By Helen Leonardo
A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of LIFE SCIENCES
Department of FOOD TECHNOLOGY
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for BACHELOR‟S DEGREE
IN
FOOD TECHNOLOGY
Swiss German University EduTown BSDCity
Tangerang 15339 INDONESIA www.sgu.ac.id
July 2011
Revision after the Thesis Defense on July 28, 2011
Helen Leonardo
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
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Helen Leonardo Date
Approved by:
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Tutun Nugraha, BASc, MASc, PhD (Advisor) Date
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Drs. Adel Fisli, M.Si (co-Advisor) Date
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Nani Pasaribu, M.Si (co-Advisor) Date
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Chairman of the Examination Steering Committee Date
Helen Leonardo
ABSTRACT
ACTIVATION AND PURIFICATION OF BENTONITE FOR THE TREATMENT OF CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) AS VEGETABLE OIL
By Helen Leonardo
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERISTY Bumi Serpong Damai
Tutun Nugraha, BASc, MASc, PhD (Advisor)
In cooking oil industry, Crude Palm Oil (CPO) requires bleaching process which is typically done using bleaching earth. The common bleaching earth used is activated bentonite. Currently, cooking oil industries in Indonesia import the activated bentonite in substantial amount for the bleaching process. Meanwhile, bentonite deposits in Indonesia are quite significant. In this research, bentonite obtained locally from the region of Leuwiliang (Bogor, West Java) was purified using ultrasonic with sodium hexametaphosphate (NaPO3)6 and water, and activated using acid reflux methods (H2SO4, 100oC, 1 hour). During the activation, the bentonite was treated with different acid concentrations (1 M, 0.1 M and 0.01 M). The raw bentonite and treated bentonite were studied using XRD and XRF. The purification that was done using ultrasonic treatment removed the impurities from bentonite, particularly the quartz, and, hence, purified the montmorillonite. Bleaching power was initially studied using adsorption of methylene blue for optimation, followed by bleaching of CPO. The results showed that both the purified and nonpurified bentonite, activated with 0.1 molar H2SO4 at 1 hour duration had the highest bleaching capacity. This was confirmed by measuring the oil colour using spectrophotometer. In addition, the treated oil also showed substantial reduction of free fatty acid content (FFA), and also some reduction of peroxide number.
Keywords: Crude Palm Oil (CPO), Bentonite
Helen Leonardo
DEDICATION
For the world‟s most wonderful mother, Nindrawaty
my father, Johendra Leonardo
my grandmother, Loby
my brother, Johanes Leonardo
and you
who have been with me every steps of the way,
through good and bad times.
Thank you for your unconditional love, guidance and support that you have always given, helping me to succeed and instilling in me the confidence that I am capable of
doing anything I put my mind to.
Helen Leonardo
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I owe the deepest gratitude Jesus Christ, for His continuous blessing and love, so that this thesis can be completed. I would also like to thank to all Life Sciences staffs for the patience, help and support. Without their support, this thesis would be harder to be accomplished.
Tutun Nugraha, BASc, MASc, PhD as my advisor. Thank you for the ideas, chance, guidance, advice, patience, motivation, enthusiasm, immense knowledge and everything he did for my thesis.
Nani Pasaribu, M.Si and Drs. Adel Fisli, M.Si as my co-advisors. Thank you for the help, advice, knowledge and motivation.
Irvan S. Kartawiria, S.T., M.Sc, as Dean of Life Sciences Faculty.
Abdullah Muzi Marpaung, S.T., as the Head Department of Food Technology.
Dr. rer. nat. Maruli Pandjaitan. Thank you for your motivation.
Tabligh Permana, S.T. as my best friend in chemistry laboratory. Special thanks to you for the help, advice, motivation and your songs during this thesis.
Heni Hendrawati, S.Si., who always help me and be my friend in environmental laboratory.
Hery Sutanto, S.Si., who help me to have better understanding about X-ray.
Elisabeth Kartika Prabawati, STP., MFoodSt, Dr. rer. nat. Filiana Santoso, Mr. Agung Margiyanto, all lecturers and staffs in Swiss German University.
My parents, Nindrawaty and Johendra Leonardo, my grandmother, Loby, and my brother, Johanes Leonardo, who had supported me to finish this thesis.
Bernadet Anita Haryani, Sheila Ariani, Mayaswari Handoyo, Randy Ferrera, James Sumawi, Chrystian Adhiputra, Fransisca Theresia, Yulianus Derry, Caroline Suwandi, Aldi Kurniawan, and all my friends and classmates in Swiss German University.
Amelia Candra, Dian Hadinoto, Theo Mathias, and Mario Fransiskus Osmond.
Thank you for your support, motivation, encouragement and friendship.
Helen Leonardo
TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2
ABSTRACT ... 3
DEDICATION ... 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... 5
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ... 16
1.1 Background Research ... 16
1.2 Research Objective ... 17
1.3 Research Scope ... 18
1.4 Theoretical Perspective ... 18
1.5 Research Question and Hypothesis ... 19
1.5.1 Questions ... 19
1.5.2 Hypothesis ... 19
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW ... 20
2.1 Bentonite ... 20
2.1.1 History of Bentonite ... 20
2.1.2 Bentonite Description ... 21
2.1.3 Crystal Structure of Montmorillonite ... 22
2.1.4 Properties of Bentonite ... 25
2.1.5 Types of Bentonite ... 27
2.1.6 Uses of Bentonite ... 28
2.1.6 Bentonite Deposit in Indonesia ... 31
2.1.7 Purification of Bentonite ... 32
2.1.8 Activation of Bentonite ... 35
2.2 Palm Oil ... 36
2.2.1 Plant Description ... 36
2.2.2 Indonesian Palm Oil ... 39
2.2.3 Production of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) ... 40
2.2.4 Compositions of Crude Palm Oil ... 45
2.2.5 Refining Methods of Palm Oil ... 46
Helen Leonardo
2.4 X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) ... 54
2.5 Ultrasonic ... 55
CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLOGY ... 57
3.1 Date and Venue ... 57
3.2 Materials and Chemical Substances ... 57
3.2.1 Materials ... 57
3.2.2 Chemicals ... 57
3.3 Tools and Equipments... 58
3.4 Research Methods ... 58
3.4.1 Preparation of Raw Bentonite Powder ... 59
3.4.2 Moisture Content Analysis ... 59
3.4.3 Characterization of Bentonite... 60
3.4.4 Determination of Chemical Composition of Bentonite... 60
3.4.5 Preparation of Sodium Hexametaphosphate Solution ... 60
3.4.6 Purification Process of Bentonite ... 61
3.4.7 Preparation of Sulfuric Acid Solution ... 62
3.4.8 Acid Activation Process ... 62
3.4.9 Preparation of Methylene Blue Solution ... 63
3.4.10Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto Bentonite ... 64
3.4.11Degumming of Crude Palm Oil ... 66
3.4.12Bleaching of Crude Palm Oil ... 66
3.4.13Analysis of Free Fatty Acid (SNI 01-2901-2006; AOCS 2005) ... 68
3.4.14Analysis of Peroxide Number (SGU Food Chemistry Laboratory, 2009) .... 69
3.5 Statistical Analysis ... 69
CHAPTER 4 – RESULT & DISCUSSION... 70
4.1 Pretreatment of the Raw Bentonite ... 70
4.2 Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto Bentonite ... 71
4.3 Characterization of the Bentonite ... 77
4.4 Determination of the Elemental Compositions of Bentonite ... 88
4.5 Bleaching of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) ... 100
4.6 Determination of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) and Peroxide Number ... 115
Helen Leonardo
5.1 Conclusion ... 119
5.2 Recommendation ... 120
GLOSSARY ... 121
REFERENCES ... 123
APPENDICES ... 130
CURRICULUM VITAE ... 177
