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eTable1: Top ten racial/ethnic categories used in the censuses of countries participating in phase III MS trials

For the countries that participated in phase III MS trials and report racial/ethnic

demographics in their national censuses, their top ten most prevalent racial and ethnic identities are listed. Racial and ethnic identities were obtained from UNdata (United Nations Statistics Division).

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e4. Rebif® (interferon beta-1a) | Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (RMS) | HCPs. EMD Serono. 2021. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.rebif.com/hcp/home.html e5. BETASERON® (interferon beta-1b) | Prescription medication. Bayer. 2021.

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e11. COPAXONE® (glatiramer acetate injection) for Relapsing MS. Teva Neuroscience, Inc. Updated August 2021. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.copaxone.com e12. COPAXONE® (glatiramer acetate injection) HCP Site. Teva Neuroscience, Inc.

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e23. Relapsing MS Infusion Treatment: LEMTRADA® (alemtuzumab). Updated July 2021. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.lemtrada.com

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e27. OCREVUS® (ocrelizumab) | Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Treatment. Genentech USA, Inc. 2021. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://www.ocrevus.com

e28. Relapsing MS and Primary Progressive MS Treatment | OCREVUS®

(ocrelizumab). Genentech USA, Inc. 2021. https://www.ocrevus.com/hcp

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e43. Hartung H-P, Gonsette R, Konig N, et al. Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet.

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e46. Kappos L, Polman CH, Freedman MS, et al. Treatment with interferon beta-1b delays conversion to clinically definite and McDonald MS in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology. 2006;67:1242–1249.

e47. Wolinsky JS, Narayana PA, O’Connor P, et al. Glatiramer acetate in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Results of a multinational, multicenter, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Ann Neurol. 2007;61:14–24.

e48. Mikol DD, Barkhof F, Chang P, et al. Comparison of subcutaneous interferon beta- 1a with glatiramer acetate in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (the REbif vs Glatiramer Acetate in Relapsing MS Disease [REGARD] study): a multicentre, randomised, parallel, open-label trial. Lancet Neurology. 2008;7:903–914.

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(PreCISe study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet.

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e52. Kappos L, Radue E-W, O’Connor P, et al. A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Fingolimod in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. New Engl J Medicine. 2010;362:387–401.

e53. Cohen JA, Barkhof F, Comi G, et al. Oral Fingolimod or Intramuscular Interferon for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. New Engl J Medicine. 2010;362:402–415.

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e54. O’Connor P, Wolinsky JS, Confavreux C, et al. Randomized Trial of Oral

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e57. Fox RJ, Miller DH, Phillips JT, et al. Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study of Oral BG- 12 or Glatiramer in Multiple Sclerosis. New Engl J Med. 2012;367:1087–1097.

e58. Gold R, Kappos L, Arnold DL, et al. Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study of Oral BG- 12 for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. New Engl J Med. 2012;367:1098–1107.

e59. Khan O, Rieckmann P, Boyko A, Selmaj K, Zivadinov R, Group GS. Three times weekly glatiramer acetate in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol.

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e60. Calabresi PA, Kieseier BC, Arnold DL, et al. Pegylated interferon beta-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (ADVANCE): a randomised, phase 3, double-blind study. Lancet Neurology. 2014;13:657–665.

e61. Calabresi PA, Radue E-W, Goodin D, et al. Safety and efficacy of fingolimod in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (FREEDOMS II): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurology. 2014;13:545–556.

e62. Leist TP, Comi G, Cree BAC, et al. Effect of oral cladribine on time to conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis in patients with a first demyelinating event (ORACLE MS): a phase 3 randomised trial. Lancet Neurology. 2014;13:257–267.

e63. Miller AE, Wolinsky JS, Kappos L, et al. Oral teriflunomide for patients with a first clinical episode suggestive of multiple sclerosis (TOPIC): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurology. 2014;13:977–986.

e64. Confavreux C, O’Connor P, Comi G, et al. Oral teriflunomide for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (TOWER): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurology. 2014;13:247–256.

e65. Kappos L, Wiendl H, Selmaj K, et al. Daclizumab HYP versus Interferon Beta-1a in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. New Engl J Medicine. 2015;373:1418–1428.

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e66. Cohen J, Belova A, Selmaj K, et al. Equivalence of Generic Glatiramer Acetate in Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Jama Neurol. 2015;72:1–9.

e67. Lublin F, Miller DH, Freedman MS, et al. Oral fingolimod in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (INFORMS): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387:1075–1084.

e68. Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Comi G, et al. Ocrelizumab versus Interferon Beta-1a in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. New Engl J Medicine. 2016;376:221–234.

e69. Montalban X, Hauser SL, Kappos L, et al. Ocrelizumab versus Placebo in Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. New Engl J Medicine. 2016;376:209–220.

e70. Kapoor R, Ho P-R, Campbell N, et al. Effect of natalizumab on disease progression in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (ASCEND): a phase 3,

randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label extension. Lancet Neurology. 2018;17:405–415.

e71. Kappos L, Bar-Or A, Cree BAC, et al. Siponimod versus placebo in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (EXPAND): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 study.

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e72. Chitnis T, Arnold DL, Banwell B, et al. Trial of Fingolimod versus Interferon Beta-1a in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis. New Engl J Med. 2018;379:1017–1027.

e73. Naismith RT, Wolinsky JS, Wundes A, et al. Diroximel fumarate (DRF) in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: Interim safety and efficacy results from the phase 3 EVOLVE-MS-1 study. Mult Scler J. Epub 2019.:135245851988176.

e74. Cohen JA, Comi G, Selmaj KW, et al. Safety and efficacy of ozanimod versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis (RADIANCE): a multicentre, randomised, 24-month, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurology. 2019;18:1021–1033.

e75. Comi G, Kappos L, Selmaj KW, et al. Safety and efficacy of ozanimod versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis (SUNBEAM): a multicentre,

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