as Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
By
Paulus Octovianus Hallatu ID-Number : 1-1105-059
A Bachelor‟s Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of Engineering
Department of MECHATRONICS
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCES WITH A MAJOR IN MECHATRONICS
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY Campus German Centre Bumi Serpong Damai – 15321
Island of Java, Indonesia www.sgu.ac.id
Paulus Octovianus Hallatu
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
_______________________________________ ________________
Paulus Octovianus Hallatu Date
Approved by:
________________________________________ __________________
Edward Boris P.Manurung, M.E. Date
______________________________________ _________________
Chairman of the Examination Steering Committee Date
ABSTRACT
Building and Controlling Quadrocopter as Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
By
Paulus Octovianus Hallatu
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY Bumi Serpong Damai
Edward Boris P.Manurung, M.E , Major Lecturer and Advisor
The main purpose of this thesis is to build and control a flying platform called quadrocopter. The platform of quadrocopter can be used as unmanned aerial vehicle platform. The common platforms that are available in the market are helicopter and also airplane model. Unlike the other, quadrocopter required less mechanical design and applied direct control, which means the whole dynamics of quadrocopter are controlled by directly adjusting the speed of four motors, thus generate thrust. The adjustment of speed is calculated by reading sensor outputs which sense the behavior of quadrocopter, and process them in PID controller.
Paulus Octovianus Hallatu
DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis to myself and my parents, as an achievement of my dream when I was a kid that I wanted to be like B.J Habibie and make an airplane. And also to whomever that has great interest in developing unmanned aerial vehicle.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to thank Lord Jesus Christ for His bless so author can finally finish this thesis. The author also wishes to thank:
Ajeng Danti Mahardhika for her patience, attention, understanding and being my private psychologist.
Mr. Winaryutha for being the author‟s best uncle.
Mr. Edward Boris P.Manurung, M.E for his moral support, advices and also critical review.
Mr. Dian Rusdiana Hakim for his kindness and the knowledge about UAV that he has shared.
Mr. Bambang Darwis and Mr. Cepi Hanafi, SST for giving bright ideas when the problems during the thesis seems cannot be solved.
Mario Kurniawan, Arya Wisnu Permadi, Randitya Arika Dewa, Briant B.
Basyah, Carlos Savez, Barry Kipuw, Hartini, Erik and all my colleagues for all the support they have given.
Paulus Octovianus Hallatu
TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2
ABSTRACT ... 3
DEDICATION ... 4
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... 5
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ... 11
1.1 Background ... 11
1.2 Thesis Problem Identification ... 12
1.3 Thesis Purpose ... 13
1.4 Thesis Scope ... 13
1.5 Thesis Structure ... 13
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW ... 15
2.1 UAV ... 15
2.1.1 Predator ... 16
2.1.2 Microdrones ... 19
2.2 QUADROCOPTER PLATFORM... 21
2.2.1 Principles of works ... 21
2.2.2 Platform material ... 22
2.3 Sensors ... 23
2.3.2 Gyroscope ... 23
2.3.3 Accelerometer ... 26
2.3.4 MEMS ... 27
2.4 Propellers ... 29
2.4.1 Introduction on propellers ... 29
2.4.2 Blade Element Theory ... 31
2.4.3 Angle of Attack ... 32
2.4.4 Forces acting on aerofoil ... 33
2.4.5 Forces acting on propeller ... 35
2.4.6 Thrust, Power and Efficiency - Momentum Theory ... 39
2.4.7 Power ... 40
2.4.8 Conclusion ... 44
2.5 DC motors ... 44
2.5.1 Brushed DC motors... 44
2.5.2 Brushless DC motors ... 46
2.4.3 Selecting DC motors ... 48
2.6.2 Characteristic of P, I and D Controllers ... 50
2.6.3 Fundamental of feedback loop ... 51
CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLOGY ... 53
3.1 The mechanical design of quadrocopter ... 53
3.2 Thrust System ... 54
3.2.1 Propeller ... 54
3.2.2 Brushless DC motor ... 56
3.3 Sensor ... 58
3.3.1 Accelerometer ... 58
3.3.2 Gyroscope ... 59
3.3.3 Inertial measurement unit (IMU) ... 60
3.3.4 5DOF IMU Board ... 60
3.3.5 ADXRS 401 ... 64
3.4 Wireless System ... 66
3.4.1 Futaba T7C (transmitter) and Futaba RS606FS (receiver) ... 66
3.4.2 Xbee Pro... 67
3.5 Arduino Microcontroller ... 69
3.6 Power Supply and Electrical Circuit ... 69
3.6.1 Battery ... 69
3.6.2 Power Distribution Circuit ... 70
3.6.3 Arduino Shield ... 71
3.6 Control Algorithm ... 74
3.6.1 Mixer Function... 75
CHAPTER 4 – RESULT & DISCUSSION... 77
4.1 Introduction ... 77
4.2 Quadrocopter Platform ... 77
4.2.1 Problems Identification of the Platform ... 79
4.3 Electrical circuits ... 80
4.3.1 Power Distribution Circuit ... 80
4.3.2 Problems Identification of Power Distribution Circuit ... 80
Paulus Octovianus Hallatu
5.1 Conclusion ... 91
5.2 Recommendation ... 91
GLOSSARY ... 93
REFERENCES ... 94
APPENDICES ... 98
A. Schematics ... 98
B. Technical Drawing ... 101
C. Datasheets ... 104
D. Program... 121
E. Bill of Material ... 133
CURRICULUM VITAE ... 134