the order quantities increase
y carrying costs of inventory increases as quantity of orders increases
y no quantity discounts
Reorder Point
EOQ
IN VENTORY LEVEL
Time (days)
Lead Time
Daily Demand
EOQ Inventory Model
Inventory Cycle
Information: Documents in
the Batch Production System
y Sales Forecast ‐ expected demand for the finished goods
y Production Schedule ‐ production plan and authorization to produce
y Bill of Materials (BOM) ‐ specifies the types and quantities of the raw materials
and subassemblies used to produce a single
finished good unit
y
Route Sheet ‐ details the production path a particular batch will take in the manufacturing process
y sequence of operations
y time allotted at each station
y
Work Order ‐ uses the BOM and route sheet to specify the exact materials and production processes for each batch
Information: Documents in
the Batch Production System
y Move Ticket ‐ records work done in each work center and authorizes the movement of the batch
y Materials Requisition ‐ authorizes the inventory warehouse to release raw
materials for use in the production process
Information: Documents in
the Batch Production System
Sales Forecast
Inventory Status Report Engineering Specifications
BOM and Route Sheets
Raw Materials Requirements
(Purchase Requisitions)
Operations Requirements
Production Scheduling
Work Orders Move Tickets
Materials Requisitions Open Work Orders
Cost Accounting
Work Centers
Job Tickets Time Cards
Completed Move Tickets
Payroll
Production Planning and Control
Prod. Plan. and Control
Upon Completion of the Production Process…
Finished Product
and Closed Work Order
Finished Goods Warehouse
Closed Work Order
Inventory Control
Status Report of Raw Materials and Finished Goods
Journal Voucher
Prod. Plan. and Control General Ledger
Cost Accounting System
y Records the financial effects of the events occurring in the production process
y Initiated by the work order
y Cost accounting clerk creates a new cost record for the batch and files in WIP file y The records are updated as materials and
labor are used
Inventory Control
materials requisitions
Work Centers job tickets
completed move tickets
STANDARDS
COST ACCOUNTANTS
Update WIP accounts DL
DM
Mfg. OH.
Compute Variances
Elements of the Cost Accounting System
Cost Accounting System
y Receipt of last move ticket signals
completion of the production process
y
clerk removes the cost sheet from WIP file
y
prepares a journal voucher to transfer
balance to a finished goods inventory
account and forwards to the General
Ledger department
Summary of Internal Controls
Internal Controls
y Transaction authorizations
y
work orders – reflect a legitimate need based on sales forecast and the finished goods on hand
y
move tickets – signatures from each work station authorize the movement of the batch through the work centers
y
materials requisitions – authorize the
warehouse to release materials to the work
centers
Internal Controls
y Segregation of duties
y
production planning and control
department is separate from the work centers
y
inventory control is separate from materials storeroom and finished goods warehouse
y
cost accounting function accounts for WIP and should be separate from the work
centers in the production process
Internal Controls
y Supervision
y
work center supervisors oversee the usage of raw materials to ensure that all released
materials are used in production and waste is minimized
y
employee time cards and job tickets are
checked for accuracy
Internal Controls
y Access control
y
direct access to assets
y controlled access to storerooms, production work centers, and finished goods warehouses
y quantities in excess of standard amounts require approval
y
indirect access to assets
y controlled use of materials requisitions, excess materials requisitions, and employee time
cards
Internal Controls
y Accounting records
y
pre‐numbered documents
y
work orders
y
cost sheets
y
move tickets
y
job tickets
y
material requisitions
y
WIP and finished goods files
Internal Controls
y Independent verification
y cost accounting reconciles material usage (material requisitions) and labor usage (job tickets) with
standards
y variances are investigated
y GL dept. verifies movement from WIP to FG by
reconciling journal vouchers from cost accounting and inventory subsidiary ledgers from inventory control
y internal and external auditors periodically verify the raw materials and FGs inventories through a physical count
World‐Class Companies…
y continuously pursue improvements in all aspects of their operations, including
manufacturing procedures y are highly customer oriented
y have undergone fundamental changes from the traditional production model
y often adopt a lean manufacturing model
Principles of Lean Manufacturing
y Pull Processing – products are pulled from the consumer end (demand), not pushed from the production end (supply)
y Perfect Quality –pull processing requires zero defects in raw material, WIP, and FG inventories
y Waste Minimization – activities that do not add value or maximize the use of scarce resources are
eliminated
y Inventory Reduction – hallmark of lean manufacturing
y Inventories cost money
y Inventories can mask production problems
y Inventories can precipitate overproduction
Principles of Lean Manufacturing
y Production Flexibility – reduce setup time to a
minimum, allowing for a greater diversity of products, without sacrificing efficiency
y Established Supplier Relations – late deliveries,
defective raw materials, or incorrect orders will shut down production since there are no inventory
reserves
y Team Attitude – each employee must be vigilant of problems that threaten the continuous flow of the production line
Lean Manufacturing Model
y Achieve production flexibility by means of:
y Changes in the physical organization of production facilities
y Employment of automated technologies
y CIM, AS/RS, robotics, CAD, and CAM
y Use of alternative accounting models
y ABC and value stream accounting
y Use of advanced information systems
y MRP, MRPII, ERP, and EDI
Physical Reorganization of the Production Facilities
y
Inefficiencies in traditional plant layouts increase handling costs, conversion time, and excess
inventories.
y
Employees tend to feel ownership over their stations, contrary to the team concept.
y
Reorganization is based on flows through cells which shorten the physical distance between activities.
y This reduces setup and processing time, handling costs, and inventories.
Progression of Automation in the Manufacturing Process
Traditional Islands of Technology
Computer Integrated Manufacturing
Progression of Automation toward World-Class Status
y Traditional Approach to Automation
y
Consists of many different types of
machines which require a lot of setup time
y
Machines and operators are organized in functional departments
y
WIP follows a circuitous route through the different operations
Automating Manufacturing
y
Islands of Technology
y Stand alone islands which employ computer numerical controlled (CNC) machines that can perform multiple operations with less human involvement
y Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC ) Machines
y Reduce the complexity of the physical layout
y Arranged in groups and in cells to produce an entire part from start to finish
y Need less set‐up time
Automating Manufacturing
y
Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)
y A completely automated environment which
employs automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS) and robotics
y
Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (AS/RS)
y Replaces traditional forklifts and their human operators with computer‐controlled conveyor systems
y Reduce errors, improved inventory control, and lower storage costs
Automating Manufacturing
Computer‐Integrated
Manufacturing (CIM) System
y Robotics
y
Use special CNC machines that are useful in
performing hazardous, difficult, and monotonous tasks
y Computer‐Aided Design (CAD)
y
Increases engineers’ productivity
y
Improves accuracy
y
Allows firms to be more responsive to market demands
y
Interfaces with CAM and MRPII systems
Automating Manufacturing
y Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
y
Uses computers to control the physical manufacturing process
y
Provides greater precision, speed, and
control than human production processes
Automating Manufacturing
Achieving World‐Class Status
y
The world‐class firm needs new accounting methods and new information systems that:
y show what matters to its customers
y identify profitable products
y identify profitable customers
y identify opportunities for improving operations and products
y encourage the adoption of value‐added activities and processes and identify those that do not add value
y efficiently support multiple users with both financial and nonfinancial information
What’s Wrong with Traditional Accounting Information?
y Inaccurate cost allocations – automation changes the relationship between direct labor, direct
materials, and overhead cost
y Promotes nonlean behavior – incentives to produce large batches and inventories, and conceal waste in overhead allocations
y Time lag – data lag due to assumption that control can be applied after the fact to correct errors
y Financial orientation – dollars as the standard unit of measure
Activity Based Costing (ABC)…
y is an information system that provides managers with information about activities and cost
objects
y assumes that activities cause costs and that products (and other cost objects) create a demand for activities
y is different from traditional accounting system since ABC has multiple activity drivers, whereas traditional accounting has only one, e.g.
machine hours
ABC – Pros and Cons
y Advantages
y More accurate costing of products/services, customers, and distribution channels
y Identifying the most and least profitable products and customers
y Accurately tracking costs of activities and processes
y Equipping managers with cost intelligence to drive continuous improvements
y Facilitating better marketing mix
y Identifying waste and non‐value‐added activities
y Disadvantages
y Too time‐consuming and complicated to be practical
y Promotes complex bureaucracies in conflict with lean manufacturing philosophy
Value Stream Accounting
y Value stream – all the steps in a process that are essential to producing a product
y Value streams cut across functions and departments y Captures costs by value stream rather than by
department or activity
y Simpler than ABC accounting
y Makes no distinction between direct and indirect costs
y Including labor costs
Value Stream Product Family A
Production Labor Production
Materials
Distribution Expenses Support
Labor Facilities Rent &
Maintenance Product
Design
Cell Machines
Value Stream Product Family B
Production Labor Production
Materials
Cell Machines
Warehousing Product
Planning Manufacturing Shipping
Sales
Marketing and Selling Expenses
Cost Assignment to Value Stream
y Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP)
y Ensures adequate raw materials for production process
y Maintains the lowest possible level of inventory on hand
y Produce production and purchasing schedules and other information needed to control production
y MRP II
y An extension of MRP
y More than inventory management and production scheduling – it is a system for coordinating the
activities of the entire firm
Information Systems that Support
Lean Manufacturing
y
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems
y Huge commercial software packages that support the information needs of the entire organization, not just the manufacturing functions
y Automates all business functions along with full financial and managerial reporting capability
y
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
y External communications with its customers and suppliers via Internet or direct connection