7+(,1)/8(1&(2)%,2',(6(/%/(1'68372%
)253$5762)',(6(/(1*,1()8(/6<67(0
%<,00(56,217(67
.203$7,%,/,7$6.20321(16,67(0%$+$1%$.$5 0(6,1',(6(/7(5+$'$3%0(/$/8,8-,3(5(1'$0$1
5LHVWD$QJJDUDQL&DK\R6:LERZRDQG(PL<XOLDULWD
³/(0,*$6´5 '&HQWUHIRU2LODQG*DV7HFKQRORJ\
-O&LOHGXJ5D\D.DY&LSXOLU.HED\RUDQ/DPD32%R[-.7-DNDUWD6HODWDQ,1'21(6,$
7URPRO3RV.%<%-DNDUWD7HOHSKRQH)D[VLPLOH (PDLOULHVWD#OHPLJDVHVGPJRLG(PDLOULHVWDDQJJDUDQL#JPDLOFRP
(PDLOFDK\RZ#OHPLJDVHVGPJRLG(PDLOHPL\#OHPLJDVHVGPJRLG )LUVW5HJLVWHUHGRQ$SULOQG5HFHLYHGDIWHU&RUHFWLRQRQ$SULOWK
3XEOLFDWLRQ$SSURYDORQ$SULOWK
$%675$.
3HPHULQWDK,QGRQHVLDDNDQPHQHUDSNDQNHELMDNDQNHZDMLEDQSHQJJXQDDQFDPSXUDQ%DKDQ%DNDU0LQ\DN MHQLV0LQ\DN6RODUGDQ%LRGLHVHOGHQJDQSHUVHQWDVHPLQLPXP%GLPXODLSDGDWDKXQ'DUL VXGXWSDQGDQJWHNQLVPDVDODKNRPSDWLELOLWDVNRPSRQHQPHQMDGLVDODKVDWXSHUKDWLDQLQGXVWULRWRPRWLI .DUDNWHULVWLNELRGLHVHOVHEDJDLSHODUXWGLNKDZDWLUNDQDNDQPHQMDGLNDQQ\DEHUHDNVLGHQJDQNRPSRQHQVLVWHP EDKDQEDNDUNHQGDUDDQPHVLQGLHVHOWHUXWDPDHODVWRPHU3HQHOLWLDQLQLEHUWXMXDQXQWXNPHQJLGHQWL¿NDVL PDWHULDO SHQ\XVXQ NRPSRQHQ VLVWHP EDKDQ EDNDU PHOLSXWL NRPSRQHQ ORJDP GDQ QRQ ORJDP GHQJDQ NRPSDWLELOLWDV\DQJEDLNWHUKDGDS%,GHQWL¿NDVLPDWHULDOSHQ\XVXQNRPSRQHQQRQORJDPGLODNXNDQ GHQJDQXML)7,5GDQ'6&GDQXML;5'GDQ;5)XQWXNNRPSRQHQORJDP8MLSHUHQGDPDQVHODPD MDPGLODNXNDQXQWXNPHPEDQGLQJNDQSHQJDUXKOLPDFDPSXUDQEDKDQEDNDU%%%%GDQ
%WHUKDGDSSHUXEDKDQVLIDW¿VLNDNRPSRQHQORJDPGDQQRQORJDPVLVWHPEDKDQEDNDUNHQGDUDDQPHVLQ GLHVHO6LIDW¿VLND\DQJGLDPDWLDGDODKEHUDWVSHVLPHQNRPSRQHQXML+DVLO\DQJGLSHUROHKPHQXQMXNNDQ EDKZDSHUXEDKDQEHUDWNRPSRQHQORJDPGLSHUROHKSDGDUHQWDQJKLQJJD3HUXEDKDQEHUDW
\DQJOHELKEHVDUGLSHUROHKSDGDNRPSRQHQQRQORJDPDQWDUDWR3HUXEDKDQEHUDW\DQJ OHELKUHQGDKWHUOLKDWSDGDNRPSRQHQORJDPMHQLVPDWHULDO&X2$O2GDQ6L2VHGDQJXQWXNNRPSRQHQ QRQORJDPSHUXEDKDQWHUHQGDKGLSHUROHKGDULSROLPHUMHQLVÀXRURYLWRQ$3HQJDPDWDQWHUKDGDSNRPSRVLVL EDKDQEDNDUVHEHOXPGDQVHVXGDKXMLSHUHQGDPDQNRPSRQHQGHQJDQ)7,5PHQXQMXNNDQWLGDNDGDSHUXEDKDQ
\DQJVLJQL¿NDQGDQHIHNGDULVLIDWSHODUXWEDKDQEDNDUFDPSXUDQLQLGDSDWGLDEDLNDQ .DWD.XQFLNRPSDWLELOLWDVORJDPQRQORJDPELRGLHVHOPDWHULDO
ABSTRACT
The Government of Indonesia will implement the mandatory policy on the use of Diesel Fuel and Biodiesel mixture with minimum 20% volume of biodiesel (B-20) start from 2016. From technical point of view, compatibility issue becomes one of the problems to be considered by automotive industries. The concern relate with solvent characteristic of biodiesel, which cause the biodiesel and its blends react with the parts of fuel system, especially the elastomers. This work is aimed to identify the material constructed the fuel system parts, including metal and non-metal parts, which has good compatibility to biodiesel blends up to B-20. Identifi cation of the parts material was done by FTIR and DSC for non-metal parts and by XRD and XRF for metal parts. The immersion test is used to compare the effect of fi ve biodiesel-diesel fuel blends (B- 0, B-5, B-10, B-15, and B-20) to the physical change of metal and non-metal parts of diesel fuel system in
5(6($5&+$1''(9(/230(17&(175()252,/ *$67(&+12/2*<
/(0,*$6
-RXUQDO+RPHSDJHKWWSZZZMRXUQDOOHPLJDVHVGPJRLG
a 2500 hours test period. The physical change being checked is the weight of the parts. The result obtained that for immersed metal parts, the change of weight occurred in the range of 0.007% to 0.595%. The higher weight change obtained by non-metal parts in the range of 0.001% to 13.85%. The lowest change was shown by metal parts consists of an alloy of CuO, Al
2O
3 and SiO, whether for non-metal parts was shown by a polymer type of Fluoroviton A. Through FTIR analysis we also observed that fuels composition before and after immersed with the tested parts were not change signifi cantly means that effect of solvent characteristic of biodiesel in the fuel mixture is negligible.
Keywords: compatibility; metal; non-metal; biodiesel; material
,,1752'8&7,21
$SSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH PL[WXUH RI GLHVHO IXHO DQG ELRGLHVHO NQRZQ DV %;; ZKHUH ;; UHSUHVHQW SHUFHQWYROXPHRIELRGLHVHOIRUWUDQVSRUWDWLRQVHFWRU QRZEHFRPHDFRPPRQSROLF\WDNHQE\FRXQWULHVWR VROYHWKHLUGHSHQGHQFHRQIRVVLOIXHO&RPELQHGZLWK DQRWKHUEHQH¿WVVXFKDVFDUERQHPLVVLRQUHGXFWLRQ FOHDQHU JDV HPLVVLRQ LQFUHDVLQJ DGGHG YDOXH RI VRPHQRQSURGXFWLYHSODQWVDQGGHFUHDVLQJRIIRVVLO IXHOLPSRUWVWKHXVHRIELRGLHVHOWRVXEVWLWXWHGLHVHO IXHOZLOOEHDFFHOHUDWHGWRWKHFRQWHQWVRIIURP QDWLRQDOGHPDQGVWDUWIURPE\*RYHUQPHQWRI ,QGRQHVLD '(05 1R7KH SROLF\ RI XVLQJ WKHPL[WXUHRIGLHVHOIXHODQGELRGLHVHOEHFRPHVD PDQGDWRU\VLQFHHQGRIE\LPSOHPHQWLQJ%
1RZLQWKHQH[W\HDUVWKHFRQWHQWRIELRGLHVHOXVDJH ZLOOEHGRXEOHGWR%
&XUUHQWO\ WKH XVDJH RI ELRGLHVHO PL[WXUH IRU DXWRPRWLYH VWLOO OLPLWHG WR ORZ SHUFHQWDJH LQ WKH FRXQWULHVZRUOGZLGH,Q$6($1FRXQWULHV0DOD\VLD KDVMXVWLPSOHPHQW%7KDLODQGUHDFKHG%DQG 3KLOLSSLQHV XVH % )URP WKH DXWRPRELOH PDNHUV SRLQWRIYLHZWKHUHFRPPHQGHGEOHQGLQJIRUGLHVHO YHKLFOHVHYHQORZHUZKLFKRQO\%DVVWDWHGLQWKH GRFXPHQW RI :RUOG :LGH )XHO &KDUWHU ::)&
HGLWLRQ,WLVEHFDXVHVRPHOLPLWDWLRQWKDWWKH SURGXFHUVRIDXWRPRELOHFRQVLGHUHGELRGLHVHOZLOO DIIHFWHQJLQHSHUIRUPDQFHLQVRPHZD\V%LRGLHVHO LV REVHUYHG WR SURYLGH VOLJKWO\ ORZHU SRZHU DQG WRUTXH DQG KLJKHU IXHO FRQVXPSWLRQ 'HPLUEDV 'LVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQGLHVHOIXHODQGELRGLHVHO WKDWEHLQJDWWULEXWHGWRWKHLUGLIIHUHQFHLQFKHPLFDO QDWXUHPD\EHFRPHVWKHURRWFDXVHLQWKHWHFKQLFDO SUREOHPV%HVLGHVWKHPDMRUIDWW\HVWHUFRPSRQHQWV PLQRUFRQVWLWXHQWVRIELRGLHVHOLQFOXGHLQWHUPHGLDU\
PRQRDQG GLJO\FHULGHV DQG UHVLGXDO WULJO\FHULGHV UHVXOWLQJ IURP WKH WUDQVHVWHULILFDWLRQ UHDFWLRQ PHWKDQROIUHHIDWW\DFLGVVWHUROVHWF.QRWKH 'XHWRLWVXQVDWXUDWHGPROHFXOHVDQGFRPSRVLWLRQDO
HIIHFWVLWLVR[LGDWLYHDQGFDXVHVHQKDQFHGFRUURVLRQ DQG PDWHULDO GHJUDGDWLRQ -DLQ 6KDUPD )D]DOet al. FRQFOXGHG RQ WKHLU SDSHU WKDW DXWRR[LGDWLRQKLJURVFRSLFQDWXUHKLJKHUHOHFWULFDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ SRODULW\ DQG VROYHQF\ SURSHUWLHV RI ELRGLHVHO FDXVH HQKDQFHG FRUURVLRQ RI PHWDO DQG GHJUDGDWLRQRISROLPHUV
,Q UHODWLRQ ZLWK QRQPHWDO SDUWV FRPSDWLELOLW\
%HVVHH )H\ LQYHVWLJDWHG WKH HIIHFW RI PHWK\O VR\ HVWHU DQG GLHVHO EOHQGV RQ WKH WHQVLOH VWUHQJWK HORQJDWLRQ KDUGQHVV DQG VZHOOLQJ RI VHYHUDOFRPPRQHODVWRPHUV7KH\VKRZHGWKDWQLWULOH UXEEHUQ\ORQDQGKLJKGHQVLW\SRO\SURS\OHQH H[KLELWHG FKDQJHV LQ SK\VLFDO SURSHUWLHV ZKLOH 7HIORQ 9LWRQ & DQG 9LWRQ *)/7 ZHUH XQDIIHFWHG$QRWKHUVWXG\E\+DVHHEHWDO FRQGXFW D VWDWLF LPPHUVLRQ WHVW IRU KRXUV RI WKUHH GLIIHUHQW HODVWRPHU PDWHULDOV QLWULOH UXEEHU 1%5 SRO\FKORURSKUHQH DQG ÀXRURYLWRQ$ LQ
% GLHVHO IXHO % EOHQG VRI YRO SDOP ELRGLHVHODQGGLHVHOIXHODQG%ELRGLHVHO$W WKHHQGRILPPHUVLRQGHJUDGDWLRQEHKDYLRURIWKH WHVWHG PDWHULDOV ZDV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ PHDVXULQJ FKDQJHVLQPDVVYROXPHKDUGQHVVWHQVLOHVWUHQJWK DQG HORQJDWLRQ 2Q WKH FRQFOXVLRQ IURP WKHVH WKUHHPDWHULDOVWKH\DVVXUHFRQVXPHUFRQ¿GHQFHRQ XVLQJÀXRURYLWRQIRUELRGLHVHOXVH7KH\H[SODLQHG WKDW OHVV GLVVROYLQJ HODVWRPHU KDV OHVV SRVVLELOLW\
WR H[KLELW VZHOOLQJ RU FUDFNLQJ 7KLV UHYHDOV WKDW LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR ¿QG VXFK D PDWHULDO KDYLQJ ORZ VROXELOLW\LQELRGLHVHORULWVEOHQGV
$QRWKHU UHVHDUFK IRFXVLQJ RQ PDWHULDO FRPSDWLELOLW\ WR ELRGLHVHO DQG LWV EOHQGV ZRUN RQ PHWDOSDUWFRPSDWLELOLW\&RSSHUPLOGFDUERQVWHHO DOXPLQLXP DQG VWDLQOHVV VWHHO DUH IRXU LPSRUWDQW PHWDOVZLGHO\XVHGLQGLHVHOHQJLQHV(Q]KX+Xet al.LPPHUVHGIRXUPHWDOVWULSVFRSSHUFDUERQ VWHHODOXPLQLXPDQGVWDLQOHVVVWHHOIRUWZRPRQWKVLQ
%DQG%IURPUDSHVHHGPHWK\OHVWHU50(
&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI WKH PHWDO VXUIDFH ZHUH GRQH XVLQJ VFDQQLQJ HOHFWURQ PLFURVFRS\ ZLWK HQHUJ\
GLVSHUVLYH;5D\DQDO\VLV6(0('6DQGDQ;5D\
SKRWRHOHFWURQVSHFWURVFRS\;36$IWHUWKHVWXG\
WKH\FRQFOXGHWKDWFRUURVLRQHIIHFWVRIELRGLHVHORQ FRSSHUDQGFDUERQVWHHODUHPRUHVHYHUHWKDQWKRVH RQDOXPLQLXPDQGVWDLQOHVVVWHHO$QRWKHUH[SHULPHQW ZDV GRQH E\)D]DOet al. ZKHUH FRSSHU DOXPLQLXPDQGVWDLQOHVVVWHHOZHUHLPPHUVHG LQGLHVHODQGSDOPELRGLHVHOIRUKRXUVDQG KRXUV7KH\IRXQGWKDWELRGLHVHOLVPRUHFRUURVLYHIRU FRSSHUDQGDOXPLQLXPDQGWKDWFRSSHUDFWVDVVWURQJ FDWDO\VWWRR[LGL]HSDOPELRGLHVHO7KHGLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQUHVHDUFKUHVXOWVH[LVWEHFDXVHWKH\FRQGXFW GLIIHUHQWWHVWFRQGLWLRQVDQGDOVRGLIIHUHQWIXHOV
)URPWKHSXEOLVKHGSDSHUVIRFXVLQJRQPDWHULDO FRPSDWLELOLW\ WR ELRGLHVHO WKH PDWHULDOV XVHG DUH VSHFL¿FVKHHWRUVWULSVSUHSDUHGIRUWKHLPPHUVLRQ WHVWQRWIURPWKHH[LVWLQJIXHOV\VWHPRIDYHKLFOH
$UHVHDUFKE\5H]D6XNDUDKDUMDet al. FRQGXFW DQLPPHUVLRQWHVWXVLQJVSHFLPHQIURPH[LVWLQJIXHO V\VWHPSDUWVERWKIRUPHWDODQGQRQPHWDOSDUWVRQ DGLHVHO%DQG%H[KLELWDVZHOOLQJEHKDYLRU IRUVRPHQRQPHWDOSDUWV,WLVQRWLGHQWL¿HGRQWKDW UHVHDUFKWKHW\SHRIWKHPDWHULDOWKDWEHLQJVZROOHQ RUFRUURGHGPRUHWKDQWKHRWKHUV
,Q RUGHU WR SURYLGH XVHIXO LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU DXWRPRWLYHLQGXVWULHVDQGLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIWKHFXUUHQW H[LVWLQJSDUWVPDWHULDOKDYLQJEHWWHUFRPSDWLELOLWLHVWR EOHQGVRIGLHVHOIXHODQGELRGLHVHOXSWRYROXPH
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
,,0(7+2'2/2*<
%HIRUHLPPHUVLRQWHVWIXHOVDPSOHVWREHWHVWHG ZHUHSUHSDUHGE\EOHQGLQJGLHVHOIXHODQGELRGLHVHO )LYHIXHOVFRQVLVWRISXUHGLHVHOIXHO%DQGWKH
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
PDWHULDOHOHPHQWVRIQRQPHWDOVSHFLPHQVDQG;5D\
'LIIUDFWLRQ;5'DQG;5D\)OXRUHVFHQFH;5) WR LGHQWLI\ PDWHULDO HOHPHQWV RI PHWDO VSHFLPHQV 7KHZHLJKWRIHDFKVSHFLPHQVZHUHREVHUYHGEHIRUH LPPHUVHGDQGKRXUVDWWKHHQGRIWKHLPPHUVLRQ WHVW%HIRUHWDNLQJWKHZHLJKWGDWDWKHUHPDLQWHVWHG IXHOVWKDWDWWDFKHGRQWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHWHVWVSHFLPHQV ZHUHGLVVROYHGE\XVLQJDFHWRQHIRUPLQXWHVWKHQ SXWLWRQDGU\FORWKWRGU\LW6RRQDIWHUWKHVSHFLPHQ GU\WKHQWKHZHLJKWGDWDZDVWDNHQGLUHFWO\
,,,5(68/76$1'',6&866,21
7KH IROORZLQJ UHVXOWV ZHUH SUHVHQWHG WKH SK\VLFDODQGFKHPLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHWHVWHGIXHOV HOHPHQWDODQDO\VLVRIWKHPDWHULDOFRQVWUXFWHGWKHWHVW VSHFLPHQVDQGWKHZHLJKWFKDQJHRIWKHLPPHUVHG VSHFLPHQVGXULQJKRXUVRIWHVWSHULRG
$ 3K\VLFDO DQG FKHPLFDO DQDO\VLV RI WKH WHVWHG IXHOV
$OORIWKHWHVWHGIXHOVDUHFKHFNHGIRULWVSK\VLFDO DQGFKHPLFDOSURSHUWLHVLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHLWVTXDOLW\
UHIHUULQJWRWKHGLHVHOIXHOVSHFL¿FDWLRQLQ,QGRQHVLD FDOOHGMinyak Solar 48VSHFL¿FDWLRQ7DEOHEHORZ VKRZVXVWKHUHVXOWRIDOOIXHOTXDOLW\WHVWLQJ
)URP7DEOHDOORIWKHWHVWHGIXHOVIXO¿OOWKH VSHFL¿FDWLRQRIMinyak Solar 48H[FHSWIRUWKHOLPLW RI)$0(FRQWHQW7KLVLVXQGHUVWDQGDEOHWKDWLQWKLV VWXG\WKH)$0(FRQWHQWIRUWKHIXHOVDUHYDULHGWR XQGHUVWDQGWKHHIIHFWRIELRGLHVHOFRQWHQWWRPDWHULDO GHJUDGDWLRQGXULQJLPPHUVLRQWHVW7KHFRPSOLDQFH EHWZHHQWKHUHVXOWVDQGWKHVSHFL¿FDWLRQHQVXUHXV WKDWWKHWHVWHGIXHOVDUHKDYLQJJRRGTXDOLW\
% (OHPHQWDO DQDO\VLV RI PHWDO DQG QRQPHWDO SDUWV
'LIIHUHQW WHVW DUH FRQGXFWHG WR LGHQWLI\ WKH HOHPHQWV FRQVWUXFWLQJ WKH WHVW VSHFLPHQV WKDW DUH JURXSHG WR WKH PHWDO SDUWV XVLQJ ;5' DQG ;5) DQDO\VLV ZKHWKHU WKH QRQPHWDO SDUWV XVLQJ )7,5 DQG '6& DQDO\VLV7DEOH VKRZV XV WKH UHVXOW RI
HOHPHQWDODQDO\VLVIRUPHWDOSDUWVDQG7DEOHVKRZV WKHUHVXOWRIQRQPHWDOSDUWV
)URP7DEOHZHFDQREVHUYHWKDWIRUSDUWVLQ SXPSVHFWLRQPDWHULDOFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHSDUWVPDLQO\
FRQVLVWRIIHUURXVDOOR\LQPDMRULW\RUPRUHWKDQ LQPDVVFRQFHQWUDWLRQ2WKHUFRQVWLWXHQWVEHORQJWR ]LQF DOOR\ DQG DOXPLQXP DOOR\ )RU IXHO LQMHFWLRQ
1R )XHO3URSHUWLHV 8QLW % % % % %
/LPLWYDOXH UHIHUWR ,QGRQHVLDQ
VSHF
7HVW0HWKRG
&HWDQH1XPEHU 0LQ $670'
&&, 0LQ $670'
6SHFLILFJUDYLW\#& NJPñ $670'
.LQHPDWLF9LVFRVLW\#& PPðV ± $670'
6XOSKXU&RQWHQW PP 0D[ $670'
'LVWLOODWLRQ7 & 0D[ $670'
)ODVK3RLQW & 0LQ $670'
&DUERQ5HVLGXH QLO QLO QLO QLO 1LO 0D[ $670'
)$0(&RQWHQW YY 0LQ $670'
&RSSHU6WULS&RUURVLRQ 0HULW D D D D 0D[&ODVV
$670'
6HGLPHQW&RQWHQW QLO QLO QLO QLO 1LO 0D[ $670'
9LVXDO$SSHDUDQFH &OHDU EULJKW
&OHDU EULJKW
&OHDU EULJKW
&OHDU EULJKW
&OHDU EULJKW
&OHDU
EULJKW
/XEULFLW\ 0LFURQ 0D[ $670'
7DEOH
3K\VLFDODQGFKHPLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHWHVWHGIXHOV
3DUWV1DPH
)XHO3XPS ,QMHFWLRQ3XPS ,QMHFWLRQ3XPS )XHO,QMHFWLRQ3XPS )XHO,QMHFWLRQ3XPS
(OHPHQW (OHPHQW (OHPHQW (OHPHQW (OHPHQW
)H2 )H2 )H2 &X2 &X2
=Q2 $O2 $O2 $O2 $O2
$O2 =Q2 &X2 6L2 6L2
&X2 6L2 6L2 32 =Q2
6L2 0Q2 =Q2 )H2 6Q2
7DEOH
5HVXOWRI;5'DQG;5)IRUHOHPHQWDODQDO\VLVRIPHWDOSDUWV
SXPS SDUWV WKH PDWHULDOV GRPLQDWHG E\
FRSSHUDOOR\IROORZHGE\DOXPLQXPDOOR\
DVWKHFRQVWLWXHQW
7KH UHVXOW RI )7,5 DQG '6& IRU LGHQWL¿FDWLRQRISRO\PHUW\SHFRQVWUXFWLQJ WKHQRQPHWDOSDUWVUHYHDOVWKDWFRPPRQ SRO\PHU XVHG LQ WKH IXHO V\VWHP SDUWV EHORQJWR1LWULOH%XWDGLHQH5XEEHU1%5 JURXSVDQGRWKHUSRO\PHULGHQWL¿HGLVWKH JURXSRI)OXRURFDUERQW\SH99LWRQ$
%\ LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH HOHPHQWV IRU WKH WHVW VSHFLPHQV ZH FDQ REVHUYH WKH W\SH RI PDWHULDOWKDWLVVXLWDEOHIRUELRGLHVHOEOHQGV XSWRXVH
3DUWV1DPH 3RO\PHU 3ODVWLFL]HU
)XHO,QMHFWLRQ3XPS )OXRURFDUERQUXEEHU9LWRQ )XHO3XPS 3RO\EXWDGLHQHFR
DFU\ORQLWULOH1%5
SODVWLFL]HU
)XHO,QMHFWLRQ3XPS 3RO\EXWDGLHQHFR DFU\ORQLWULOH1%5
3KWDODWHHVWKHU
D
EF
)LJXUH
:HLJKWFKDQJHRIPHWDOSDUWVDSDUWVRILQMHFWLRQSXPSESDUWVRILQMHFWLRQSLSH FSDUWVRIIXHOLQMHFWLRQWXEH
7DEOH
5HVXOWRI)7,5DQG'6&IRUHOHPHQWDO DQDO\VLVRIQRQPHWDOSDUWV
&'LPHQVLRQFKDQJHGXULQJ,PPHUVLRQ7HVW
)URP SUHYLRXV VWXG\ GRQH LQ /HPLJDV E\ 6XNDUDKDUMD ZH QRWHGWKDWWKHHIIHFWRIELRGLHVHOXVHWRSRO\PHULFPDWHULDOVLQIXHO
OLQHV\VWHPLVREVHUYHGIURPWKHZHLJKWLQFUHDVLQJ RIWKHWHVWVSHFLPHQ5H]D6XNDUDKDUMD et al.
*UDSK RI ZHLJKW FKDQJH DV SUHVHQWHG LQ )LJXUH DEDQGFVKRZVXVWKDWDIWHUKRXUVEHLQJ LPPHUVHGLQWKHWHVWHGIXHOVWKHFKDQJHRIWKHPHWDO VSHFLPHQVZHLJKWUDQJLQJIURPIRUWKHSDUWV RILQMHFWLRQSXPSLPPHUVHGLQ%WRIRU SDUWVRIIXHOLQMHFWLRQWXEHLPPHUVHGLQ%7KH SRVLWLYHYDOXHVRIWKHUHVXOWVKRZWKDWWKHZHLJKWRI DOOWHVWVSHFLPHQVLQFUHDVHG'HHSHUREVHUYDWLRQRYHU WKHVH¿JXUHVUHYHDOVWKDWZHLJKWFKDQJHKDSSHQHG LQDOOWHVWHGIXHOVLQFOXGLQJ%RUWKHGLHVHOIXHO )XUWKHUREVHUYDWLRQIRFXVLQJRQWKHFKDQJHRISDUWV LPPHUVHGLQ%DVRXUJRDOVLV¿QGLQJWKHPRVW
FRPSDWLEOHPDWHULDOIRU%7KHORZHVWFKDQJHRI WKHPHWDOSDUWVLPPHUVHGLQ%LVEHORQJWRSDUWV RI LQMHFWLRQ SXPS ZLWK WKH FKDQJH RQO\
7UDFLQJEDFNWR7DEOHLWLVREVHUYHGWKDWSDUWVRI IXHOLQMHFWLRQSXPSDUHFRQVWUXFWHGIURPWKHDOOR\
RI &X2 DQG$O2DQG RWKHU HOHPHQWV LQ VPDOOHU FRQFHQWUDWLRQ7KLVREVHUYDWLRQOHDGXVWRFKRRVHWKH PRUHFRPSDWLEOHSDUWVLQFRQWDFWZLWK%LVPDGH IURPWKHDOOR\RI&X2$O2DQG6L2
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHZHLJKWFKDQJHRIQRQPHWDO SDUWVGXULQJKRXUVRILPPHUVLRQWHVW6LPLODU ZLWKWKHUHVXOWVKRZRQ)LJXUHWKHSRVLWLYHYDOXH LQ )LJXUH LQGLFDWH ZHLJKW LQFUHDVLQJ RI WKH WHVW VSHFLPHQV+LJKHUZHLJKWFKDQJHRIWKHQRQPHWDO
D
EF
)LJXUH
:HLJKWFKDQJHRIQRQPHWDOSDUWVDSDUWVRILQMHFWLRQSXPS ESDUWVRIIXHO¿OWHUFSDUWVRIIXHOLQMHFWLRQSXPS
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
%VZHOOLQJDOVRRFFXUHG)RFXVLQJRXUREVHUYDWLRQ WR%ZHFRXOG¿QGWKHORZHVWZHLJKWFKDQJHLV EHORQJWRSDUWVRIIXHOLQMHFWLRQSXPS7UDFLQJEDFN WR7DEOHZHFDQ¿QGWKDWWKHUHDUHW\SHVRIIXHO LQMHFWLRQSXPSSDUWVXVHGLQWKLVUHVHDUFK)URPWKH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQQXPEHURIUHODWHGSDUWZHFRQFOXGH WKDWWKHSDUWZLWKORZHVWFKDQJHLVWKHRQHFRQVWUXFWHG IURP)OXRURFDUERQUXEEHU9LWRQ$
,9&21&/86,21
(YDOXDWLRQ RQ WKH UHVXOWV RI SUHVHQW ZRUN IRFXVLQJRQWKHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIFXUUHQWIXHOV\VWHP SDUWVWKDWKDYLQJEHWWHUFRPSDWLELOLW\WR%OHDGXV WRFRQFOXGHWKHIROORZLQJSRLQWV
+LJKHU FRPSDWLELOLW\ LQ WKH PDWWHU RI ZHLJKW FKDQJHWRWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI%LVVKRZQE\
PHWDOSDUWVRILQMHFWLRQSXPSFRQVWUXFWHGIURP DOOR\RI&X2$O2DQG6L2
)RUQRQPHWDOSDUWVKLJKHUFRPSDWLELOLW\LQWKH PDWWHU RI ZHLJKW FKDQJH RQ WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI
%LVVKRZQE\SDUWVRIIXHOLQMHFWLRQSXPS PDGHIURP)OXRURFDUERQUXEEHU9LWRQ$
5()(5(1&(6
%HVVHH *% )H\ -3 6RFLHW\ RI$XWRPRWLYH (QJLQHHULQJWHFKQLFDOSDSHUQR
'HFUHHRI0LQLVWHURI(QHUJ\DQG0LQHUDO5HVRXUFHV 5HSXEOLFRI,QGRQHVLD1R
'HPLUEDV$ ³3URJUHVV DQG UHFHQW WUHQGV LQ ELRIXHOV´3URJ(QHUJ\&RPEXVW6FL )D]DO 0$ +DVHHE$60$ 0DVMXNL ++
³%LRGLHVHO)HDVLELOLW\6WXG\$QHYDOXDWLRQRIPDWHULDO FRPSDWLELOLW\ SHUIRUPDQFH HVPLVVLRQ DQG HQJLQH GXUDELOLW\´ 5HQHZDEOH DQG 6XVWDLQDEOH (QHUJ\
5HYLHZV
)D]DO 0$ +DVHHE$60$ 0DVMXNL ++
³&RPSDUDWLYHFRUURVLYHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRISHWUROHXP GLHVHODQGSDOPELRGLHVHOIRUDXWRPRWLYHPDWHULDOV´
)XHO3URFHVVLQJ7HFKQRORJ\
+DVHHE$60$-XQ76)D]DO0$0DVMXNL++
³'HJUDGDWLRQRISK\VLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIGLIIHUHQW HODVWRPHUVXSRQH[SRVXUHWRSDOPELRGLHVHO´(QHUJ\
+X(;X<+X;3DQ/-LDQJ6³&RUURVLRQ EHKDYLRUVRIPHWDOVLQELRGLHVHOIURPUDSHVHHGRLODQG PHWKDQRO´5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\
-DLQ66KDUPD03³6WDELOLW\RIELRGLHVHODQGLWV EOHQGVUHYLHZ´5HQHZDEOHDQG6XVWDLQDEOH(QHUJ\
5HYLHZV
.QRWKH*³%LRGLHVHODQGUHQHZDEOHGLHVHOD FRPSDULVRQ´ 3URJ (QHUJ\ &RPEXVW 6FL
5H]D6XNDUDKDUMDHWDO´)LQDOUHSRUWVRIVWXG\
RQELRGLHVHOHIIHFWVRQKDUGQHVVDQGGLPHQVLRQFKDQJH RIGLHVHOHQJLQHQRQPHWDOSDUWV´DUHVHDUFKSURMHFW UHSRUWSUHSDUHGIRU/(0,*$6
