*Corresponding author: Water Resources Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, Indonesia E-mail address: [email protected] (Rika Rosita Sari)
doi: https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.pengairan.2023.014.02.9 Received: 12-06-2023; Revised: 09-09-2023; Accepted: 04-11-2023
P-ISSN: 2086-1761 | E-ISSN: 2477-6068 © 2023 [email protected]. All rights reserved. 178
Vol. 14 No. 02 (2023)
Jurnal Teknik Pengairan: Journal of Water Resources Engineering
Journal homepage: https://jurnalpengairan.ub.ac.id/index.php/jtp
Original research article
Implementation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) on Drainage Channel Design in UB Forest Sumberwangi Area
Rika Rosita Sari
*, Very Dermawan , Evi Nur Cahya
Water Resources Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Keywords:
Building Information Modeling;
Civil 3D;
Drainage;
Storm and Sanitary Analysis
Road damage in the UB Forest Sumberwangi Area, Karangploso District, Malang Regency, is one of the harmful impacts of the drainage system. This study aims to analyze an accurate and efficient drainage system by applying modern methods, namely Building Information Modeling (BIM). By using BIM, the analysis of drainage work becomes faster and more accessible than with conventional methods. BIM is beneficial in building and analyzing drainage network data quickly and effectively and can help expand it to provide more accurate results. BIM can integrate models based on technical data and simulate development information into a three-dimensional model. BIM is used to perform 3D modeling of drainage channels using Autodesk Civil 3D, as well as analyzing channels from both hydrology and hydraulics with Storm and Sanitary Analysis (SSA). After calculating the design for a 5-year return period rainfall, channel dimensions of 50 x 50 cm and 30 x 30 cm were obtained. Based on the hydraulic analysis, it is known that several points have velocities that exceed the maximum velocity for the concrete surface (v < 3 m/s), so it is necessary to build a drop structure with h = 1 m. The quantity take off and the volume are calculated by Civil 3D for cut and fill work 7824.07 m3 and 1389.79 m3, respectively.
1. Introduction
Problems in the water sector are serious because they occur every year, and there are no effective steps to overcome them, such as soil erosion, flooding, and even damage to road pavement. According to the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), in 2020, there were 2925 disasters in Indonesia, and 1065 of them were floods. Many cases of flooding are caused by incompetence and damage to the drainage channels [1]. Road drainage has a function to minimize the possibility of a decrease in carrying capacity upgrades and the possibility of road pavement damage.
As technology advances, the world of modern construction is introduced to a system called Building Information Modeling, and this method can be applied to the drainage system. BIM is beneficial in building and analyzing drainage network data quickly and effectively and can help expand it to provide more accurate results [2].
BIM can integrate models based on technical data and simulate development information into a three-dimensional model [3].
BIM has several benefits and advantages compared to
conventional methods, which have been widely used so far [4]. BIM can provide new design methods and tools to offer design efficiency and cut costs [5]. BIM contains all actual data and information where when one of the data or information is changed, other related data will automatically change or adjust to the change [6]–[8].
BIM can also collaborate with software such as ArcGIS.
BIM aims to provide the hazard-sensitive nature of building elements, whereas GIS will mediate mapping between simulation tools for different infrastructures [9]. Most implementations of Building Information Modeling are found in building construction such as roads, bridges, and buildings.
Research related to drainage systems for forest areas using the Storm and Sanitary Analysis software is still very rare compared to other constructions. The application of BIM in several countries can be categorized as relatively high, but most countries can still not fully use BIM [10]. BIM technology in China is still in its infancy because many construction design agencies have not yet used it, and there is a need for system reform [2].
This study analyzed the drainage system by applying
Building Information Modeling in a forest area with a reasonably steep slope, namely in the UB Forest Sumberwangi area, Donowarih Village, Karangploso District. BIM is applied to analyze the drainage system from a hydraulic point of view to determine whether it is necessary to do it at a certain point of treatment. The scope of study in this research is in the form of 3D modeling Building Information Modeling (BIM) on drainage channel design in the UB Forest Sumberwangi area with software Autodesk Civil 3D then carried out an analysis of the capability of the planned channel to determine the hydraulic conditions using it Storm and Sanitary Analysis (SSA) based on design rain with planned return period.
2. Method
This study was conducted in the UB Forest Sumberwangi Area, which is located in Donowarih Village, Karangploso District. UB Forest is used for research and development of scientific disciplines within Universitas Brawijaya that focus on nature and society.
This forest was inaugurated on December 31, 2015, when Universitas Brawijaya (UB) received forest management rights of 544.74 hectares from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK), consisting of protected forest and production forest. Administratively, UB Forest is located in three (3) villages, namely Ngenep Village, Tawangargo Village, Donowarih Village, Karangploso District, and Malang Regency. Astronomically, Karangploso District is located from 112.3506 east longitudes and 7.5514 south longitudes to 122.3753 east longitudes and 7.5227 south longitudes with relatively flat and hilly topography.
Donowarih Village is at the southern foot of Mount Arjuno and has an area of 1298.10 hectares or 22.10% of the total area of Karangploso District (Malang Regency Central Statistics Agency, 2021). Utilization of this village, among others, for residential land, fields, rice fields, forests, plantations, and others. The fertile soil conditions of Donowarih Village mean that most people have rice, vegetable, corn, coffee, and fruit (orange, apple) farming businesses. A map of study locations can be seen in Figure 1.
2.1 Research data
The data needed in this study are as follows:
1. Rainfall data from Ngujung Rain Station
2. Topographic map results of direct measurements on September 4, 2023, from 08:00 to 17:00 at UB Forest Sumberwangi Area, Malang Regency.
3. Topographic map results of direct measurements on September 4, 2023, from 08:00 to 17:00 at UB Forest Sumberwangi Area, Malang Regency.
4. Land use map of Donowarih Village, Karangploso District 5. Population data of Sumberwangi Hamlet.
2.2 Data consistency test
Data consistency test is done using Rescaled Adjusted Partial Sum (RAPS). Test data consistency with Rescaled Adjusted Partial Sum (RAPS) was conducted to test whether the data obtained contained inaccuracies and uncertainties.
Several factors affect the low level of data consistency, such as the location of the rain station, which is covered by trees, close to tall buildings, and recording errors.
2.3 Regional Average Rainfall Analysis
The average rainfall in all related areas is needed to develop a flood control effort. In this study, the calculation of the regional average rainfall was carried out using the method Polygon Thiessen because the distribution of rain stations to be used is uneven. This method takes into account the weight of each station, which represents the area around it. If there is a change in the rain station network, new polygons must be made again.
2.4 Frequency Analysis
Frequency analysis is used to estimate (forecasting) the river flow rate will exceed or equal a certain return period, for example, five years, ten years, and so on. There are 2 (two) types of frequency analysis, namely rainfall analysis, which uses many parameters, and flow analysis (discharge), which uses few parameters [11], [12].
2.5 Distribution Suitability Test
The distribution suitability tests used in this study are the Chi-Square and the Smirnov-Kolmogorov tests. Test Concept of the Chi-Square test is to perform a frequency distribution fit test (Goodness of fit) and to determine whether the selected probability distribution equation can represent the statistical distribution of the sample data [13], [14]. The basic concept of the Smirnov Kolmogorov test is to compare the data distribution (which will be tested for normality) with the standard normal distribution. The standard normal distribution is data transformed into a Z-score and assumed to be normal [15]–[17].
2.6 Analysis of Planned Flood Discharge
A design flood discharge is a discharge whose magnitude is equaled or exceeded once in a certain return period, for example, Q10, meaning that a discharge will statically occur once in 10 years, and the probability of it occurring every year is 1/10 [13]. In this study, the method for determining the amount of drainage runoff discharge is the Rational Method
180
𝑄 = 0,00278 𝐶. 𝐼. 𝐴 (1)
With Q is design flood discharge (m3/s), C is flow coefficient, I is rain intensity (mm/hour), A is watershed area (ha).
2.7 Calculation of Gross Discharge
Gross water discharge is the accumulation of human activities in the form of household wastewater. The need for clean water is estimated to be between 150-250 liters/per day/per person for households and 60-90/liters/per day/per person for public facilities.
𝑄𝑎𝑘 =𝑃𝑛.𝑞𝐴 (2)
with Qak is gross water discharge (l/dt/km2); Pn is total population (people); A is area (km2); q is amount of wastewater (l/day/person).
2.8 Building Information Modeling with Civil 3D
Software AutoCAD Civil 3D is a product line developed by Autodesk, Inc. AutoCAD Civil 3D can quickly and accurately estimate work volume requirements, and the results output of Civil 3D can be in-export the software Infraworks as well as Lumion for visualization and rendering (the process of generating images from 2D or 3D models via computer) picture. Before AutoCAD 3D appeared, this product was named AutoCAD Land Desktop Development, which has been discontinued since 2009. In other words, AutoCAD Civil 3D is the latest version of AutoCAD development Land Desktop. Civil 3D already applies the concept to Dynamic Modeling (when there is a design change, the entire related design process will be automatically upgraded).
2.9Channel Analysis With Storm and Sanitary Analysis Autodesk Storm and Sanitary Analysis (SSA) is a product line from Autodesk with sophisticated, comprehensive, and powerful modeling in analyzing and designing urban drainage systems, sanitary sewers, and sewers. The software can simultaneously model complex hydrology, hydraulics, and water quality. Storm and Sanitary Analysis can easily share data with Autodesk Civil 3D and Autodesk Map 3D. Inside Autodesk Civil 3D, it has features Edit in Storm and Sanitary Analysis, which can import pipeline and catchment data and can even automatically load images as backgrounds to share catchment, pipe, and structure data.
2.10 Excavated and Stockpiled Volumes
Calculation of excavation and embankment volumes can be easily done in Civil 3D because the system automatically analyzes longitudinal sections (long section) and cross sections (cross-section). Draft Building Modeling Information (BIM), which is practical, also makes calculations of the volume of excavation and embankment (cut and fill) can be done easily if there is a change in the dimensions of the work so that when compared with conventional calculations, the application of BIM can provide effectiveness both in terms of time and cost.
Figure 2. Analysis Polygon Thiessen uses ArcGIS
Table 1. Annual maximum rainfall
No Year Polygon Area Average Rainfall (mm)
1 2007 92.00
2 2008 89.00
3 2009 96.00
4 2010 78.00
5 2011 58.00
6 2012 91.00
7 2013 108.00
8 2014 91.00
9 2015 80.00
10 2016 60.00
11 2017 56.00
12 2018 85.00
13 2019 65.00
14 2020 89.50
15 2021 76.00
3. Result and Discussion
3.1 Regional Average Rainfall Analysis
After analyzing the average rainfall area with the method Polygon Thiessen as shown in Figure 2, it is known that the Sumberwangi UB Forest area is in the area affected by the Ngujung Rain Station. The magnitude of the Ngujung station's annual maximum rainfall data is shown in Table 1.
The following is the percentage of Thiessen polygons for each rain station: Tinjumoyo 0%, Ngujung 100%, Karangploso 0%;
and Temas 0%.
3.2 Data Consistency Test
A consistency test of RAPS data was conducted based on the rainfall data obtained from the Ngujung Rainfall Station throughout the last 15 years, from 2007 to 2021. The calculation of the RAPS test can be seen in Table 2.
Based on Table 1, it can be seen that the value of 𝑄
√𝑛 and 𝑅
√𝑛
at Ngujung Station can be accepted with a probability of 90%.
3.3 Frequency Analysis
The frequency analysis used in this study is analysis Log Pearson III and Gumbel with return periods of 2, 5, and 10 years. The results of the design year's T-return period rainfall are presented in Table 3.
Based on Table 3, the most significant design rainfall is 81.127 mm for a 2-year return period, 95.846 mm for a 5-year return period, and 107.157 mm for a 10-year return period.
3.4 Distribution suitability
The distribution suitability test used is a Chi-square test and Smirnov-Kolmogorov test for testing the Gumbel frequency distribution and Log Pearson III. The results of the two tests are presented in Table 4. It shows that the distribution of Log Pearson III was accepted for both tests and both chances.
3.5 Analysis of Planned Flood Discharge
The calculation of the design flood discharge analysis is carried out using the rational method. The results of the design flood discharge calculation for the 5-year return period are presented in Table 5.
Table 2. Results of consistency test of RAPS data of Ngujung Station
No Year Max Rainfall
(mm)
Sk* Dy2 Dy Sk** |Sk**|
1 2007 92 11 8.116 2.849 0.742 0.742
2 2008 89 8 4.302 2.074 0.541 0.541
3 2009 96 15 15.067 3.882 1.012 1.012
4 2010 78 -3 0.587 0.766 -0.200 0.200
5 2011 58 -23 35.165 5.930 -1.545 1.545
6 2012 91 10 6.711 2.591 0.675 0.675
7 2013 108 27 48.720 6.980 1.819 1.819
8 2014 91 10 6.711 2.591 0.675 0.675
9 2015 80 -1 0.062 0.250 -0.065 0.065
10 2016 60 -21 29.307 5.414 -1.411 1.411 11 2017 56 -25 41.556 6.446 -1.680 1.680
12 2018 85 4 1.085 1.041 0.271 0.271
13 2019 65 -16 16.996 4.123 -1.074 1.074
14 2020 90 9 4.855 2.203 0.574 0.574
15 2021 76 -5 1.645 1.282 -0.334 0.334
Average 81 Sk**max 1.819
Amount 220.88 14.862 sk**min 0.065
Q=[Sk**max] 1.819 R=Sk**max-
Sk**min 1.754 Q/n^0,5 0.470 R/n^0,5 0.453 Table 3. Rainfall design for the T-return period
Return Period
Gumbel Log Pearson III X
(mm) K X (mm) K
2 78.762 -0.143 81.127 0.100 5 95.846 0.967 94.482 0.860 10 107.157 1.702 101.148 1.200 Table 4. Results of Chi-square and Smirnov-Kolmogorov test Distri-
bution Prob.
Chi-Square Smirnov-Kolmogorov X2 X2
cr Result Δ Δ
cr Result
Gumbel 1%
6.67 9.21 Accepted
0.14 0.34 Accepted
5% 5.99 Rejected 0.30 Accepted
Log Pearson
III
1%
3.33
9.21 Accepted 0.12
0.34 Accepted
5% 5.99 Accepted 0.30 Accepted
3.6 Gross Water Discharge Analysis
Before analyzing gross water discharge, it is necessary to know the projected population in a particular year. In this study, a population projection was carried out using the exponential method for 2032.
With a population of UB Forest Sumberwangi in 2022 of 144 people and a growth rate of Donowarih Village in 2010- 2020 of 1%, the population of UB Forest Sumberwangi in 2032 is 160 people [20].
The need for water is estimated to be between 150-250 liters/per day/per person for households and 60- 90/liters/day/per person for public facilities. So, in this study, it is assumed that the need for clean water is 150 liters/day/person. So that q = 90% x 150 liters/day/person, then q = 135 liters/day/person. The amount of gross water discharge is as follows.
𝑄𝑎𝑘 =160.135
10,029 = 215373.2638 liters/day/person = 0.0025 m3/second/person
3.7 Total Discharge
The total discharge is obtained from rational discharge and gross water discharge. The amount of gross water discharge will be divided into four because four channels are affected by household gross water discharge. The total discharge for a 5-year return period is presented in Table 6.
Table 5. Flood discharge rational design method with a 5- year return period
Channel
Name L (m) S Tc
(hour) A (ha) C
I (mm/
hour) Q (m3/s) Right-1 218.60 0.05 0.07 2.75 0.48 202.18 0.75 Right -2 193.58 0.05 0.06 1.94 0.46 215.20 0.65 Right -3 388.76 0.07 0.09 2.80 0.30 160.93 0.38 Left-1 218.51 0.01 0.11 0.54 0.50 145.86 0.11 Left -2 190.74 0.01 0.11 0.47 0.48 143.46 0.09 Left -3 382.19 0.03 0.12 1.27 0.30 133.12 0.14 Right
Warehouse 27.77 0.10 0.01 0.08 0.30 696.61 0.05 Left
Wirehouse 52.37 0.10 0.02 0.18 0.30 502.99 0.08 Table 6. Total discharge with a 5-year return period No Channel
Name
Q rational (m3/s)
Q gross (m3/s)
Q total (m3/s)
1 Left -1 0.746 0.0006 0.747
2 Left -2 0.533 0.0006 0.533
3 Left -3 0.379 0.0000 0.379
4 Right -1 0.110 0.0006 0.110
5 Right -2 0.089 0.0006 0.090
6 Right -3 0.143 0.0000 0.143
7 Right
Warehouse 0.045 0.0000 0.045
8 Left
Wirehouse 0.076 0.0000 0.076
182 Figure 4. Detail assembly
3.8 Building Information Modeling (BIM) with Civil 3D Software Civil 3D provides menus-assembly, which loads the geometry based on the alignment that has been made, Figure 4 shows the merging of several element subassemblies thereby forming a road plan structure.
In this modeling study, it is planned that the road width = 5 m, the shoulder = 0.5 m, the right channel 0.3 x 0.3 m, and the right channel 0.5 x 0.5 m.
Based on the assembly in Figure 4, the merging is carried out following the elevation alignment until it becomes a corridor, as shown in Figure 5.
A drainage channel plan is carried out with a menu pipe network along the right and left of the road from the corridor that has been made. From Autodesk Civil 3D, then export to Storm and Sanitary Analysis software based on the pipe network that has been made.
3.9 Analysis with Storm and Sanitary Analysis (SSA) The results of the modeling and drainage plan on Civil 3D were then connected with SSA software to analyze the canal regarding hydrology and hydrology. To analyze the channel, it is necessary to input IDF curve data, coefficients run-off, land slope, Manning coefficient, and some other data.
In addition, it is necessary to manufacture the sub-basin of software SSA. The layout of the drainage plan is presented in Figure 6.
After analysis with a 5-year return period rain design, the channel dimensions for the right side of the road are 50 x 50 cm, 30 x 30 cm are for the left side, and the warehouse collector channel is 30 x 30 cm.
However, hydraulically it is known that the velocity for the Kanan-1, Kanan-2, Kanan-3, Gudang-Ka, and Gudang-Ki channels is greater than the maximum velocity set for the concrete surface, which is 3 m/s as shown in output report in Table 7. Therefore, it is necessary to plan a drop structure as a velocity control so that scouring does not occur. In this research, the height of the drop structure is planned to be 1 meter because Q < 2.5 m3/s, as shown in Figure 7. Figure 8 shows an example file plot for the Left Wirehouse channel.
Figure 9 shows a comparison chart of Rational and BIM Methods.
On the right side, several sta are feared to cause landslides due to the steep topography. So in this study, a masonry retaining wall with a height dimension of 2 m was also planned.
Figure 5. Corridor street
Figure 6. Layout drainage plan Table 7. Output Report Channel
Name
Element Type
Maximum Velocity (m/s)
Right-1 CHANNEL 5.13
Right -2 CHANNEL 3.68
Right -3 CHANNEL 4.73
Left-1 CHANNEL 2.60
Left -2 CHANNEL 1.97
Left -3 CHANNEL 1.98
Right
Wirehouse CHANNEL 3.11
Left
Wirehouse CHANNEL 4.00
Left-1 Left-2
Left-3
Right-1 Right-2
Right-3
Legend:
Sub-catchment drop structure Junction
Outlet L road = 1672.5 m
Figure 7. Dimension of drop structure
Figure 8. Profile plot left wirehouse channel
Figure 9. Comparison chart of rational and BIM Methods
From the comparison graph above, it can be concluded that by using the BIM method, the resulting discharge is smaller than the rational (conventional) method so the required channel dimensions are smaller.
3.10 Cut and Fill Volumes
Calculation of cut and fill volumes Autodesk Civil 3D implementing the concept Building Information Modeling (BIM) is performed by extracting the results of a three-dimensional model using a sample line based on metasurface, which has been raised with the corridor.
Figure 10. Cross sections at +100 sta
Figure 10 presents an example cross-section of the original soil surface and cut and fill at +100 sta. With the menu generating volume report in Civil 3D, the total volume of both cut and fill can be presented directly so that it is known that the total volume in the drainage channel design in the UB Forest Sumberwangi Area is 7824.07 m3 for cut and 1389.79 m3 for fill.
4. Conclusion
Implementing Building Information Modeling (BIM) on analyzing drainage channels in the UB Forest Sumberwangi area using the software Civil 3D and Storm and Sanitary Analysis (SSA) has done well. By applying BIM, the analysis of drainage work becomes easier and faster than conventional methods. BIM can provide new design methods and tools to provide design efficiency and cut costs. BIM contains all actual data and information; when one of the data or information is changed, other related data will automatically change or adjust. Based on the modeling, the best design was obtained for the 5-year return period rainfall of 50x50 cm and 30x30 cm. After conducting channel analysis with Storm and Sanitary Analysis, it is known that some points have a speed above the maximum velocity allowed for the concrete surface, so a drop structure building with a height of 1 meter is needed.
A rock retaining wall is also planned to prevent landslides on the right side of the road. Based on the generated volume report on Civil 3D, the total volume of jobs obtained is 7824.07 m3 for cut and 1389.79 m3 for fill volumes.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank the Water Resources Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya, and all parties who assisted in this research.
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