(CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS)
By Felicia Rustandi
11305032
BACHELOR’S DEGREE in
FOOD TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower
Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No. 15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 – Indonesia
July 2017
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
Felicia Rustandi
____________________________________________
Student Date
Approved by:
Dr. Maria DPT Gunawan-Puteri STP., M. Sc., Ph.D., ____________________________________________
Thesis Advisor Date
Phebe Hendra, M. Si., Ph.D., Apt.
____________________________________________
Thesis Co-Advisor Date
Dr. Dipl-Ing. Samuel P. Kusumocahyo
____________________________________________
Dean Date
ABSTRACT
IN VIVO ANTI-HYPERGLYCEMIC EFFECTS OF SPRAY DRIED POWDER FROM AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF LEMONGRASS
(CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS)
By Felicia Rustandi
Dr. Maria DPT Gunawan-Puteri STP., M. Sc., Ph.D, Advisor Phebe Hendra, M. Si., Ph.D., Apt., Co-Advisor
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERISTY
Previous in vitro study of the development of food ingredients with anti-diabetic activities, showed lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) has a potential to be further observed and developed as anti-diabetic food ingredients due to its high activity of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitions (AGIs) and thermal resistant properties. Another in vivo study was using a very low concentration of lemongrass at 30 days period (200 mg/kg body weight) also showed improvement of blood glucose level of Wistar Albino Rats.
The aim of this study was to discover the information of lemongrass extract administration dose that has immediate effect on lowering blood glucose level and the anti-hyperglycemic effect from the spray dried powder of lemongrass leaves aqueous extract. To achieve this, there were several stages include in this study, which is the adjustment of the extraction method and spray dry process, determination and calculation of administration dose for mice, in vivo anti-hyperglycemic effect of lemongrass extract sample.
Keywords: lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, extraction,
evaporation, spray dry, anti-hyperglycemic
© Copyright 2017 by Felicia Rustandi
All rights reserved
DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis works for a better education of the country I loved, Indonesia.
I also dedicate this works for the memory of my father, Irawan Rustandi, the best
father in the world and my mother, Rincia Intan.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to sincerely thank all those who helped me with their valuable support during the entire process of this thesis.
First and foremost, I would like to thank God, the merciful, who always bless me and made everything possible to complete this thesis. I wish to thank, especially to Dr.
Maria DPT Gunawan-Puteri STP., M. Sc., Ph. D. as my advisor and Phebe Hendra, M.
Si., Ph.D., Apt., as my co-advisor during my thesis period, whose patiently guide me
most in writing this thesis and always encourage me to finish this thesis. I would like to
express my special gratitude and thanks my family for their constant encouragement
and useful suggestion. Especially to my mother who also support me financially to
finish this thesis work. Finally, I would like to thank all of my friends, especially
Cherries (Chita, Grace, Amanda, Lavina, Regina, Ruth, Tiwi, Brenna) and FT 2013,
whose together as a solid group have a same goal to graduate as a S.T, B.Eng. Without
their prayers and supports, this thesis would not be able finish at the right time.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2
ABSTRACT ... 3
DEDICATION ... 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... 6
LIST OF FIGURES ... 9
LIST OF TABLES ... 10
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ... 11
1.1. BACKGROUND ... 11
1.2. RESEARCH PROBLEMS ... 12
1.3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ... 13
1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY ... 13
1.5. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ... 14
1.6. HYPOTHESIS... 14
CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW ... 15
2.1 LEMONGRASS (CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS) ... 15
2.2 EXTRACTION METHOD & SPRAY DRY PROCESS (JOSOPANDOJO 2016) ………..16
2.3 MALTODEXTRIN ... 16
2.4 ANTI-HYPERGLYCEMIA ... 16
2.4.1 HYPERGLYCEMIA ... 16
2.4.2 ACARBOSE AS APOSITIVE CONTROL OF ANTI-HYPERGLYCEMIC ... 17
2.4.3 ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR (AGI) ... 18
2.4.4 THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS FOR ANTI-HYPERGLYCEMIC OF LEMONGRASS EXTRACT UPON GLUCOSE INDUCTION ... 18
2.4.5 GLUCOSE AND SUCROSE AS THE INDUCTION SUBSTRATE ... 20
2.4.6 BLOOD GLUCOSE PROFILE CHANGE ... 21
2.4.7 AREA UNDER CURVE (AUC) ... 21
2.5 IN VIVO ANTI-HYPERGLYCEMIC EFFECTS ... 22
2.5.1 TESTING ANIMALS ... 22
2.5.2 ORAL DRUGS ADMINISTRATION ROUTE ... 22
2.5.3 ADMINISTRATION DOSE FOR MICE ... 23
2.5.4 CONVERSION TO HUMAN DOSE ... 24
CHAPTER 3 - RESEARCH METHODS ... 25
3.1 VENUE AND TIME ... 25
3.2 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT ... 25
3.2.1 MATERIALS ... 25
3.2.2 CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES ... 25
3.2.3 E ... 25
3.3.1. STAGE 1:ADJUSTMENT OF EXTRACTION METHOD AND SPRAY DRY
PROCESS…… ... 26
3.3.2. STAGE 2:DETERMINATION AND CALCULATION OF ADMINISTRATION DOSE FOR MICE……….27
3.3.3. STAGE 3:IN VIVO ANTI-HYPERGLYCEMIC EFFECTS OF LEMONGRASS EXTRACT SAMPLE ... 28
3.4 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ... 29
3.4.1 PREPARATION OF PLANT EXTRACT ... 29
3.5 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES ... 30
3.5.1 TOTAL SOLUBLE SOLID –REFRACTOMETER ... 30
3.5.2 SUCROSE TOLERANCE TEST ... 30
3.5.3 GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST ... 30
3.5.4 BLOOD GLUCOSE MEASUREMENT ... 30
3.5.5 CONVERSION TO HUMAN DOSE ... 31
3.5.6 AUCANALYSIS ... 31
3.5.7 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ... 31
CHAPTER 4 – RESULT AND DISCUSSION ... 32
4.1 STAGE 1: ADJUSTMENT OF EXTRACTION METHOD AND SPRAY DRY PROCESS ... 32
4.2 STAGE 2: DETERMINATION AND CALCULATION OF ADMINISTRATION DOSE FOR MICE…... ... 35
4.3 STAGE 3: IN VIVO ANTI-HYPERGLYCEMIC EFFECTS OF LEMONGRASS EXTRACT SAMPLE ... 36
4.3.1 SUCROSE TOLERANCE TEST ... 38
4.3.2 GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST ... 40
4.3.3 CONVERSION TO HUMAN DOSE ... 44
CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION ... 45
5.1 CONCLUSIONS ... 45
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ... 45
GLOSSARY ... 46
REFERENCES ... 47
APPENDICES ... 52
CURRICULUM VITAE ... 58
