By
Andre Nugraha Pramadhana 11404031
BACHELOR’S DEGREE in
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING –
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT CONCENTRATION FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower
Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No.15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 – Indonesia
August 2018
Revision after the Thesis Defense on 22nd July 2018
Andre Nugraha Pramadhana I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
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Andre Nugraha Pramadhana Date
Revision after the Thesis Defense on 22nd July 2018
Approved by:
Dr.–Ing. Diah Indriani Widiputri, S.T., M.Sc
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Thesis Advisor Date
Prof. (R). Dr. Gustan Pari, M.Si
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Thesis Co-Advisor Date
Dr. Dipl. -Ing. Samuel P. Kusumocahyo
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Dean Date
Andre Nugraha Pramadhana ABSTRACT
IMPROVEMENT OF COMBUSTION QUALITY OF BIOMASS BRIQUETTE FROM WATER HYACINTH (Eichhornia crassipes) FOR ALTERNATIVE
ENERGY
By
Andre Nugraha Pramadhana
Dr.–Ing. Diah Indriani Widiputri, S.T, M.Sc, Advisor Prof (R). Dr. Gustan Pari, M.Si, Co-Advisor
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a floating plant species, which spreads rapidly in fresh water area. This plant has found to cause environmental problems, such as clogging drainage, water intakes, and ditches, shading out other aquatic vegetation and interfering with fishing, shipping as well as recreational activities. In contrast to its drawbacks, water hyacinth is considered as one of the potential agricultural wastes in Indonesia that can be processed into an alternative solid fuel. Carbonization followed by briquetting is one of the methods that can be applied to process biomass into solid fuels. This work investigated the effect of carbonization temperature and two different types of binders on combustion characteristic of water hyacinth biomass. In this work, carbonization was carried out at three different temperatures, i.e. 350ºC, 400ºC and 450ºC, while comparing the application of two types of binders, which were tapioca gel and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive. The results show that carbonization process of water hyacinth increased the fixed carbon content and the calorific value, and the best result was obtained at 450oC with tapioca gel as the binder. With this condition, the fixed carbon content in the biomass briquette could be increased up to 34.14% with a calorific value of 3,837 kcal/kg. Although the combustion efficiency was only 4.89%.
The application of water hyacinth as biomass briquette has shown a promising alternative to reduce CO emission and the above-mentioned environment problems.
Keywords: Water hyacinth, biomass, briquette, environment, alternative energy
Andre Nugraha Pramadhana
© Copyright 2018 by Andre Nugraha Pramadhana
All rights reserved
Andre Nugraha Pramadhana DEDICATION
For those who always share knowledge and magnificent experience;
For those who willingly give enlightenment, positivity, and endless support For those who solemnly swear in advancing and standing up for our beloved and
beautiful country, the Republic of Indonesia;
this bachelor thesis is dedicated to you.
Andre Nugraha Pramadhana ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Almighty Allah for the life I have been living, for the adventurous and peaceful moments I have experienced, and for giving me so many loved ones I can share with in this life.
A tremendous appreciation and honour go out to my beloved thesis advisor, Dr.–Ing. Diah Indriani Widiputri, S.T., M.Sc. Her valuable thought, contribution, kindheartedness, and endless support have assisted the accomplishment of this thesis. I would like to enlarge my admiration to my thesis co-advisor, Prof. (R). Dr. Gustan Pari, M.Si, for his competence and firm direction during this thesis research in Forest Products Research and Development Center in Bogor, West Java, not forgetting the guidance from Mr. Deri Novian and Ms. Sucy Aprianty Wati, A.Md.A.K, which have helped this work to come to a definitive result.
For the opportunity to do the thesis research in Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development in Tangerang Regency, Banten, I would like to thank Dr. Ir.
Teguh Wikan Widodo, M.Sc. I gratefully present my appreciation to him for facilitating and monitoring me during my thesis period. I would also thank Mr. Khotim Mulyono for guiding me in using the devices there.
After all, I cannot finish this work without my great parents. I could not thank them enough for their massive love and wholehearted support in every part of journey I have been through. To my poetic girlfriend, thank you for always supporting and being there for me through my ups and down. To my dearest brother, best friends, friends, and partners, I would like to show my appreciation for giving me their marvellous friendship and being the source of exhilaration, escapade, and joy into this wonderful life.
Andre Nugraha Pramadhana TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
STATEMENT BY AUTHOR ………... 2
ABSTRACT………... 3
DEDICATION……….……….. 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS……….……….. 7
LIST OF FIGURES……….………..………. 11
LIST OF TABLES……….………. 13 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION………
1.1 Background……….………...
1.2 Research Problems….……….………...
1.3 Research Objectives.……….…..………...
1.4 Significance of Study……….……….
1.5 Research Questions……….………...
1.6 Hypothesis……….……….
14 14 15 15 16 16 16 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW……….
2.1 Water Hyacinth………..………..………...
2.2 Biomass………..………
2.2.1 Biomass Properties.………..………..
2.2.2 Biomass Carbonization.………..
2.2.3 Biomass Densification………
2.2.3.1 Briquetting Process.………..
2.2.3.2 The Use of Binder in Densification.………..
2.2.3.3 The Quality of Briquettes.……….
2.3 Water Hyacinth as Bioenergy……….………
2.3.1 Water Hyacinth as Biomass.………..……….
2.3.2 Water Hyacinth as Biogas.………..………
17 17 18 20 21 22 23 23 24 25 25 26
Andre Nugraha Pramadhana 2.5 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis ……….……….
2.6 Combustion Rate Analysis……….………
27 28 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODS………
3.1 Venue and Time………..………..………..
3.2 Materials and Equipment……….………...
3.2.1 Materials……….………
3.2.2 Equipment……….……….
3.3 Design of Experiments………….………..
3.4 Experimental Procedure……….……….………...
3.5 Analytical Procedure……….……….………
3.5.1 Determination of Density………...
3.5.2 Determination of Calorific Value….….………
3.5.3 Proximate Analysis….….……….……….
3.5.3.1 Determination of Moisture Content……….
3.5.3.2 Determination of Volatile Matter Content………...
3.5.3.3 Determination of Ash Content……….
3.5.3.4 Determination of Fixed Content………..
3.5.4 Nitrogen, Sulphur, and Chlorine Analysis……….
3.5.5 Determination of Combustion Rate Analysis……….
3.5.6 Performance Test of Water hyacinth Biomass Briquette………...
3.5.7 Two-Factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)………
30 30 30 30 30 30 32 35 35 35 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 38 38 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS………
4.1 Pre-Treatment of Water Hyacinth to Produce Biomass Briquette………...
4.1.1 Washing and Chopping Process………..
4.1.2 Drying of Water Hyacinth of Non-Carbonization Method……….
4.1.3 Water Hyacinth for Carbonization Method……….
4.1.4 Binder Preparation for Briquetting Process………
4.2 Briquetting Process of Non-Carbonized and Carbonized Water Hyacinth Samples………..
4.2.1 Effect of Binder Types on Density of Water Hyacinth Biomass Briquette……….
39 39 39 40 40 42
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Andre Nugraha Pramadhana 4.2.2 Effect of Carbonization Treatment on Density of Water Hyacinth
Biomass Briquette………..
4.3 Proximate Analysis Result………....……….
4.3.1 Moisture Content Analysis………....……….
4.3.1.1 Effect of Binder Types on Moisture Content of Water Hyacinth Biomass Briquette………..…………...
4.3.1.2 Effect of Carbonization Treatment on Moisture Content of Water Hyacinth Biomass Briquette………...
4.3.2 Ash Content Analysis……….
4.3.2.1 Effect of Binder Types on Ash Content of Water Hyacinth Biomass Briquette……….
4.3.2.2 Effect of Carbonization Treatment on Ash Content of Water Hyacinth Biomass Briquette………
4.3.3 Volatile Matter Content Analysis………...
4.3.3.1 Effect of Binder Types on Volatile Matter Content of Water Hyacinth Biomass Briquette………..…………...
4.3.3.2 Effect of Carbonization Treatment on Volatile Matter Content of Water Hyacinth Biomass Briquette……….
4.3.4 Fixed Carbon Analysis……….………..
4.3.4.1 Effect of Binder Types on Fixed Carbon of Water Hyacinth Biomass Briquette………..…………...
4.3.4.2 Effect of Carbonization Treatment on Fixed Carbon of Water Hyacinth Biomass Briquette………...
4.4 Ultimate Analysis Result………....………
4.4.1 Nitrogen Content Analysis………....……….
4.4.1.1 Effect of Binder Types on Nitrogen Content of Water Hyacinth Biomass Briquette………..…………...
4.4.1.2 Effect of Carbonization Treatment on Nitrogen Content of Water Hyacinth Biomass Briquette………...
4.4.2 Sulphur Content Analysis………....………...
4.4.3 Chlorine Content Analysis………..
46 47 47
48
49 50
51
52 53
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54 55
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57 59 59
60
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Andre Nugraha Pramadhana Hyacinth Biomass Briquette………..…………...
4.4.3.2 Effect of Carbonization Treatment on Chlorine Content of Water Hyacinth Biomass Briquette………...
4.5 Calorific Value Result………....………
4.5.1 Effect of Binder Types on Calorific Value of Water Hyacinth Biomass Briquette………..………...
4.5.2 Effect of Carbonization Treatment on Calorific Value of Water Hyacinth Biomass Briquette………..
4.6 Combustion Rate Analysis Result……….
4.6.1 Effect of Binder Types on Combustion Rate of Water Hyacinth Biomass Briquette………..………
4.6.2 Effect of Carbonization Treatment on Combustion Rate of Water Hyacinth Biomass Briquette………...
4.7 Performance Test of Water Hyacinth Biomass Briquette Efficiency………....
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS……….
5.1 Conclusions………..………..
5.2 Recommendations……..………
GLOSSARY………...
64
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71
72 73 77 77 78 79 REFERENCES………...
APPENDICES………...…
CURRICULUM VITAE………
80 84 99
