This research aims to uncover personality traits that influence type II diabetics' intentions to use wearable technologies. Data were analyzed using SPSS software to determine the effects of individual characteristics on current use and purchase intentions of wearable technologies investigated in the research. My research focuses on wearable technologies used by patients with type II diabetes, which is a relatively unexplored research topic.
For all wearable device revenue in 2018, diabetes accounted for 31.8%, the second largest revenue, with congestive heart failure coming in first at 34.2% (Curran 2018). Wearable technologies can be used across the spectrum of healthcare, from clinical trials to remote. Wearable technologies are heavily involved in the Internet of Things (IoT), which refers to storing data from wearables and mobile applications, as the growth of technology connects to previously existing servers and other sensors (P. Kumari et. al 2017) .
The most popular use of wearable technologies is through fitness trackers, but the technologies can serve a variety of health purposes, such as monitoring sleep cycles or optimizing physical health. Sensors in wearable technologies have the power to revolutionize healthcare in fiscal terms, the physical health of patients, and improve the healthcare industry in general.
LITERATURE REVIEW
SURVEY DESIGN
To test my hypotheses described in Chapter 2, I developed a survey in Qualtrics, administered the survey to a sample of men and women with type II diabetes, all 18 years of age and older. The survey vendor I used was RN/SSI (Research Now), a leading sampling and data collection company. The first step in my data collection was creating the questionnaire in Qualtrics.
Exactly 24% of respondents are ethnic minorities, consisting of Hispanic or Latino, African American/Black, and Asian/Pacific Islander; however, Whites/Caucasians comprised 74.1% of the total respondents. More than half of the participants earned degrees beyond high school at 55.8%, while only 0.3% of individuals did not complete their high school education/received a GED. Further analysis of the United States sample showed that more than half of the participants are married and 63.9% have children.
Research Now also ensures that participants are easily compensated for their time and effort after successfully completing the survey. If the specified answer was not selected, the respondent was automatically redirected to the end of the survey. Prior to sending the survey to participants, an IRB application was submitted to the University of Mississippi IRB for approval to begin data collection.
The survey examined four types of wearable technologies - smart watches, smart socks, continuous glucose monitors (CGM) and insulin pumps. In general, diabetic smartwatches measure total distance walked, heart rate and glucose levels of the individual (Draper 2018). Before answering questions specific to each technology, the survey featured an overview of the technology and its potential uses for a diabetes diagnosis.
The hypotheses primarily focus on the social aspects of an individual's personality, in relation to how it affects their current use and purchase intentions of wearable technologies. As previously mentioned, three hypotheses measure each personality trait with current use, and the other three hypotheses measure each personality trait with purchase intentions. A complete table showing the current usage of the four wearables examined in the study can be found in Table 2.
RESULTS
However, regression results showed that impulsivity had no effect on whether respondents currently use continuous glucose monitors (B). However, as the data indicate as self-awareness increased, so did self-awareness; this is the opposite of the hypothesis.
GENERAL DISCUSSION
Insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors are both wearable technologies used to monitor and essentially better manage one's type II diabetes diagnosis. Because type II diabetics require larger amounts of insulin, individuals may not be able to gain long-term control of their insulin levels, a problem the insulin pump alleviates with the bolus dosing of insulin (Bode 2010). In a study of type II diabetics diagnosed from two to nineteen years of age, 90% of individuals were compliant in using their CGM device and had reduced HbA1c levels (Taylor, Thompson, Brinkworth 2018).
This study aims to reveal the possible intentions of type II diabetics to adopt wearable technologies in their efforts to better monitor and manage their diagnoses. Simply put, the order of importance of personality traits for the average person with type II diabetes is self-awareness, commitment, and impulsiveness. My research, on the other hand, delves deeper into the personality and mentality of type II diabetics.
Therefore, the importance of determining the best methods to manage a diagnosis of type II diabetes is vital. For example, because African Americans are more likely to be diagnosed with type II diabetes than Caucasians, African Americans may have higher purchase intentions than other groups. As mentioned in the literature review studies, SMEs proved to be beneficial in improving health conditions and quality of life for type II diabetics.
For example, it would be useful to describe different types of smartwatches for type II diabetics to determine which features are most sought after in monitoring and managing a patient's diagnosis, and the same could be done. With a type II diabetes diagnosis, a patient has a delicate state of mind and can be influenced based on his or her reference group. Retrieved February 15, 2019, from https://www.anthem.com/blog/living-healthy/top-4-trends-in-health-care-technology/.
Retrieved March 11, 2019, from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/managing-diabetes/continuous-glucose-monitoring. Retrieved March 11, 2019, from https://www.wearable-technologies.com/2018/10/the-diabetes-epidemic-is-driving-med-tech-companies-to-develop-wearable-devices-to-manage- condition/. Retrieved March 10, 2019, from https://www.sporttechie.com/majestic-launches-swing-iq-smart-apparel-for-use-during-baseball-games-hitting-analysis/.
Appendix A SURVEY
Q12 Please describe to what extent the following factors influenced your decision to use or not use diabetic smartwatches to monitor your diabetes. Q13 Please describe the extent to which the following factors influenced your decision to use or not use diabetic smartwatches to monitor your diabetes. Q24 Please describe the extent to which the following factors influenced your decision to use or not use smart socks to monitor your diabetes.
Q25 Please describe the extent to which the following factors influenced your decision to use or not smart socks to monitor your diabetes. Q36 Please describe the extent to which the following factors influenced your decision to use or not use a continuous glucose monitor to monitor your diabetes. Q37 Please describe the extent to which the following factors influenced your decision to use or not use a continuous glucose monitor to monitor your diabetes.
Q48 Please describe to what extent the following factors influenced your decision to use or not use an insulin pump to control your diabetes. Q49 Please describe to what extent the following factors influenced your decision to use or not use an insulin pump to control your diabetes. Q71 Do you know what your hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level was at your last checkup?
If A you know what your hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level was the last time it was checked. Q72 How many times a day on average do you prick your finger to monitor your blood glucose? Q73 Do you use any type of non-wearable technology to help you with your diabetes.
If You use any type of non-wearable technology to help you with your diabetes. Q73.3 Please list all types of non-wearable technologies you use to help with your diabetes. Q74 Do you use any type of wearable technology to monitor aspects of your health other than diabetes.
If you use any type of wearable technology to monitor any aspect of your health other than diabetes. Q74.1 Please list all types of wearable technology you use to monitor any aspect of your health except diabetes.
Appendix B
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