The new digital environments are redefining online IR systems in terms of their design and retrieval. All types of online IR systems have some commonalities in their design, such as a search box.
The.Need.for.an.Interactive.IR.Framework
As a result, users must make their own judgments about the quality and authority of online information. Even worse, many electronic materials are multimedia and in different languages.
Nature.of.IR.as.Interaction
The fourth section discusses the implications of the interactive IR framework for the design and evaluation of interactive IR systems. Finally, Chapter XI summarizes the book's contributions, discusses future research directions, and raises questions for further research on interactive IR.
Targeted.Audiences
Issues of context in information retrieval (IR): An introduction to the special issue Information processing and management. The problematic situation as a basic concept of information science in the framework of the social sciences.
Chapter.I
User-Oriented.IR.Research
Approaches
User-Oriented.Approaches
Make things visible, including the conceptual model of the system, the alternative actions and the results of the actions. These approaches have influenced the development of the interactive macro- and micro-level information retrieval models discussed in Chapter 7.
Taylor’s.Levels.of.Information.Need.Approach
Kuhlthau (1991) developed the information seeking process (ISP) by linking levels of information needs and stages of information seeking. Markey (1981) proposed a model to represent levels of question formulation in the negotiation of information needs by analyzing online presearch interview data.
Belkin’s.ASK.Hypothesis
Furthermore, the impact of Taylor's levels of information need and inquiry articulation and negotiation is extended to system design. Belkin, Oddy, and Brooks (1982a, 1982b) developed ASK-based information based on the assumptions that (1) users cannot determine their information needs and (2) there are classes of ASK on which to build an IR system. search system.
Dervin’s.Sense-Making.Approach
Solomon (1997) investigated people's information-seeking behavior in a public agency in terms of understanding their work planning. The sense-making approach provides relevant conceptual tools for investigating the dynamic nature of web search.
Kuhlthau’s.Information.Search.Process.(ISP).Approach
The ISP model is one of the most frequently cited models in information search and retrieval. In addition, Kuhlthaus' ISP model was used as an educational tool to assist users in their information search process.
Wilson’s.Information.Seeking.Context.Approach
The models of Ellis and Kuhlthau are the extension and illustration of the active search mode of information seeking behavior (Wilson, 1999). The article showed that the problem-solving model serves as a useful framework for understanding information-seeking behavior.
Cognitive.Work.Analysis.(CWA)
This study showed that the professional context and the activity itself can influence information seeking behaviour. The author further discussed the potential for applying the study's results to confirm and extend existing models of information-seeking behavior.
Summary
Meaning theory: Reviewing the interests of a user-centered approach to information seeking and use. The information-seeking behavior of pastoral clergy: A study of the interplay of their worlds of work and work roles.
Environments
Overview.of.OPAC.Environments
History.and.Background
In 1968, the Library of Congress published the USMARC (Machine-Readable Cataloging) format, which was the first standard structure for machine-readable data. In 1980 CLSI (Computer Library Services International, Ltd.) installed the first OPAC at the Evanston Public Library in Illinois.
Definition and Types of OPACs
The change in microcomputer technology and the emergence of the Internet has influenced the design of OPAC interfaces. The web interface facilitates universal access and accessibility of multimedia materials, but does not fit OPAC usage patterns.
Current.Developments
The objective of the system is to develop a new generation of OPACs that include advanced search features by applying new technologies (Larson, McDonough, O'Leary, Kuntz, & Moon, 1996). Novotny (2004) found that many of the participants expected OPACs to function as web search engines based on a protocol analysis of a web-savvy generation of library users searching for an online catalog.
Research.Overview
These studies characterize the patterns of information-seeking strategies or behaviors of different types of users. There is no doubt that users need different types of knowledge for successful interactions with OPACs.
Intermediary.Studies.and.their.Implications
Do users apply the same types of search strategies when interacting with different types of online systems? In addition, more studies should consider how to consider user characteristics and preferences for designing and evaluating OPACs' interactive features and interfaces, so that interactive OPAC systems can be designed to satisfy different types of user needs.
Database.Environments
Overveiw.of.Online.Database.Environments
The US National Library of Medicine offered offline group search on demand in their MEDLARS systems to medical professionals in 1964. OCLC (FirstSearch), Questel Orbit, STN International, Thomson Dialog (Dialog and DataStar), and the US National Library of Medicine.
Online.Industry
After the emergence of the Internet, several providers of Windows-based online systems moved their services to the Web in the 1990s. The era of mediated search contributed to the emergence of today's universal high-quality online databases (Quint, 2005 ).
Levels.of.Search.Strategies
They extended Saracevic, Mokros, and Su's (1990) two types of interactive feedback from relevance and scope to strategy judgments. The identification and incorporation of five types of interactive feedback improved the model of interactive IR.
Shifts.in.Search.Strategies/Stages/Foci
In other words, leading to the choice of different search tactics or strategies in the process of user-system interactions. Olah (2005) noted that the shift between search stages beyond query formulation and results review loop showed that users not only respond to the system response, but also actively pursue their cognitive and operational strategies in their dynamic interaction with the IR systems.
Users’.Knowledge.Structure
Cognitive styles influence users' interactions with IR systems; to be more specific, information-seeking behavior and search performance. In general, researchers agree that domain knowledge and information retrieval knowledge influence users' information-seeking behavior and search performance.
Overview.of.Web.Search.Engine.Environments
The one-size-fits-all approach of web search engines cannot meet the diverse needs of users. Many online search engines extend their services from online search to a desktop search application.
Levels.of.User.Goals/Tasks
The results indicated that children were more successful on the fully self-generated tasks than the other two types of tasks. They scrolled more and made more movements on the fully self-generated tasks than other two tasks.
Reformulation
They found that the patterns of user queries between the academic website and search engines such as Excite and AltaVista were compatible, for example, most of the queries are unique, short queries. Adding terms (7.1%), deleting terms (3.1%) and modifying operators only (1.4%) comprised 12% of the query reformulations, while complete modifications of queries comprised 35.2% of the query reformulations have.
Groups
Bilal further suggested that a search engine for children should support the learning and cognitive requirements of children. Compared to high school students, children's search processes were less focused; they switched back and forth between keyword searches, browsing and visiting websites, and often searched in a loop.
The.Impact.of.Knowledge.Structure
Which leads to the different search patterns between OPACs, online databases and web search engines. Researchers have identified similarities and differences in user search in OPACs, online databases, and web search engines.
Interactive IR in Digital Library Environments
Overview of Digital Library Environments
History and Background
Since the founding of the Library of Alexandria around 300 BC. n. no. the size and number of libraries have grown tremendously. The Digital Library Initiative 2 (DLI2), which offered $44 million in funding, is sponsored by NSF, DARPA, the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the Library of Congress (LC), the National Institute of the Humanities (NEH), NASA, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in cooperation with the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), the Smithsonian Institution (SI), and the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).
Definitions and Types of Digital Libraries
Associations, such as the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Digital Library (http://www.acm.org/dl/). Museums, such as the American Museum of Natural History's Digital Library Project (http://library.amnh.org/diglib/index.html).
Current Developments
Creating digital libraries for different types of user groups is another trend in digital library development. For example, in partnership with the Internet Archive, the University of Maryland created the International Children's Digital Library containing over 10,000 digitized children's books in their original languages.
Challenges for Users
Fourth, transparency in the process of creating digital libraries and digital library services is critical to the successful use of digital libraries. It is a challenge for users to interact with digital libraries without knowing the digital libraries' creation process and services.
Research Overview
Recent research has expanded into the social impacts, processes, practices and uses of digital libraries. Bishop and Star (1996) presented a review of the social informatics of digital library use and infrastructure.
Interaction Studies
In addition to research summaries, many websites also provide comprehensive information about digital library practice and research. The project consists of three components: digital library collections, digital library resources, and digital library websites.
Tasks/Goals and their Impact
Using several task scenarios, they conducted a user evaluation study to evaluate the effectiveness and usability of a digital library and three information organization approaches. The results showed that a task-based approach is the most effective in organizing information in a digital library.
Usage Patterns
Notess (2004) compared three research methods (user satisfaction questionnaires, activity logs, and contextual inquiry) based on analysis of the required expertise, time, and benefits. A limitation of the study, as stated by Notess (2004), is that the three methods were not used to study the same digital library use. 2004) presented the methodology and results of the user behavior monitoring and evaluation framework for a digital library in its first three annual cycles.
Online Help
Based on the findings of the above studies, it appears that while users need a variety of Help mechanisms. More studies are needed to investigate users' use of digital library Help mechanisms, specifically, the problem situations that prompt users to seek help and the types of help desired in digital library environments.
Usability Studies
The characteristics of usability, in particular user needs and user satisfaction, have been investigated in many of the digital library usability studies. The findings showed that the participants showed different understanding of the structure-based actions without training.
Organizational Usability
In most of the studies mentioned above, evaluation takes place at different stages of digital library development, which helps in iterative planning and evaluation of digital libraries. As part of the impact-based interactions, the different actors involved in the digital library influence its coverage, content and system formats, because the actors bring different needs, experiences and expectations to the national digital library.
Interactive Multimedia Information Retrieval
They identified three types of interactions between national digital library actors: influence-based interactions, activity-based interactions, and communication-based interactions. The authors refined and upgraded the organizational utility model of interactions between key actors in the unique environment of state digital libraries.
Evaluation Criteria for Digital Libraries
Mature research on digital library evaluation depends on the development of actual digital libraries rather than prototypes.
TREC.and.Interactive
Track.Environments
The interactive track, which started in TREC 3, became the interactive part of the web track in TREC 12. In TREC4, 11 teams involved in the interactive track used a subset of the ad hoc topics (Harman, 1996).
Search.Tactics.and.Strategies
They attributed the problems to the nature of the data collection, the subjects' lack of knowledge and experience with the type of data, and the ineffectiveness of the tools and search engine for the experiment. 2003) continued to examine the relationship between search length and search performance. One of the hypotheses was tested: a search interface that instructs users to describe their problems will lead to longer search queries than an interface that instructs users to enter words or phrases as queries.
Results.Organization.Structure.and.Delivery.Mechanism
The researchers found no significant difference between the groups in terms of the number of documents read. The AIS3 system was more efficient than the First20 system in terms of the number and quality of saved responses.
Comparison.of.Different.Retrieval.Models.and.Evaluation
TREC8 compared the performance of batch-style valuation searches to actual user valuation. The results were consistent with the TREC8 results that the improved performance for the better weighting scheme cannot be generalized to user evaluation.
Retrieval.(CLIR)
The results of the study showed that a bilingual dictionary was the main resource for query modification. While Lopez-Ostenero, Gonzalo, and Verdejo (2005) focused on assisted translation from interacting users to obtain a sentence-based query, Dorr et al. 2004) investigated the assisted translation by selecting individual search terms based on three resources:. the document language concept, possible synonyms and example of use.
