Impact of Technology on Sport II

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The Impact of Technology on Sport II

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in Engineering, Water and Earth Sciences

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The Impact of Technology on Sport II

Edited by

F.K. Fuss

School of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

A. Subic

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia

S. Ujihashi

Graduate School of Information Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

LONDON / LEIDEN / NEW YORK / PHILADELPHIA / SINGAPORE

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Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd (A Macmillan Company), Chennai, India Printed and bound in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publishers.

Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.

The book includes refereed contributions presented at the Asia-Paciﬁc Congress on Sports Technology held at Nanyang Technological University in September 2007.

The book is edited by:

F.K. Fuss, A. Subic and S. Ujihashi Published by: Taylor & Francis/Balkema

P.O. Box 447, 2300 AK Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected]

www.balkema.nl, www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk, www.crcpress.com ISBN-13: 978-0-415-45695-1

Cover Design by F.K. Fuss

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Preface

Today, more people are participating in sports than ever before. With the increased interest and participation in sports, and the extensive media coverage of sporting events worldwide, sport has evolved into a global business worth around $600 billion in total. The world sporting goods market is estimated at $120 billion retail, with footwear accounting for $30 billion, apparel $50 billion and equipment $40 billion. In addition, the sporting goods industry has diversiﬁed over the years to accommodate the different interests and needs of the athletes and consumers in general. It has also promoted and helped develop new sports that have in turn served as a catalyst for new types of products.

Sport as we know it today can hardly be separated from technology. Transfer and inte- gration of knowledge from a wide range of disciplines and industries has generated a rapid technological change in sports in modern times. New technologies have made sports faster, more powerful and enjoyable in many ways. Sports technologies have the capacity to enhance performance, prevent injuries or in some cases even changed the type and pattern of injury experienced by athletes. They can also make a sport more or less interesting to the spectators. Therefore, research has focused over the years on understanding the consequences of increasingly complex sports technologies from a systems perspective, and on developing new technologies and techniques that can improve not only the performance and enjoyment but also safety and overall wellbeing of athletes.

Technological change and its consequences have reinforced the need for a more pro- active role of governing bodies and professional associations in sports. Rules governing the development and use of sports technology are multifaceted and take into consideration not only performance and safety but also broader social, economical and political issues. They may be driven by the desire to maintain a particular sporting tradition or heritage, to maintain the existing capital infrastructure and avoid over-performance, or to promote interest and appeal of the sport. In addition, as effects of global warming have become widely rec- ognized in recent years, sustainability has become a much desired attribute in the development of new sports technologies for the future.

Clearly, sport technology has to be seen from the holistic, as well as inter- and transdisciplinary point of view. Product development requires close collaboration between engineers, athletes, sports scientists, and business managers. It requires an in-depth understanding of engineering disciplines, life and sport sciences, as well as economics. The Impact of Technology on Sport IIhas in its core precisely this philosophy and approach. It aims to pro- vide a deeper insight into the current status of sports technology and to present recent devel- opments in this area from the perspective of different disciplines, industrial practice, academia and athletes. This book brings together peer reviewed contributions from researchers around the world, including Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Malaysia, Korea, Taiwan, India, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Norway,

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Sweden, Slovenia, Switzerland, Spain and USA. The book includes 135refereed papers that have been presented at the 3rd Asia-Paciﬁc Congress on Sports Technology in Singapore in September 2007. The Congress was jointly organised by the Nanyang Technological University, RMIT University and the Japan Sports Engineering Association (JSEA). The book has been edited and its contents divided into the following interrelated sections.

Sports Technology and Engineering; Life Cycle, Environmental Engineering and Eco- Design; Sports Medicine, Exercising and Clinical Biomechanics; General Motion Analysis;

Apparel and Sport Surfaces; Gait, Running and Shoes; Ball Sport – Golf; Ball Sport – Cricket; Ball Sport – Baseball; Ball Sport – Soccer; Ball Sport – Tennis and Badminton; Ball sport – Basketball, Bowling, and Hockey; Aquatics – Boating and ﬁshing; Aquatics – Swimming; Athletics and Jumping; Climbing and Mountaineering; Martial Arts and Archery; Motor Sport and Cycling; Disability Sport; Winter Sports; Youth Sports; Coaching Technology and Sport Education.

We gratefully acknowledge the authors and the referees who have made this publication possible with their research work and written contributions. We would also like to thank the Singapore, Melbourne and Tokyo Secretariats for their hard work and continuous support.

Finally, we hope that a book on the transdisciplinary subject of sports technology, as diverse in topics and approaches as this one, will be of interest to sports technology researchers, practitioners and enthusiasts whatever their scientiﬁc background or persuasion.

Franz Konstantin Fuss, Aleksandar Subic and Sadayuki Ujihashi Editors, September 2007

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Contributors List

Ae M.

Institute of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan

Agnese L.

Politecnico di Torino, dipartimento di ingegneria aerospaziale.C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10100 Torino. E-mail [email protected]

Akbarzadeh A.

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University; 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia

Alam F.

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University; 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia, E-mail: ﬁ[email protected] Allgeuer T.

Dow Europe GmbH, Bachtobelstr. 3, Horgen, 8810, Switzerland, E-mail:[email protected] Álvarez J.C.

Real Federación Española de Atletismo (RFEA), Avenida de Valladolid, 81 esc. dcha.1º, 28008 Madrid, Spain

An S.Y.

Department of Sports Science Kookmin University, 86-1 Jungneung- dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea

Arai K.

Hosei University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kajino- cho Koganei city Tokyo 3-7-2, Japan

Arai T.

Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan

Arellano R.

Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte. C/Carretera de Alfacar, s/n.

18011 Granada, Andalucía, Spain, E-mail: [email protected]

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Asai T.

University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan Baier H.

Technische Universität München, Institute for Lightweight Structures, Bolzmanstraße 15, 85748 Garching, Germany

Bakar A.A.

Monash University Sunway Campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, E-mail: [email protected]

Balasekaran G.

Nanyang Technological University, National Institute of Education, Physical Education and Sports Science, Singapore, E-mail: [email protected]

Balius X.

Olympic Training Centre (CAR) of Catalunya, Avinguda Alcalde Barnils, 3-5, 08034 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Catalunya, Spain, E-mail: [email protected]

Baltl M.

Austrian Golf Association, Vienna, Austria Barber S.

University of Shefﬁeld, Mappin Street, Shefﬁeld, S1 3J, UK Bensason S.

Dow Europe GmbH, Bachtobelstr. 3, Horgen, 8810, Switzerland Betzler N.

Napier University, School of Life Sciences, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh, EH10 5DT, United Kingdom, E-Mail: [email protected]

Biesen E.

Washington State University, 201 Sloan, Spokane St, Pullman, WA 99164-2920 USA, E-mail: [email protected]

Blair K.B.

Sports Innovation Group LLC, Arlington, MA USA, E-mail: [email protected] Blümel M.

Technische Universität München, Institute for Sports Equipment and Materials, Connollystraße 32 80809 München, E-mail: [email protected]

Böhm H.

Department Sports Equipment and Materials, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Brodie M.

Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Box 756, Wellington, New Zealand, E-mail: [email protected]

Burkett B.

Centre for Healthy Activities Sport and Exercise (CHASE), University of the Sunshine Coast Queensland Australia,E-mail [email protected]

Burnik S.

Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenija Busch A.

Centre for Wireless Monitoring and Applications, Grifﬁth University, Brisbane, Australia, E-mail: a.busch@grifﬁth.edu.au

Caine M.P.

Sports Technology Research Group, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, England

Carré M.J.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shefﬁeld, Mappin St, Shefﬁeld, S1 3JD, UK, E-mail: [email protected]

Chang A.

The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N Brazosport Blvd, Freeport, Texas, 77541, USA Chang B.F.

Department of Physical Education, National Taichung University, Taiwan, E-mail:

[email protected] Chen C.H.

Department of Sports & Recreation Management, Chang Jung Christian University, Taiwan. No.396 Chang Jung Rd., Sec.1 Kway Jen, Tainan, 711, Taiwan, E-mail: chenphd@

mail.cjcu.edu.tw Chen H.-C.

Institute of Physical Education, Health, and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan

Chen W.-C.

Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National College of Physical Education and Sports, Tau-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C. E-mail:[email protected]

Cheng K.B.

Institute of Physical Education, Health, and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected]

Contributors List xxiii

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Chiu H.T.

Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Email: [email protected]

Choi C.H.

Fusion Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 35-3, Hongcheon, Ipjang, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea

Choi J.S.

Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea, E-mail:[email protected] Chung H.-S.

Graduate Institute of Physical Education, National College of Physical Education and Sports, Tau-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C. E-mail:[email protected] ; [email protected] Chung K.R.

Cork A.E.J.

Sports Technology Research Group, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, England, E-mail: [email protected]

Cornish J.E.M.

University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK, E-mail: [email protected] Davey N.P.

Centre for Wireless Monitoring and Applications, Grifﬁth School of Engineering, Grifﬁth University, Nathan Campus, Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, Australia, 4111, E-mail:

N.Davey@grifﬁth.edu.au; Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Level 1 Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre (QSAC), Kessels Road, Nathan QLD 4111

Davies M.

School of Education and Professional Studies, Grifﬁth University, Brisbane, Australia Davis A.

University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK Davis M.

Australian Institute of Sport. Biomechanics Department. Leverrier Crescent Bruce ACT Australia 2617, [email protected]

de Aymerich X.

Instituto Vasco de Educación Física (SHEE/IVEF). Carretera de Lasarte, s/n. 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Navarra, Spain

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de la Fuente B.

18011 Granada, Andalucía, Spain Dipti M.

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Doetkott C.

Research Analyst, Information Technology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105-5285

Doki H.

Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University 1-1 Tegata gakuen-machi, Akita-shi, Akita, 010-8502, Japan

Dowdell T.

School of Education and Professional Studies, Grifﬁth University, Brisbane, Australia Doyle M.M.

Western Australian Institute of Sport, Stephenson Avenue, Mt Claremont WA 6010, Australia, E-mail: [email protected]

Dufour M.J.D.

Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK, E-mail: m.dufour@cranfield.ac.uk Eckelt M.

University of Applied Science, Technikum Wien, Sports-Equipment Technology, Vienna, Austria

Elango M.

Dept. of Physical Education, The MDT Hindu College, Tirunelveli, TamilNadu, South India, E-mail: [email protected]

Elliott B.C.

The University of Western Australia, School of Human Movement and Exercise Science, Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia

Emri I.

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Experimental Mechanics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenija, E-Mail: [email protected]

Escoda J.

Olympic Training Centre (CAR) of Catalunya, Avinguda Alcalde Barnils, 3-5, 08034 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Catalunya, Spain

Ewart P.

The Department of Engineering, Materials Division, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand, E-mail: [email protected]

Contributors List xxv

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Ferrer V.

Florjancˇicˇ U.

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Experimental Mechanics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenija

Foong S.K.

Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, S637616, E-mail: [email protected] Fuss F.K.

Sports Engineering Research Team, Division of Bioengineering, School of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, E-mail: [email protected]

Gagalowicz A.

INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, BP105 78153 Le Chesnay, France, Email:andre.gagalowicz@

inria.fr Ganason R.

Human Performance Laboratory, Sports Biomechanics Centre, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, E-Mail: [email protected]

Ganguly S.

Department of Mechanical Engineering & the Center for Nonlinear Dynamics and Control, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA

Goto Y.

Hosei University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kajino- cho Koganei city Tokyo 3-7-2, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Gouwanda D.

Monash University Sunway campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia Govindaswamy V.

Computer Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, USA Grantham J.

Nanyang Technological University, National Institute of Education, Physical Education and Sports Science, Singapore; Sports Medicine Centre, Qatar National Olympic Committee, Doha, Qatar

Gray A.R.

Progressive Sports Technologies Ltd., Innovation Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3EH, UK, E-mail: [email protected]

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Harding J.W.

Applied Sport Research Centre, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; Centre for Wireless Monitoring and Applications, Grifﬁth University, Australia; Olympic Winter Institute of Australia, Australia

Harrison R.

Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, England

Hasegawa H.

Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University 1-1 Tegata gakuen-machi, Akita-shi, Akita, 010-8502, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Hashimoto T.

Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University 1-1 Tegata gakuen-machi, Akita-shi, Akita, 010-8502, Japan

Hasuike S.

Hayasaka J.

Hayashi Y.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610- 0321, Japan

Hee J.W.

Monash University Sunway campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, E-mail: [email protected]

Hirai N.

Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Japan.

Hirose N.

Mamiya-OP Co., Ltd., 3-5-1 Bijyogi, Toda-shi, Saitama, Japan Hodgkins P.P.

Sports Technology Research Group, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, England, E-mail: [email protected]

Hokari M.

Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University 1-1 Tegata gakuen-machi, Akita-shi, Akita, 010-8502, Japan

Contributors List xxvii

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Hong G.S.

Hoon K.H.

School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, E-mail: [email protected]

Hooper S.L.

Centre of Excellence for Applied Sports Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, PO Box 956, Brisbane, 4109, Australia, E-mail: [email protected]

Hopkinson N.

Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK

Horiuchi S.

Asia University, Musashi-sakai, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Hoshino Y.

Graduate school of Engineering, Hokkaido University,kita13Nishi8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Hubbard M.

University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Hwang C.-K.

Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan 300, ROC, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Hyeong J.H.

Iida H.

Polytechnic University, 4-1-1 Hashimotodai, Sagamihara-City, Kanagawa, Japan Inou N.

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical and Control Engineering, I3-12, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, JAPAN, E-mail: [email protected] Inoue A.

Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan Ishii H.

Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, W9-4, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

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Ismail K.A.

Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK, E-mail:

[email protected] Ito S.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Defense Academy, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Ivan T.

Iwahara M.

Hosei University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kajino- cho Koganei City Tokyo 3-7-2, Japan

Jaffa M.S.

Singapore Disability Sports Council, National Stadium (West Entrance), 15 Stadium Road, Singapore 397718, E-mail: [email protected]

James D.A.

Centre for Wireless Technology Grifﬁth University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, E-mail:

d.james@grifﬁth.edu.au; Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Jong Y.J.

Department of Physical Education, National Chiayi University, Taiwan. E-mail:

[email protected] Joseph S.

Human Performance Laboratory, Sports Biomechanics Centre, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, E-mail: [email protected]

Justham L.M.

Sports Technology Research Group, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, England, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Kajiwara S.

Hosei University, Graduate School in Mechanical Engineering Kawamura T.

Institute of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan

Kazahaya M.

Faculty of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology , 165 Koen-cho, Kitami, 090-8507, Japan

Contributors List xxix

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Keys M.

Western Australian Institute of Sport, Challenge Stadium, Mt Claremont, WA 6010, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]; Department of Human Movement and Exercise Science/Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Western Australia., Crawley, WA 6907, Australia

Khang L.S.A.

Sports Engineering Research Team, Division of Bioengineering, School of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457

Khoo B.H.

Monash University Sunway Campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia Khoo T.K.

Monash University Sunway Campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia Kim C.

Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, 637616, Singapore , E-mail: [email protected] Kim H.S.

Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea Kim S.Y.

Fusion Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology , 35-3, Hongcheon, Ipjang, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Kimura H.

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical and Control Engineering, I3-12, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan

Kobayashi O.

Tokai University, 1117 Kita-Kaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan Kobayashi Y.

Graduate school of Engineering, Hokkaido University, kita13Nishi8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Koh M.

Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Republic Polytechnic, 9 Woodlands, Ave 9, Singapore 738964, Email: [email protected]

Koike S.

Institute of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan, E-mail:[email protected]

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Koizumi T.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610- 0321, Japan E-mail: tkoizumi@ mail.doshisha.ac.jp

Kondo A.

Kondou A.

Hosei University, Graduate School in Mechanical Engineering Koseki M.

Kou Z.

Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 Kouchi M.

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-41-6, Aomi, Koutou-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Kulish V.V.

School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798

Kumamoto H.

Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan, E-mail: yamabe@

sys.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp, [email protected] Kumar C.R.

National Women Hockey Coach, Malaysia Kuzmin L.

Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Mid Sweden University, Teknikhuset (Q), Plan 3, Akademigatan 1, SE-831 25 Östersund, Sweden, E-mail: [email protected] La Brooy R.

Lee C.-L.

National Taiwan Normal University, 2F, No. 233, NongAn St., Taipei 140 Taiwan, E-mail:

[email protected] Lee J.B.

Centre for Healthy Activities Sport and Exercise (CHASE), University of the Sunshine Coast Queensland Australia, E-mail [email protected]

Contributors List xxxi

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Lee K.K.

Department of Sports Science Kookmin University, 86-1 Jungneung- dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea, E-mail: [email protected]

Lehner S.

Technical University Munich, Department of Sport Equipment and Materials, Connollystr.

32, 80809 Munich, Germany Lewis R.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shefﬁeld, Mappin Street, Shefﬁeld, S1 3JD, UK

Liew M.

Monash University Sunway Campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia Lim D.

Biomechanics Department, Singapore Sports Council, Singapore Lim H.B.

Lim Y.T.

Sports Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea, E-mail: [email protected] Lin K.-B.

Yuanpei University of Science and Technology, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, ROC, E-mail:

[email protected] Lin Y.-H.

Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan 300, ROC, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Lindh A.M.

Applied Sport Research Centre, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia Liu T.H.

Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, Taipei Physical Education College, Taiwan Looi D.

Monash University Sunway Campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia Low K.H.

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Luescher R.

Australian Institute of Sport. Physiology Department. Leverrier Crescent Bruce ACT Australia 2617, [email protected]

Lyttle A.D.

Western Australian Institute of Sport, Stephenson Avenue, Mt Claremont WA 6010, Australia Ma I.C.

Ofﬁce of Physical Education, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan, E-mail: maichieh@

yahoo.com.tw Mackintosh C.

Applied Sport Research Centre, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia Maggs M.K.

Centre for Wireless Monitoring and Applications. Grifﬁth University, Nathan, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia

Mallinson P.

PlayDale Playgrounds Ltd, Haverthwaite, Ulverston, Cumbria, LA12 8AE, England, E-mail: [email protected]

Manoj K.M.

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Martin D.T.

Applied Sport Research Centre, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia Martin J.

The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N Brazosport Blvd, Freeport, Texas, 77541, USA Maruyama T.

Department of Human System Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, W9-4, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] McHutchon M.A.

Department of Mechancial Engineering, University of Shefﬁeld, Mappin St, Shefﬁeld, S1 3JD, UK

Mecke G.

Mellifont R.B.

Centre for Healthy Activities Sport and Exercise (CHASE), University of the Sunshine Coast Queensland Australia

Contributors List xxxiii

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Ming A.

The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Miyazaki Y.

Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan, E-mail: y-miyazaki@

t.kanazawa-u.ac.jp Mizota T.

Fukuoka Institute of Technology, 3-30-1, Wajiro-Higashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan, E-mail: mizota@ﬁt.ac.jp

Mochimaru M.

Monfared R.P.

Morales E.

18011 Granada, Andalucía, Spain Mori H.

Master’s Program in Health and Physical Education, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Motegi Y.

Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-W8-2 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan Muller B.A.

Centre for Wireless Monitoring and Applications. Grifﬁth University, Nathan, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia

Müller M.

Mumford C.

New Zealand Sports Turf Institute, 163 Old West Road, PO Box 347, Palmerston North 4440, New Zealand

Murakami M.

Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Japan

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Nadzrin M.

Centre for Biomechanics, National Sports Institute, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Nagamatsu A.

Nagao H.

Mizuno Co. Ltd.,1-12-35 South Kouhoku, Suminoe-ku Osaka, Japan Nagayama T.

Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Nageswaran A.S.

Department of Physical Education, H. H. The Rajah’s College, Pudukottai, TamilNadu, South India, E-mail: [email protected]

Nair G.

Sports Science Academy, Singapore Sports School, Singapore; E-mail: gobinathan@sports- school.edu.sg

Nakashima M.

Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-W8-2 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan Naruo T.

Mizuno Corporation, 1-12-35, Nanko-Kita, Suminoe-Ku, Osaka, Japan, E-mail:

[email protected] Niegl G.

Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Austria, E-mail: guenther.niegl@

univie.ac.at, and MedClimb, OEAV/ÖGV (Austrian Mountaineering Federation), Vienna, Austria

Niessen M.

Department Performance Diagnostics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany Nikonov A.

Nishi A.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan

Contributors List xxxv

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Nishida Y.

Nishihara O.

Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan, E-mail:

[email protected] Nozawa M.

Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan

O’Keefe S.G.

Centre for Wireless Monitoring and Applications. Grifﬁth University, Nathan, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia, E-mail: s.okeefe@grifﬁth.edu.au

Ogata K.

Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan Ogawa A.

The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, Japan Oggiano L.

Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology N-7491 Trondheim, Norway, E-mail: [email protected]

Ohgi Y.

Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8520, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Okubo H.

Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma Narashino, 2750016, Japan, E-mail:

[email protected] Okunuki K.

Omkar S.N.

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, E-mail:

[email protected] Ong A.

Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Republic Polytechnic, 9 Woodlands, Ave 9, Singapore 738964, Email: [email protected]

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Oodaira H.

Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-W8-14, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan

Oonuki M.

SRI R&D Ltd 1-1-2, Tsutsui-cho, Chou-ku Kobe Hyogo 651-0071, Japan Ostad-Ahmad-Ghorabi H.

Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Engineering Design, Getreidemarkt 9, E307, 1060 Wien Austria, E-mail: [email protected]

Otaki Y.

Otto S.R.

R & A Rules Ltd, St Andrews, Fife, UK, E-mail: [email protected] Page W.

Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Box 756, Wellington, New Zealand

Paterson N.

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Cnr Plenty Rd and McKimmies Lane, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia

Pearson G.

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Cnr Plenty Rd and McKimmies Lane, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia

Pharmy A.

Centre for Biomechanics, National Sports Institute, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Quah C.K.

Nanyang Technological University, School of Computer Engineering, Singapore, E-mail:

[email protected] Reichel M.

Rey P.H.

AISTS – International Academy of Sports Science and Technology, PSE-C, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; HES-SO Valais – University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Valais, CH-3960 Sierre, Switzerland, E-mail: [email protected]

Contributors List xxxvii

(39)

Ritchie A.C.

Roig A.

Rothberg S.J.

Sports Technology Research Group, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, England

Sabo A.

University of Applied Science, Technikum Wien, Sports-Equipment Technology, Vienna, Austria, E-mail: [email protected]

Sætran L.R.

Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology N-7491 Trondheim, Norway, E-mail: [email protected]

Saitou S.

Mamiya-OP Co., Ltd., 3-5-1 Bijyogi, Toda-shi, Saitama, Japan Sakashita R.

Kumamoto University, Kurokami, 2-40-1, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan Sakurai Y.

Department of Human System Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, W9-4, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Sánchez J.A.

Instituto Nacional de Educación Física de Galicia. Avda. Del Che Guevara 121, 15179 Bastiagueiro-Oleiros (A Coruña), Galicia, Spain. E-mail: [email protected]

Santry J.

Progressive Sports Technologies Ltd., Innovation Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3EH, UK

Sato F.

Mizuno Corporation, 1-12-35, Nanko-Kita, Suminoe-ku, Osaka 559-8510, Japan Schrammel G.

Seah H.S.

Nanyang Technological University, School of Computer Engineering, Singapore, E-mail:

[email protected]

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Selvarajah V.

Baton Adventures, Malaysia, E-Mail: [email protected] Senanayake S.M.N.A.

Monash University Sunway campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, E-mail: [email protected]

Senner V.

Technical University Munich, Department of Sport Equipment and Materials, Connollystr.

32, 80809 Munich, Germany, E-mail: [email protected] Seo K.

Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa, Yamagata990-8560, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Sethu S.

Dr. Sivanthi Aditanar College of Physical Education, Tiruchendur, TamilNadu, South India, E-mail: [email protected]

Shan G.

University of Lethbridge, Department of Kinesiology, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, E-mail: [email protected]

Shiang T.Y.

Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, Taipei Physical Education College, Taiwan Shimada N.

Ritsumeikan University 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 Japan Shinozaki M.

Setagayaizumi High School, 9-22-1 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan, E-mail:

[email protected] Shionoya A.

Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan, E-mail:

[email protected] Shirai Y.

Ritsumeikan University 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 Japan Shunmuganathan D.

Department of Physical Education, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, TamilNadu, South India, E-mail: [email protected]

Sim J.Y.

Contributors List xxxix

(41)

Smeathers J.E.

Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Cnr Blamey Street & Musk Avenue, Brisbane, 4059, Australia

Smith J.D.

Smith L.V.

Washington State University, 201 Sloan, Spokane St, Pullman, WA 99164-2920 USA, E-mail: [email protected]

Smith R.W.

Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, Taipei Physical Education College, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected]

Strangwood M.

University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK, E-mail: [email protected] Stricker C.

AISTS – International Academy of Sports Science and Technology, PSE-C, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; HES-SO Valais – University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Valais, CH-3960 Sierre, Switzerland, E-mail: [email protected] Stronge W.J.

Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK Subic A.

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Cnr Plenty Rd and McKimmies Lane, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia, E-mail:

[email protected] Suda K.

Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Susanto A.P.

Suzuki S.

Faculty of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology , 165 Koen-cho, Kitami, 090-8507, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Tack G.R.

Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

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Takenoshita Y.

The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, Japan Tan B.

Changi Sports Medicine Centre, Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3, Singapore 529889, E-mail: [email protected]

Tan J.C.C.

Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, 637616, Singapore, E-mail: [email protected] Tan J.K.L.

Tan M.A.

Tanaka K.

Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-W8-14, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Taniguchi D.

Hosei University, Graduate School in Mechanical Engineering, E-mail: daiki.taniguchi.

[email protected] Teong T.H.

Sports Centre, University of Malaya Teranishi Y.

Mizuno Corporation, 1-12-35 South Kouhoku, Nanko-Kita, Suminoe-ku, Osaka 559-8510, Japan

Thompson S.

Nanyang Technological University, National Institute of Education, Physical Education and Sports Science, Singapore

Tinnsten M.

Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Mid Sweden University, Teknikhuset (Q), Plan 3, Akademigatan 1, SE-831 25 Östersund, Sweden, E-mail: [email protected] Tio W.

Contributors List xli

(43)

Tomlinson S.E.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK, E-mail: s.tomlinson@sheffield.ac.uk

Tomson L.M.

School of Education and Professional Studies, Grifﬁth University, Brisbane, Australia Toohey K.

Department of Tourism, Leisure, Hotel & Sport Management, Grifﬁth University, Australia Toon D.T.

Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, England, E-mail: [email protected]

Torres E.

Dow Europe GmbH, Bachtobelstr. 3, Horgen, 8810, Switzerland Tripathy J.

Tsujiuchi N.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610- 0321, Japan, E-mail: ntsujiuc@ mail.doshisha.ac.jp

Turró C.

Udovcˇ M.

Ueda M.

SRI R&D Ltd 1-1-2, Tsutsui-cho, Chou-ku Kobe Hyogo 651-0071, Japan Ujihashi S.

Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Oh-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan, E-mail:

[email protected] Urry S.R.

Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Cnr Blamey Street & Musk Avenue, Brisbane, 4059, Australia

Vasquez G.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, USA, E-mail: [email protected]

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Vaverka F.

Palacky University, Faculty of Physical Culture, Olomouc, Czech Republic Verbeek J.

The Department of Engineering, Materials Division, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand

Vikram B.

Vinay K.J.

Indian Institute of Technology (Madras), Chennai, India Vodicˇková S.

Technical University of Liberec, Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education, Hálkova 6, 46008 Liberec, Czech Republic, E-mail: [email protected]

von Bernstorff B.S.

BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Germany Walker A.W.

The Louis Laybourne Smith School of Architecture and Design, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia, E-Mail: [email protected]

Waller T.M.

Progressive Sports Technologies Ltd., Innovation Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3EH, UK

Walmsley A.

Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Box 756, Wellington, New Zealand

Wang C.H.

Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan

Watanabe S.

Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan Watanabe T.

Contributors List xliii

(45)

Watkins S.

School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Cnr Plenty Rd and McKimmies Lane, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia, E-mail:

[email protected] Wearing S.C.

Centre of Excellence for Applied Sports Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, PO Box 956, Brisbane, 4109, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Cnr Blamey Street & Musk Avenue, Brisbane, 4059, Australia, E-mail: [email protected]

West A.A.

Sports Technology Research Group, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, England, E-mail: [email protected]

Widmann H.G.

University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK Williams B.J.

Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK, Email: [email protected]

Williams G.

Rawlings Sporting Goods, St. Louis, MO, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Wilson B.D.

National Sports Institute, Center of Biomechanics, Bukit Jalil, Sri Petaling, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Email: [email protected]

Wimmer W.

ECODESIGN company – engineering & management consultancy GmbH, Neubaugasse 25/2/3, 1070 Vienna, Austria, E-mail: [email protected]

Witte K.

University of Magdeburg, Institute of Sport Science, Postfach 4120, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany, E-Mail: [email protected]

Wixted A.

Centre for Wireless Technology Grifﬁth University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Wong K.

Monash University Sunway Campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia Wong K.G.

Executive Director, Singapore Disability Sports Council, National Stadium (West Entrance), 15 Stadium Road, Singapore 397718, E-mail: [email protected]

Impact of Technology on Sport II

The Impact of Technology on Sport II

The Impact of Technology on Sport II

F.K. Fuss

A. Subic

S. Ujihashi

Contents

Preface

Contributors List