8 Sugirin et al. A study on cultural integration in the English textbooks for senior high schools. The first is Sugirin et.al research which is titled "A Study on Cultural Integration in The English Textbook For Junior High School".
Research Methodology 1. Research Design
Data Source
It can be taken from other literature such as journals, theses, dissertations, textbooks, research papers, seminars and other relevant sources related to this research.
Technique of data Collection
It can be taken from other literature such as journal, thesis, dissertation, textbook, research paper, seminar and other relevant sources related to this research. and places, theme of the written texts, etc.).
Technique of Data Analysis
The data is presented in tabular form to make it easy to understand. Analyze the data is done during or after all the data is collected to get the conclusion of the research.
Organization of The Thesis
Culture
Definition of culture
Kramsch defines culture as membership in a discourse community that shares a common social space and history as well as common representations. According to Gagnestam, everyone is part of culture(s) and everyone contributes to changes in culture(s), which means that it is difficult to just stand by and observe culture as a phenomenon.
Local Value/ Local wisdom
We can study local wisdom through culture that has a logical meaning and because it is integrated in the social system of the society.21 The local wisdom comes from 3 basic elements22. On the other hand, the knowledge of the intelligence is a certain human knowledge through rational or intellectual means.
Culture in the textbook
Intrinsic value is that form of value that is unique to the cultural sector and is not found anywhere else. This type of value is very difficult to define, but for Holden it is associated with ideas of aesthetic excellence and individual enjoyment. Today, the necessary curriculum that includes the experience of the value and classification of values such as character education due to a decline in the value of religion, manners, state, government, mutual assistance, solidarity, social, personality, schooling and the values of professionalism.
We could find children who still need their parents' attention, who have to work hard for their own lives along the street in the big city. Advancement in information technology and communication makes almost all countries in the world open the possibilities to use technology for exchanging information, improving knowledge, learning media and opening a business in accordance with the demands and opportunities.
Textbook
- Definition of textbook
- Advantages and limitation of using textbook
- Criteria of good textbook
- English textbook
So, we can conclude that textbook is a tool to achieve the learning goal of the subject, to guide teacher in the teaching and learning process in the printed form and help students to learn the material at school and to learn at home. As we discussed before, textbook is a tool to achieve the learning goal of the subject, to guide teacher in the teaching and learning process in the printed form and help students to learn the material at school and at home . Education based on the nation's cultural life to build national life in the present and the future.
Because of this point of view, Curriculum 2013 was developed based on various Indonesian cultures, aimed at building modern life and building the foundation for a better life for the nation in the future. From the point of view of this philosophy, the nation's achievements in various spheres of life are v.
Culture Dissemination in The Textbook
The Sociological Sense or Culture with a small c refers to the organization and nature of family, of domestic life, of interpersonal relations, material condition, work and leisure, habit and institutions. The Semantic Sense refers to the conceptual system that is embodied in language and, according to the Whorf-Sapir Hypothesis, conditions all our perceptions and our thought processes. Many semantic areas (eg food, clothing and institutions) are culturally distinctive because they relate to a particular way of life - that is, to our sociological sense of culture.
So these cultural characteristics—like culture in the sociological sense—may vary for English from one English-speaking country to another. The last, pragmatic sense (or sociolinguistic) refers to the basic knowledge, social skills and paralinguistic skills that enable successful communication in addition to mastering the language code.
Data Description
The contents of the book and the table of contents in the books are not synchronized. There is a topic that appears in the table of contents, but is not presented in the table of contents of the book, an example is the topic "I am proud of my teacher". And on the other hand there is a topic that does not appear in the table of contents.
Cultural Content
In chapter VIII, the theme is "I am proud of Indonesia" of the theme we hosted, the content is about Indonesia. Although there are three categories in the theory of Cortazzi and Jin, according to the focus of culture, two categories of textbooks have just been found in the textbook. Indonesian culture identifies by the character's name in the textbook, the character's clothes, the name of the street, the name of the musical instrument, the Indonesian legend, the name of the city in Indonesia, and the Indonesian language values.
In addition to the character's name, the target culture is also found in the form of activities described in the textbook. In the above text it is reflected that going to school on Saturday is something fun and Saturday is a holiday.
Culture Dissemination
Chapter I : It’s English Time!
In the first chapter, the researcher identified the dissemination of culture based on the sense of culture. Character name found in Chapter I such as: Beni, Udin, Lina, Edo, Dayu, Siti, Mrs. In the first chapter, 15 illustrations were found showing the organization of the class and the role of the students.
The students' uniform in the photo was white shirt and blue shorts for boys and blue skirt for girls. In the first chapter, the pragmatic sense identified by the example how to get other people's attention, how to ask someone's opinion and how to show appreciation for someone works politely.
Chapter II: Can You Play the Guitar?
Sociological meaning found in people's name form, interpersonal relationships, and the role and value of the family. On page 34 there is also a new name like: Lathan, Lusi, Gunawan, Diah, Puspita, Dewi, Mrs. He won't stop crying until mom buys the toys he wants.” (Page 34) The above names show us the cultural diversity.
The semantic role identified from the picture of students wearing the same uniform as in chapter I. The daily clothes found in the picture of father and mother clothes and the children's clothes at home.
Chapter III: Would You Like to Come?
The pragmatic sentence includes the dialogue and illustration that exemplify how to state ability and willingness to do something and ask someone's ability and willingness to do something politely.
Chapter IV: You are Invited!
Chapter V: My Uncle is a Zookeeper
Chapter VI: What are You Doing?
The same with the previous chapter, semantic sense in the chapter VI identify from the children's clothes. In this chapter also found the name of food from the western country and name of vehicle in Indonesia. The pragmatic sense in chapter VI was found through the example of using the present continuous tense to describe the activity that someone is still doing.
In this chapter, students learn how to pose and ask a question using simple continuous tense and how to make a sentence using an objective pronoun.
Chapter VII: Bigger is not always better!
There is more sugar in the banana cake, but less in the bread.” (page 124). The hospital is closer than the bank, the bank is closer than the post office. So the hospital is the closest and the post office is the farthest.” (page 126) The above names show the diversity in Indonesia.
Names also reflect the tribes such as: Bono, Gani, Surti, Ratna, Yuni, Putu, Heni and Susi. The pragmatic meaning of this chapter was how to compare two things, show the differences between two people, animals or things.
Chapter VIII: I’m Proud of Indonesia!
There are many seas in Indonesia, Java Sea, Bali Sea, Arafuru Sea, Banda Sea, Timor Sea and many others. The semantic meaning in this chapter is evident from the name of local fruits such as guava, bananas, rambutan, durian, mangosteens, soursops, papaya, pinaples and salak. Clothes worn by the character drawn by the description described by the child on page 139.
The students can give reasons why they liked or disliked something and they can criticize something by telling the descriptions of things.
Chapter IX: When I was a child!
The students can communicate with others about the activity or event that happened in the past.
Chapter X: Yes, we made it!
Their cow farm activities like feeding the cow was cow and milking the cow. On this site, you can also find the produce of the cow farm, such as fresh milk and fruit yogurt. The characters in the illustrations are dressed in elementary school uniforms and casual clothes.
Students also learn how to be proud of the others work and make an outline to guide retelling the report.
Chapter XI: Don’t forget it, please!
Tom, it's our turn to cook dinner for the family, today we have a. Indonesian activities that show Indonesian culture, such as a party to thank God for a new house, flag ceremony and Independence Day celebration every August 17. Sociological meaning was also discovered from children's tasks at home, such as washing the dishes.
On page 202 mentioned about three kinds of food they were fried rice, scrambled eggs and pudding. The pragmatic meaning of this chapter was to show how to write a good short message and short notice.
Chapter XII: Mousedeer and Crocodile!
Very easily the shepherd slaughtered it, chopped it up and then cooked it for the big feast.
Chapter : Let’s Enjoy the So ng!
CLOSING
Conclusion
The diffusion of culture in the textbook is analyzed based on the theory of Adaskou, Britten and Fahsi about the four meanings of culture. The aesthetic sense that is identified by the object of the dialogue or the media that reflect the culture such as musical instrument and Indonesian legend, to make it easier for the student to understand the material. It is indicated by the name of the characters, the name of the street and the name of the island, mountain, strait and sea in Indonesia.
The clothes worn by the character in the illustration in each chapter are similar. So the student has to analyze it and draw its conclusion using the guideline in the last chapter.
Recommendation
The material shows how to communicate appropriately, politely, and also shows how to write the description text, how to tell the last experience and how to make short messages and notes.
