MOOD ANALYSIS OF RELIGIOUS DISCOURSE ON SUNDAY SERMON
Oleh:
Hiace Vega Fernando Siahaan 1) Andi Jaihutan Silitonga 2)
Ismarini Hutabarat 3)
Universitas Darma Agung, Medan 1,2,3) E-mail:
[email protected] 1) [email protected] 2) [email protected] 3)
ABSTRACT
The focus of this research article is to investigate the usage of mood on religious discourse on Sunday sermon that were delivered by the preachers. The objective of this study are to analyze and identify the types of mood that used by the preachers in delivering the message on Sunday sermon. Descriptive qualitative was used as the research methodology of this study. Data in this study were the sentences that were uttered by the preachers on Sunday sermon. The source data of this study were from five churches in Medan. Interactive model was used in collecting and analyzing data. The findings of this study shows that five types of mood were used in delivering the message on Sunday sermon in different occurrences, namely: positive indicative mood, negative indicative mood, interrogative indicative mood, imperative mood and offering mood. Positive indicative mood was the most dominantly used by the preachers in delivering the message on Sunday sermon. This study highlights that preachers used the variation of mood on Sunday sermon in order to make the congregation understand the message and has a willingness to do the message on Sunday sermon in their daily life.
Keywords: Systemic Functional Linguistics, Interpersonal Function, Mood, Sunday Sermon
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi penggunaan modus dalam wacana keagamaan pada khotbah Minggu yang disampaika oleh para pendeta. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dan mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis mood yang digunakan oleh para pendeta dalam menyampaikan pesan khotbah pada khotbah Minggu.
Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah kalimat-kalimat yang diucapkan oleh pendeta pada khotbah Minggu. Sumber data penelitian ini berasal dari lima gereja yang ada di kota Medan.
Model interaktif digunakan dalam pengumpulan dan analisis data. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa lima jenis modus digunakan dalam menyampaikan pesan pada khotbah Minggu dengan jumlah yang berbeda, yaitu: modus indikatif positif, modus indikatif negatif, modus indikatif pertanyaan, modus perintah dan modus penawaran.
Modus indikatif positif paling dominan digunkan oleh para pendeta dalam menyampaikan pesan khotbah Minggu. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pendeta menggunakan variasi modus pada khotbah Minggu agar jemaat memahami pesan khotbah dan memiliki kemauan untuk melakukan pesan khotbah Minggu dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
Kata Kunci: Linguistik Sistemik Fungsional, Fungsi Interpersonal, Modus, Khotbah Minggu
1. INTRODUCTION
Sermons are a form of communication used to convey spiritual information based on the scriptures of their respective religions. In Christianity, sermons are based on the holy book of Christianity that is the Bible. The Bible serves as a foundation for pastors to deliver spiritual messages to the congregations they serve.
This research focuses on examining the use of mood on Sunday sermons delivered by pastors. This research used Systemic Functional Linguistics theory in analyzing data, especially the use of mood. Mood is a major source of interpersonal meaning in Systemic Functional Linguistics studies. In mood there are two important components:
'mood' and 'residue'. In Systemic Functional Linguistics, 'mood' is constructed by the subject and finit and the rest is referred to as 'residue' constructed by predicators, compliments and adjuncts in a sentence. So mood is constructed by five elements consisting of: subject, finite, predictor, complement and adjunct.
Some of the previous studies that have conducted an analysis about mood are as follows: Mehwish (2015); Utomo, (2018); Astuti (2018); Andani (2019);
Isti'anah (2020); Rahmawati (2021). From the previous studies, none of them had done the analysis of mood on religious
discourse especially on Sunday sermons.
Based on the previous studies, so there is a gap for this present study to do more analysis about mood type especially on Sunday sermon. This present study aims to determine the types of mood and describe the reason for the most dominantly used of types of mood used on Sunday sermons.
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Interpersonal function is a function of language that expresses the meaning of exchange or meaning between persons. In interpersonal functions, language is concerned with the interaction of language. Interpersonal functions in clauses are realized by the mood system, the structure of mood and modalities. In addition, Sinar (2012: 27) also states that interpersonal sources discuss social relationships: how societies interact, including the feeling of mutual sharing between them. Furthermore, textual function is the meaning of the association or organization of experiences. Textual function deals with the organization of experiences into the form of texts in the form of contexts. This function in the system of clauses is realized into the use of themes and rheme. Sinar (2012: 27) also states that textual sources address the flow of information: the way in which ideational and interpersonal meanings are propagated in semiosis, including the
interconnection between activity and language (action, images, music, etc.).
Interpersonal function is the interpretation of language as a means of exchanging information. This is in line with the opinion (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004: 106 – 158) which states that interpersonal meanings can be reflected through a system of clauses because clauses are a source of lexicogrammatics used to organize the process of interaction between speakers and partners or writers and readers. In this case, the relationship that lasts during the Sunday sermon delivered by the pastor is the interpersonal relationship between the pastor and the church congregation. Thus, the exchange of action is realized through types of clauses called 'mood' in other words the mode chosen by the speaker (Thompson, 2004: 46 ; Eggins, 1994: 153) i.e.
indicative mood (declarative and interrogative clauses), and imperative mood. Differences in the dominance of use or choice of mood will result in differences in the position of the speaker (pronounator) with the speech partner (listener). This will also result in
differences in social status between speakers and speech partners. For example, based on the dominance of the choice of mood, it can be known who gave information, reminded, forbid, ordered, invited or influenced in the speech act.
Clauses contained in the interpersonal meaning serve as clauses as exchange as proposed by Halliday &
Matthiessen (2004: 106 & 2014: 135) which represent the relationship of interaction in speech or conversation. In the interaction of speakers in order to establish social relationships between speakers, language is needed in these interactions. In an interaction according to Halliday (1994: 68) there are two fundamental categories of speech, namely:
1) giving and 2) demanding (asking for information). In addition, in the exchange of exchanged experiences are commodities consisting of two categories namely: a) goods & services, b) information. The relationship between giving (giving) - requesting (demanding) and goods &
services - information can be seen in Table 2.1 below.
Tabel 2.1
Relation Between Giving and Demanding
ROLES COMMODITY
Information Good & Services
Giving Statement Offer
Demanding Question Command
Source: Saragih (2011: 100)
Based on Table 2.1 above, four relationships are obtained between giving and requesting namely: 1) giving/information = statement, 2) demand/information = question, 3)
give/goods/ and services = offer, and 4) demand/goods and services = command.
An example of these four relationships can be seen in Table 2.2 below.
Tabel 2.2
Example of Relation Between Giving and Demanding No. Relation Between Giving and
Demanding
Examples
1. Giving/information = statement Adam bought that house in 2007.
2. Demand/information = question Did Adam buy that house in 2007?
3. Give/goods/ and services = offer I just bought that house 4. Demand/goods and services
= command
Buy that house!
Interpersonal functions play an important role in the exchange of experiences carried out by speakers or language users using speech functions in the form of: statements, questions, offers and commands (Halliday, 1994: 69).
According to Saragih (2011: 101) that the four functions of speech are basic speeches functions and are human rights. It is
termed a basic word function because it is from the four functions of the word that another, more specific function of the word is derived. Meanwhile, it is termed a human right because the four functions of the word must be the human right as a human being. The relationship between the speech function and the mode can be seen in Figure 2.1 below.
SPEECH FUNCTION
Statement Offer
Question Command
Gambar 2.1 Speech Function Realize in Mood (Saragih, 2011: 104)
In Systemic Functional Linguistics analysis, interpersonal functions are characterized by the identification of the Mood expressed in the subject and finit as
well as the Residue expressed in the form of predicators, compliments, and adjuncts.
This is in line with Halliday's (1994) opinion and passed on to the opinion of
MOOD
Declarative 0
Interrogative Imperative
Saragih (2006: 19) and Sinar (2012: 46).
According to Saragih (2011: 99), mood is the realization or coding of speech functions in grammar. In other words, mood is a form of function of the word as a semantic element or meaning in grammar or as an element of expression in a semiotic system. Mood is defined as the arrangement of the subject and verbs in a sentence. This sense is also used in the Systemic Functional Linguistics view, where the term 'subject' remains in use but the term 'verb' is replaced by using the term 'finit'.
3. RESEARCH METHOD
This research study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method.
The data data analysis was done by using interactive model data analysis of Miles &
Hubberman (2014: 1). The focuses of this study were to identify and describe the using of mood on Sunday sermon. The data of this study were 17 data of sermon text from 5 of HKBP Churches in Medan.
The data were collected by using recording technique. After collecting the data, then the data were analyzed based on interactive model data analysis proposed by Miles and Hubberman (2014), which consists of data collection, data condensation, data display and conclusion.
The seventeen data of sermon text were analyzed to identify and describe how the
preachers used the mood type in delivering the sermon.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The realization of the use of interpersonal functions focused on the use of mood contained on Sunday sermon delivered by the pastor found that the distribution of mood for each Sermon Text (ST) studied had a different number of distributions. Mood is the main source of interpersonal meaning. In the mood there are two important components: 'mood' and 'residue'. In Systemic Functional Linguistics, 'mood' is constructed by the subject and finit and the rest is referred to as 'residue' constructed by predicators, complements and adjuncts sentence.
Mood is constructed by five elements consisting of: subject, finite, predicator, complement and adjunct.
Based on the results of research that has been carried out on the modes contained in Sermon Text (ST), the results of the frequency or distribution of each data analyzed are obtained. The results showed that the use of mood in Sermon Text (ST) showed different results for each type of mode found. The results of the study are presented in the form of a table to see the distribution of mood realization in the data that has been analyzed as seen in Table 4.1 below.
Table 4.1
Percentage of Mood Types
No. Types of Mood Occurences Percentage (%)
1. Modus Indikatif Positif 2713 81,9
2. Modus Indikatif Negatif 409 12,3
3. Modus Indikatif Interrogatif 92 2,8
4. Modus Imperatif 57 1,7
5. Modus Penawaran 43 1,3
Total 3314 100
Based on Table 4.1, it can be explained that the number of mood distributions contained in the seventeen Sermon Text (ST) studied is 3314 clauses with different mood distributions from one another. From Table 4.1, it can be seen that the most dominant mood used is the positive indicative mood with a total of 2713 clauses and sequentially followed by the negative indicative mood with a total
of 409 clauses, the interrogative indicative mood with a total of 92 clauses, the imperative mood with the number of 57 clauses and the bidding mood with the number of 43 clauses. The following outlines the distribution of the five types of mood found in the seventeen SERMON TEXT (ST) that have been analyzed as seen in Table 4.2 below.
Tabel 4.2
Types of Mood on Sermon Text (ST)
No. Sermon Text (ST)
Types of Mood Occurences
Positive Indicative
Mood
Negative Indicative
Mood
Interrogative Indicative
Mood
Imperative Mood
Offering Mood
1. ST 1 144 27 12 3 1 187
2. ST 2 93 19 5 0 2 119
3. ST 3 128 30 2 0 7 167
4. ST 4 308 45 9 4 8 374
5. ST 5 142 35 7 8 0 192
6. ST 6 135 26 2 4 1 168
7. ST 7 260 42 10 10 3 325
8. ST 8 157 19 3 6 1 186
9. ST 9 191 20 2 3 1 217
10. ST 10 113 9 5 1 1 129
11. ST 11 162 21 4 2 0 189
12. ST 12 115 20 2 2 9 148
13. ST 13 223 14 7 2 3 249
14. ST 14 111 19 8 0 0 138
15. ST 15 183 29 8 6 4 230
16. ST 16 98 11 3 3 2 117
17. ST 17 150 23 3 3 0 179
Total 3314
Based on Table 4.2 above, it can be seen that the distribution of the types of
mood on Sermon Text (ST) that have been analyzed has a different number of
distributions for each type of mood used.
In addition, it can be seen from Table 4.2 that there are types of mood that are not found for some of the Sermon Text (ST) analyzed, such as the imperative mood not found on Sermon Text (ST) 2, Sermon Text (ST) 3 and Sermon Text (ST) 14.
Furthermore, it can also be known that
Sermon Text (ST) 7 has a larger number of distribution types of mood, namely 325 mood and the least number of distributions of the types of mood used is found on Sermon Text (ST) 16. Statistically, the distribution of the types of mood in the Sermon Text (ST) that has been studied can be seen in Figure 4.1 below.
82%
12%
3% 2%1%
Percentage of Mood Types on Sermon Text (ST)
Positive Indicative Mood Negative Indicative Mood Interrogative Indicative Mood Imperative Mood
Offering Mood
Figure 4.1. Percentage of Mood Types
Based on Figure 4.1 above, it can be seen that the positive indicative mood dominates its use in the delivery of Sunday sermon messages by 82%. This is because pastors explain more of the messages of Sunday sermons to give understanding to the congregations who listen to them. In addition to the positive indicative mood, based on Figure 4.1 it can also be seen that in the Sermon Text (ST) a negative indicative mood is found with a percentage of 12%, an interrogative indicative mood with a percentage of 3%, an imperative mood of 2% and an offering mood of 1%.
This is in line with research conducted by Ngongo (2018) which also found that declarative or positive mood dominates its use on Sunday sermons which is has total of 327 clauses.
Positive Declarative Indicative Mood The collected of Sunday sermon data is then transcribed into text, then decomposed into clauses to be identified in terms of searching for a positive declarative indicative mood. In data analysis, the first thing to do is to look for the mood in the clause and then look for
the residue. Mood is analyzed by subject and finit while residues are analyzed based on predictors, complements and adjuncts.
Consider the following example randomly retrieved from data that has been collected
Tabel 4.3
Example of Positive Declarative Indicative Mood Analysis of Sermon Text (ST) [Text 3-18]
Percaya (believes)
adalah (is)
kata kunci dalam firman Tuhan ('the keyword in the word of God')
hari ini (today)
Subject Finite Compliment Adjunct
MOOD R E S I D U In the example of [Text 3-18] in
Table 4.3 it can be seen that 'believes' as the subject and 'is' as finit with its complement 'the keyword in the word of God' plus the adjunct 'today'. Thus the mood is 'believe is' and the residue is 'the key word in God's word today'.
Negative Declarative Indicative Mood The negative declarative indicative mood is realized by adding words containing negative elements such as 'no/not/not/not/don't' whose position is
placed before the predicator. Similar to positive indicative mood analysis, negative indicative mood analysis is first done by looking for the mood and then looking for the residue. Mood is analyzed based on the subject and the finite is subsequently analyzed based on predicators, compliments and adjuncts. Consider the following example randomly retrieved from data that has been analyzed.
Tabel 4.4
Example of Negative Declarative Indicative Mood Analysis of Sermon Text (ST) [Text 6-19]
namun (but)
mereka (they)
tidak (don’t)
mengindahkan (heed)
itu semuanya (all of that) Conjunction Subject Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD R E S I D U
From the example [Text 6-19] in Table 4.4 it is known that the subjects are 'they' while the finite are 'don’t' the next predicator is 'heed' and the complement is 'all of that'. Thus, the mood is 'they don't' while the residue is 'heed all of that'.
Interrogative Declarative Indicative Mood
The interrogative indicative mood is divided into two, namely the interrogative indicative mood which
requires a yes or no answer and the interrogative indicative mood which requires information by using the word question. Interrogative indicative mood analysis is the same as declarative indicative mood analysis both positive and negative. In data analysis to find out the first mood of interrogative indicative is to
identify clauses that use question words such as 'why, what' and identify clauses that require a yes or no answer. The following is an example of using the interrogative indicative mood randomly retrieved from the analyzed Sermon Text (ST)
Table 4.5
Example of Interrogative Declarative Indicative Mood Analysis of Sermon Text (ST) [Text 1-24]
Siapakah (who)
Raja gereja
(King of the church)
itu?
(that)
Wh-Questions Subject Compliment
RE MOOD SIDU
In the example [Text 1-24] in Table 4.5 it is known that the Wh- Question is 'who', then the subject is 'King of the church', the next complement is 'that'. So that in that clause the mood is 'king of the church' and the residue is 'who is it'. The Sermon Text (ST) example [Text 1-24] is an example of a clause that uses an interrogative indicative mood that uses question words.
Imperative Mood
The imperative mood is a mood referred to as proposal because the
commodities exchanged are goods and services in other words; this mood is the action of commands. Analysis for imperative mood is the same as analysis in positive, negative and interrogative declarative indicative mood. The analysis begins by finding the mood first and then finding the residue. Mood was analyzed based on subject and finish components while residues were analyzed based on predicator, complement and adjunct. As seen in the following randomly drawn example.
Table 4.6
Example of Imperative Mood Analysis on Sermon Text (ST) [Text 1-3]
Okuli (Okuli)
mengatakan (says)
bahwa (that)
jangan pernah (never)
takut, tetap terarah kepada Tuhan
(fear, remaining directed to God)
Subject Predicator Conjunction Finite Adjunct
MO RESI OD DU The clause in [Text 1-3] in Table
4.6, it is known that the subject is 'Okuli';
the finite is 'never' while the predicator is 'say'; the adjunct is 'fear, remain directed to God'. Thus, the mood in the clause is 'okuli never' while the residue is ‘fear, remain directed to God’.
Offering Mood
Offering mood is a mood that offers either in the form of goods or services. In the analysis of mood, it is the same as other mood such as the positive,
negative, interrogative declarative indicative mood and imperative mood.
Data analysis is carried out by first looking for the mood and then looking for the residue. Mood is analyzed based on the components of the subject and finite, while the residues are analyzed on the basis of the components of predicators, compliments and adjuncts. Consider the following randomly displayed example.
Table 4.7
Example of Offering Mood Analysis on Sermon Text [Text 1-4]
marilah (let’s)
kita (we/us)
membaca (read)
Alkitab (bible)
yang menjadi firman Tuhan atau khotbah bagi kita pada pagi hari ini
(which is the word of the Lord or a sermon for us this morning) Predicator Subject Predicator Compliment Adjunct
RE MOOD SI DU
In the example of [Text 1-4] in Table 4.7 it is known that the subject is 'we', while the predicator 'let; read'; the compliment is the 'Bible' and the adjunct is
‘which is the word of the Lord or a sermon for us this morning '. So that in clause [Text 1-4] the mood is 'we' and the residue is 'let’s read the Bible which is the word of God or a sermon for us this morning'.
5. CONCLUSION
In this study, it was found that there were five types of mood used by the preachers in delivering their message sermon namely: positive indicative mood, negative indicative mood, interrogative indicative mood, imperative mood, and offering mood. The five types of mood have different percentage in the usage on sermon text. The percentage of each type of mood was as follow: positive indicative mood was 81,9%; negative indicative
mood was 12,3%; interrogative indicative mood was 2,8%; imperative mood was 1,7% and offering mood was 1,3 %. From the five types of mood that were used on Sunday sermon by the preachers at HKBP churches, it was shown that the positive indicative mood type was dominantly used in delivering the Sunday sermon followed by negative indicative mood, interrogative indicative mood, imperative mood and offering mood. The reason of positive indicative mood was dominantly used showed that the preachers want to give more information to the congregation about the sermon. This article recommended for more analysis about mood types in another field besides sermon text such as education text, advertisement texts.
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