Retired Stephney Ferguson University of the West Indies Rosa Maria Fernandez de Zamora Biblioteca Nacional, Universidad Nacional. It is on this understanding of the discipline of library and information science that we have built IIEILS.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES
A significant later nineteenth-century title is Index Medicus (1879–), the innovation of Dr John Shaw Billings, a work which, however, underwent a number of subsequent title changes. Examples include the Art Index (1929–), the Bibliographic Index (1937–), the Biography Index (1946–), the relaunched Index Medicus title, and the Cumulative Medicus Index, from 1960 under the auspices of the National Library of Medicine, the Science Index British Humanities (1963–) and the current Technology Index (1981–), retitled from its predecessor, the British Technology Index, to reflect its international coverage.
ACADEMIC LIBRARIES
The library must support a high standard of teaching in the institution, by providing up-to-date and wide-ranging material. Long opening hours are desirable, and grow in part-time and adult students, who cannot always use the library 4 ACADEMIC LIBRARIES.
ACCEPTABLE USE POLICY
Integrated network systems have enabled libraries to offer more complete services in all parts of the institution and to link with campus information systems, giving wider access to catalogs and circulation data, as well as to electronic information resources, even outside the library. Monitoring the library's activity is important, both as a measure of performance for internal management, and for external purposes such as statistical series and 'political' arguments within the institution or more widely.
ACCESSIONS
In universities and colleges that offer distance learning, some of which are international, the library and associated network services must also provide suitable facilities for this group of students. 1992) Lyle's Administration of the College Library, 5th ed., Scarecrow Press [standard, traditional work on running smaller college libraries - American context].
ACCREDITATION OF LIS SCHOOLS
ACQUISITIONS
Operational statistics on ordered, received and paid for items must be collected. Online systems should preferably be able to communicate between the library and the financial administration.
ADVICE SERVICE
The 'community' approach to counseling emerged in the 1970s and originates from community work theory applied to counselling. Most counseling work takes place in counseling centers or, in the US, Information and Referral (I&R) centers and is mostly carried out by a mix of paid professionals, paraprofessionals and volunteers.
AFRICA
The academic library (see academic libraries) has a long pedigree in Africa and some of the world's oldest universities can be found there. More than half of African states now have some form of library and information association.
AGRICULTURAL DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION
1988) 'Extension Literature in Agriculture in the UK: Its Bibliographical Control', Quarterly Bulletin of IAALD Compositions) (1993) Directory of Agricultural Bibliographic Information Sources, Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Collaboration, CTA. 1988) "Improving the Dissemination of Scientific and Technical Information in ACP Countries," Quarterly Bulletin of IAALD33: 170–1.
ALGORITHM
The International Association of Agricultural Information Specialists (IAALD) is the professional association with worldwide members. 1991) 'Determining Current Core Literature in Agricultural Science', Quarterly Bulletin of IAALD Nonconventional Literature in Tropical Agriculture and a National Bibliography: A Review', Quarterly Bulletin of IAALD Agricultural information systems and services', Yearbook Review of Information Science and Technology Primer for Agricultural Libraries, 2nd edn, PUDOC for IAALD [also French, Portuguese and Spanish editions].
ALPHABETIZATION RULES
Many initiatives have been launched to help provide agricultural information to developing countries. British Museum (1940) Guide to the Arrangement of Headings and Entries in the General Catalog of Printed Books.
AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION
The ALA also works to improve the profession through its publishing program, one of the largest programs for library-related materials in the world. Fifty years later, in 1927, the ALA helped found the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA).
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE
A further change occurred in 2000 when the name became the American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIST) to recognize the changing interests of its members. The Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology covers community news as well as opinion and analysis of current and future advances in the field.
ANGLO-AMERICAN CATALOGUING RULES
To reflect changes in its activities, a vote was taken in 1967 to change the name of ADI to the American Society for Information Science; ADI became ASIS on January 1, 1968. The Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (JASIST) aims to be the leading publication on current research and theoretical work on future information science developments.
ANOMALOUS STATE OF KNOWLEDGE
Combining the descriptions of all these different physical elements into a single, standard title facilitates access to all manifestations of the work available to the library user. Finally, there are chapters containing rules for creating references from variant and different forms of a name or a single title.
ARCHIVAL DESCRIPTION
In general, archival descriptions should contain information on the provenance, background and context of the materials. In this case there will be a group description, followed by associated item descriptions.
ARCHIVAL LIBRARY
Rules for Archival Description (RAD) for Canada; and the Australian Common Practice Manual (ACPM). Toward International Descriptive Standards for Archives (1993), papers presented at the ICA Invitational Meeting of Experts on Descriptive Standards, National Archives of Canada (4–7 October 1988), Ottawa: K.G. comp.) (1994) Standards for Archival Description: AHandbook, Chicago: Society of American Archivists.
ARCHIVES
In the 1840s, the French codified one of the two main archival principles, Respect des Fonds. Also, the PC revolution helped set the stage for another potential redefinition of the field in the Web age.
ARCHIVIST
The Web's HTML and XML protocols alleviate the age-old problem of locating archives and may also solve migration problems for electronic documents and other preservation dilemmas. In the era of the information superhighway, archives will continue to exist as they have since the beginning of history.
ARTLIBRARIES
It is no coincidence that the British and Irish Art Libraries Society (now ARLIS/UK & Ireland) was founded in the UK in 1969 and its North American equivalent, the Art Libraries Society of North America (ARLIS/NA) in 1972. Annual Bibliography of Art Librarianship , published in the Art Libraries Journal, provides a comprehensive record of recent writing on important topics from around the world.
ARTEFACT
The energetic professional associations that flourish throughout the world testify to this generous spirit of practical cooperation. ARLIS/UK & Ireland and ARLIS/NA are still extremely active in the field of bibliographic control and there are an ever-growing number of similar societies elsewhere in the world.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The use of artificial intelligence techniques in information and library work reached its peak in the late 1980s and early 1990s, especially in the field of expert systems. Success has not yet been achieved because much of the work has been theoretical or the result is a prototype.
ASSOCIATION FOR LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
EDUCATION
In order for ALISE to serve as a means of communication between the ALISE community of educators and individual practitioners and organized practitioner groups, formal liaison relationships are maintained with the following groups: American Association of School Libraries, american library association, ALA Accreditation Study, ALA International Relations Committee , ALA LAMA Statistics Section, ALA Committee on Education, American Association for Information Science and Technology, Association of Records Managers and Administrators, Coalition on Government Information, Documentation Abstracts, Inc., International Federation of Library Associations (ifla) (including the Sections on Education and Training , Statistics and Information Technology, as well as the American Membership Committee), Network Advisory Committee, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Association of American Archivists, and Special Library Association. Reflections on the early years', Journal of Library and Information Science Education32 (autumn-winter Trends in library and information science education: An overview', in Proceedings of the International Conference on New Frontiers in Library and Information Services, Taipei, p. .
AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS
AUTHOR
AUTHORING SYSTEMS
AUTHORITY FILE
BANDWIDTH
BARCODE
BAREFOOTLIBRARIAN
BERNE CONVENTION
BERNERS-LEE, TIM (1955–)
BESTERMAN, THEODORE (1904–
BIBLIOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION
The new tool that characterizes bibliographic classification is the notation (coding system) designed to represent the subject concepts. Bibliographic classification systems (as well as the use of a thesaurus) are also currently in vogue as the subject basis for taxonomies in knowledge management systems.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL
Until the 1960s, cooperative cataloging in bibliographic control was spasmodic and largely impractical. AACR (1988) Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, 2nd edition (1988 revision), Ottawa: Canadian Library Association; London: Library Association Publishing Limited; Chicago: American Library Association.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION
The use of standards in bibliographic control is intended to enforce general consistency over the records in bibliographic files. The development of the MARC format by the Library of Congress in the 1960s subsequently enabled international collaboration and indirectly led to the establishment by IFLA of its Universal Bibliographic Control (UBC) program.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC INSTRUCTION
Each of these areas is likely to be further divided into a number of elements which vary according to the type of material. In a specialist sense the term 'bibliographic (or more often 'bibliographic') description'. applied to the highly detailed description of the physical and bibliographical characteristics, printing and publication history, and visual manifestation of early printed books associated with the work of Fredson Bowers and his followers.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
In recent years the phrase has been partly displaced by other terms such as 'history of the book' or simply 'book history'. Analytical bibliography is also a historical study, based on the assumption that books, especially those printed by hand before the first quarter of the nineteenth century, contain much evidence about their own production.
BIBLIOMANIA
Bibliographers analyze the book's typography, printing, and format, thus claiming to reveal its printing history and even, in some cases, to shed light on the history and authenticity of the text it contains. It was practiced in the ancient world and in medieval Europe, but became more common after the mid-sixteenth century, when the rapid spread of printed books forced librarians and scholars to develop more efficient systems of bibliographic control.
BIBLIOMETRICS
In addition to compiling bibliographies of older books, historical bibliographers also study the history of bookselling and book production, the history of reading and using books, and the history of the book as a physical source. and a cultural object. In the middle decades of the twentieth century, bibliography became a major area of endeavor for some literary scholars and particularly influenced the development of new and more precise styles of editing literary texts for scholarly use.
BIBLIOTHE`QUE NATIONALE DE FRANCE
The construction and opening of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France marks the beginning of many important projects in librarianship. Bibliothe`que de France, bibliothe`que ouverte (1989) IMEC [describes the main concepts of the Bibliothe`que de France].
BIBLIOTHERAPY
Bibliothe`que Nationale, Bibliothe`que de France: ou` en sont les grands sites?' (1993) Bulletin des bibliothe`ques de France 38(3) [état de l'art sur quelques questions importantes]. 1989) Propositions pour une grande bibliotheque, La Documentation française.
BODLEY, SIR THOMAS (1545–
BOOK
BOOK CLUB
BOOK DESIGN
BOOK FAIR
BOOK JOBBER
BOOK PRODUCTION
BOOK SELECTION
BOOK TRADE
In addition to these core areas of the bookshop, there are many peripheral and related activities, some carried out by individuals and organizations involved in the bookshop itself. In democracies, however, such regulation of trade is considered unacceptable, even though a number of aspects of information legislation have an impact on how trade works.
BOOLEAN LOGIC
Documents containing EITHER the term "woman" OR the term "woman" OR both OR are used to connect synonyms, lexical and morphological variants, and terms that are close in meaning in the context of a particular query . To match a query, search terms simply must be present throughout the matching database records according to the specified Boolean relationship.
BOWERS, FREDSON THAYER (1905–91)
To combat this problem, many information retrieval systems provide positional and logical connectors that allow searching for phrases and words in close proximity to each other. More philosophically, many queries in information retrieval systems are vague and ill-defined because the searcher is engaged in problem solving and seeking new information about a topic that he may only partially understand (Belkinet al. 1982).
BRADFORD, SAMUEL CLEMENT (1878–1948)
If some of his theories are now questioned and his methods of textual analysis seem rather outdated, he nevertheless remains a major presence in bibliographical studies. His intellectual rigor and his relentless pursuit of truth and accuracy set a standard to which many of his successors aspired.
BRAY, THOMAS (1656–1730)
In 1708 he persuaded the British Parliament to pass an Act for the better preservation of parish libraries in that part of Great Britain called England, which, though ineffective, was an early example of library legislation.
BRITISH LIBRARY
Services to the general public are provided through the Library's exhibition program and lectures and publications. Major digitization projects, financed by the National Lottery's New Opportunities Fund, will further expand the range of material available in electronic form.
BROADBAND
Electronic media allow the Library to expand both the scope of services and the audiences to whom they are delivered. The Library's Turning the Pages software has been used on several key treasures to provide the experience of turning the pages of illuminated manuscripts and other texts so that visitors to the galleries can see more than a single opening of the books.
BROADCASTING
In the US, television grew from about one million households in 1948 to 90 percent of the population in 1954, with 377 stations in operation. UNESCO (1980) Many Voices, One World: Report of the MacBride Commission, London: Kogan Page for UNESCO.
BROWSING
Critical and informed report, mainly from broadcasting, telecommunications and related sectors, with relevant theoretical and empirical material.]. SEE ALSO: cable television; communication technology; cultural industries; movie; information and communication technology; knowledge industries; mass media; PTT; telecommunications.
BULLETIN BOARD
This and later volumes, The Golden Web (1968) and The Image Empire (1970), can be considered the American equivalents of Briggs. Briggs' authorized history can be read in much greater detail in the five volumes published to date by OUP of its History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom.].
BUSH, VANNEVAR (1890–1974)
Among many other projects, he also worked on the development of the typewriter and the microfilm scanner. Born in Everett, Massachusetts, and a graduate of Tufts College, he worked first for the General Electric Company, then in the inspection department of the United States Navy.
BUSINESS INFORMATION SERVICE
In the public sector, business information services may be provided by the library and information sector and by those with a mission to support business. The Super Searchers series includes titles that focus on various types of professional business information, including tips and source lists.].
BYTE
CABLE TELEVISION
CARIBBEAN
The Medical Branch of the University of the West Indies Library on the Mona Campus is the center for a Caribbean Medical Literature Indexing Project (MEDCARIB), while the Law Library on the Cave Hill Campus, which is known for its collection of Caribbean and other English materials , is the center for the West Indian Case Laws Indexing Project (WICLIP). Services developed significantly in the second half of the decade, and there are examples of regionally based internet service bureaus and other infrastructure support (Miles and Bromberg 2000).
CARNEGIE, ANDREW (1835–1919)
Information Services, 3rd Edition, ALA, p. 1993) 'Belize', World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services, 3rd Edition, p. STEPHNEY FERGUSON, REVISED BY THE EDITORS. proof that his donations were encouraged at all.
CATALOGUES
Separate codes or rules are used: (1) to describe the physical and publication characteristics of documents and provide author and title access to them; and (2) to provide the data subject with access to documents. In the Anglo-American community, the. library of conference topic titles and associated Subject Cataloging Manual are used to access alphabetical topics.
CATEGORIZATION
Several types of catalogs can be defined in terms of this ranking: dictionary catalogs, which list author, title, and subject entries in alphabetical order; divided catalogs, separating author and title entries in one set and alphabetical subject entries in another; and classified subject entry catalogs arranged according to the notation of a classification system. The dewey decimal classification is a commonly used standard for secret access to bibliographic information.
CATEGORIZATION OF FICTION
Future catalogs can be expected to evolve along current economic, political and technological trends: expansion of catalog domains beyond library walls; incremental progress towards universal bibliographic control, as this can be realized by international standardization and sharing of bibliographic records; adapting codes designed for card catalogs to the online environment; development of formalisms to describe and access digital documents. automation of the creation of catalog entries, to the extent this is possible. 1936) 'The development of authorship entry and the formation of rules of authorship as found in the Anglo-American code', Library Quarterly The development of the catalog and cataloging codes', in R.F. Research in the United States (Harrell 1985) surveyed 47 libraries and found 26 different fiction categories in use.
CD-ROM
1991) PLR in practice, Registrar of public lending rights, p. 1992) Public Library Browsing, Library and Information Statistics Unit, Loughborough University [describes eight studies of the use of English public libraries focusing on the selection of fiction from the reader's perspective].
CENSORSHIP
In the Soviet Union, the strictly political selection of books led to the creation of closed collections called spetshrans (spetsialnoe hranilistse). There was not much outside pressure to remove or include certain books in the library; instead of,.
CENTRAL AMERICA
Babaen ti panagadal kadagiti kababalin dagiti publiko a biblioteka idiay Tengnga a Laud ken ti bibliograpia ti panagsensor, ni Littleton. Ti Costa Rica ket addaan kadagiti tallo nga eskuelaan: ti maysa kadagitoy ket nainaig iti Universidad Nacional, ti sabali ket kas paset ti Universidad de Costa Rica ken ti maikatlo ket mabirukan idiay Universidad Estatal a.
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
The CASLIN Union Catalog of the Czech Republic was created on the basis of the CASLIN Project (Czech and Slovak Library Information Network) in the late 1990s. The participants of the NUKat project include twenty-one VTLS libraries, fifty-four Horizon libraries and the National Library.
CHAIN INDEXING
As cooperation between CEE libraries and Western Europe and the US increases, the need for stricter standards for the transfer of bibliographic data will become even more important. Koco'jowa (ed.) Libraries in Europe's Post-Communist Countries, Cracow: Polskie Towarzystvo Bibliologiczne, Oddzial w Krakowie, pp.
CHAOS THEORY
The CEE cataloging standards need to be revised and updated so that more CEE cataloging records can be used by global bibliographic utilities (eg OCLC WorldCat, etc.). Gabriel (2001) [For URLs and information on Central and Eastern European national libraries, see the website of 'Gabriel – Gateway to Europe's National Libraries' (http://portico.bl.uk/gabriel/en/ . welcome.html) . ].
CHILDREN’S LIBRARIES
Similar movements were taking place in the USA, where the first children's library opened in Brookline, Massachusetts, in 1890. Developments were so rapid that, in 1901, the Children's Library Association (CLA) became a part of the American library . association (ALA).
CHILDREN’S LITERATURE
1986) 'A crisis of confidence: The future of children's work', International Review of Children's Literature and Librarianship Children's Libraries: AReading List, Library Association (available at www.la-hq.org.uk/ . directory/prof_issues. html) . Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) changed the whole cast of children's literature with its extended fantasy narrative (Darton 1982), and fairy tales and school stories became more significant.
CILIP
From mid-century, serious artists, including Randolph Caldecott, Walter Crane and Kate Greenway, turned to children's literature as a creative outlet and created the modern picture book. From the early twentieth century to the 1940s, children's books became increasingly important, as the number of juvenile titles increased by about 70 percent and paperbacks became successful.
CINEMA
A Charter and bye-laws for the new association were adopted in 2001, but the period from April 2002 to March 2005 is intended as a transitional period in which issues such as new local branch arrangements, a new qualifications framework and a code of new professional behavior will be developed. 1989).
CIRCULATING LIBRARY
CIRCULATION SYSTEM
Querying the database is done through a query function, eliminating the need to scroll through lists. Many are linked to an online publicly available catalog that provides the circulation system with bibliographic data and the catalog with current access information.
CITATION ANALYSIS
Music and video can be accessed on the Internet, and some universities already offer classes online. The clustering of citation matrices has been pursued with the aim of obtaining comprehensive and dynamic science maps from which the natural structural units of science can be displayed.
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFIED CATALOGUES
CLOSED ACCESS
CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
It is clear that, with the union of the Library Association and IIS (Institute of Information Scientists), the two organizations will have to work together to produce one Code for the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (cilip). This may affect an individual's ability to practice in those organizations that require chartered librarians – that is, professionally qualified members of the Library Association.
CODEN
However, professional codes of conduct are not primarily about disciplining members; rather they are a formal recognition of the profession's responsibilities in relation to a number of important issues. 1962) The Creed of the Librarian – No Politics, No Religion, No Morals, LA Reference, Special and Information Section, North Western Group Occasional Papers no. 1997) Survey and Analysis of Major Ethical and Legal Issues Facing Library and Information Services, Mu¨nchen: K.G.
COGNITIVE SCIENCE
Last but by no means least, it is a public declaration of library and information workers' individual and collective professional concern for service, standards and practice. Library Association (1999) The Library Association's Code of Professional Conduct and Guidance Notes, 3rd edn, London: Library Association.
COLLECTION
Even if this is the case, good habits must be reinforced and this is an important function of professional codes. Prentice (eds) Professional Ethics and Librarians, Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. 1997) Information Ethics for Librarians, Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT
COLLECTION MANAGEMENT
In order for library collections to be accessible to library users, it is important that the library's technical processing activities are carried out efficiently and effectively. The rest of the material can be sold or thrown away - permanently removed from the library collection.
COLON CLASSIFICATION
Acquisition, bibliographic control, classification, storage, preservation, and disaster preparedness planning are important and contribute to the overall management of library collections. It has proved particularly popular in India and has inspired classification researchers in many parts of the world.
COMMUNICATION
For example, something may be missed because the listener's attention has been diverted. The nature of the interaction between the participants may also depend on the communication channel used.
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
COMMUNICATIONS AUDIT
COMMUNITIES OF INTEREST
COMMUNITY INFORMATION
Providing information to the community electronically means that users can potentially access information from their own homes. People who are housebound can also benefit from accessing e-community information from their own home.
COMMUNITY LIBRARIANSHIP
The quality of community information Issues relating to the quality of information differ from other areas of information provision. A variety of mechanisms have evolved to disseminate community information effectively and in a timely and accessible manner, with perhaps the most effective and sustainable being a community-centred, 'bottom-up' model.
COMPUTER
While this approach can maximize skills within an organization, ensure that information is coordinated effectively and take advantage of economies of scale (such as when creating bus timetables), it can also lead to the creation of information that is irrelevant to certain communities, inaccurate or obsolete by the time it is widespread. Community information enables individuals to make informed decisions about themselves, their dependents and their communities and can promote cooperation, social inclusion and access to the democratic process.
COMPUTER-ASSISTED LEARNING IN LIBRARY AND
Since then, there have been rapid and continuous advances in their development, in their capacity, in their functionality and in their ability to communicate with each other.
INFORMATION SCIENCE
There have also been some developments in the use of Computer-Assisted Assessment (CAA) and further growth can be predicted for the future. Students' familiarity with the Internet has led to an explosion of information available through the medium.
COMPUTER CRIME
Only the third category, program fraud, actually involves the computer as a significant tool for the fraud. Indeed, much of the type of activity described above can be attributed to the activities of enthusiasts who make use of networks without sanction and the access they provide to other people's computers.
COMPUTER SCIENCE
The development of the World Wide Web also had a strong impact on database research and information retrieval. It involves the conception, design, implementation and evaluation of the effects of user interfaces and tools on those who use them.
COMPUTER SECURITY
Identification of the resources to be protected and an assessment of risks and threats are essential starting points. The organization's policy should state the conclusions of this broad analysis, but then the policy must be backed up by guidelines for procedures and the standards to be applied.
CONCORDANCE
This will include, as a priority, protecting their passwords and other access facilities and regularly backing up and securely storing data. Finally, the speed of change in the field and the scale of the problems that arise are so great that even a thoroughly protected organization will need a contingency plan to respond to an unforeseen disaster. 2000) The International Handbook of Computer Security, Glenlake Publishing.
CONSERVATION
Many book and paper conservators are also members of the Institute of Paper Conservation (IPC), which has recently developed an accreditation programme. In addition to treatments, conservators often conduct surveys to determine the physical condition of library and archival collections and.
CONSOLIDATION OF INFORMATION
Pilette (eds), Preservation Issues and Planning, Chicago and London: American Library Association, pp. This may be a CD-ROM product, a file available via the Internet or whatever product will best absorb the community it is aimed at, but essentially it will capture the original knowledge, from whatever source. embodied, which has been transformed by expert hands into something more suitable to prevailing circumstances. 1981) Consolidation of Information: AHandbook on Evaluation, Restructuring and Repackaging of Scientific and Technical Information, UNESCO.
CONSPECTUS
CONSULTANCY
CONTENT
In information systems terms, content is considered information that is structured in some way, as a database or (comparatively) unstructured text. Content objects are discrete bodies of information and therefore the building blocks of any provision of content to users.
CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
This is content and its exploitation is the reason that information and communication technology has gone so far in the direction of creating an information society.
CONTRACTS FOR INFORMATION PROVISION
A contract has been entered into and the detailed terms documented in writing; it is still better if a copy of the standard terms is sent at the same time and it can even be printed on the back. It will clearly and precisely define what the parties must do to fulfill their obligations, so that disputes regarding
CONVERGENCE
When a party has breached an obligation under the contract, where there is a breach of warranty or short notice, the contract will not necessarily terminate, but damages may be paid. Second, the court will assess the amount to be paid, which must be proportionate to the loss, but may be more than just the contract price.
COOKIES
This can either be agreed in advance by the parties, as suggested above, or imposed by the court. Where there has been a breach of a major provision, a condition, the contract will end unless the innocent party waives its rights and treats it as a breach of warranty.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright infringement occurs if someone performs one of the restricted actions without the copyright owner's permission. Non-specialists should read one of the standard texts on the subject and/or consult a copyright attorney if they have any doubts about what they are or are not allowed to copy.
CRIME IN LIBRARIES
Commonly identified problem patrons include delinquent youth gangs, drunkards, eccentrics and those involved in activities such as importing and drug abuse in areas of the library such as toilet facilities. Consideration should be given to the location of the library (those in inner city areas and rural areas are both prone to crime) and its internal design and layout.
CULTURAL INDUSTRIES
Competitiveness increasingly depends on the level of control and recognition of the culturally significant international market. The fourth and narrower definition of cultural industry is from the perspective of cultural entrepreneurship.
CURRENTAWARENESS
CURRENT CONTENTS LIST
CUTTER, CHARLES AMMI (1837–
CYBERCAFE´
CYBERNETICS
CYBERSPACE
DATA
DATA ARCHIVES
Rates for data archive services vary considerably between countries; costs are usually not DATA ARCHIVES 121. In 1966, the Standing Committee on Social Science Data Archives of unesco's International Social Science Council laid the foundations for international cooperation between the world's data archives.
DATA BANK
Two organizations in which most of the world's data archives have institutional membership organize and facilitate these international efforts: The Committee of European Social Science Data Archives (CESSDA) (www.nsd.uib.no/Cessda/) oversees and promotes non-raiding agreements and joint ventures ; and the International Federation of Data Organizations (IFDO) (http:// . www.ifdo.org/), which includes members not only in Europe but also in Australasia, the USA, Canada, Japan and India, sets policies for cooperation and cooperation and supports a range of joint projects. ICPSR (2000) Guide to the Preparation and Archiving of Social Science Data, http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/ACCESS/. www.ifdo.org/archiving_distribution/archive_sbs_bfr.
DATA COMPRESSION
The International Association for Social Science Information Service and Technology (IASSIST) (http://datalib.library.ualberta.ca/iassist/), an association of individuals working in data organizations, holds annual joint conferences with IFDO, alternating between venues in USA and Europe.
DATA MINING
DATA PROTECTION
Data Protection Committee (1978) Report of the Data Protection Committee (Chair: Sir Norman Lindop), London: HMSO (Command Paper No 1999) Guidance on the Practical Implementation of the Data Protection Act 1998, London: British Standards Institution (BSI-DISCPD0012).
DATA SECURITY
DATA WAREHOUSE
DATABASE
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
DATABASES
Online databases and CD-ROMs now cover a wide range of different types of information, but the vast majority fall into one or more of the following categories. Many online and CD-ROM databases have a print equivalent, two advantages of electronic formats are search speed and convenient storage.
DECISION SUPPORTSYSTEMS
Decision support systems, for example, can be found in the fields DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS 129. 1994) Introduction to Decision Support Systems, NCC Blackwell [this is an informative book that thoroughly explores the main applications of DSS and reviews methods for their development, validation and implementation].
DEFAMATION
While the majority of applications of decision support systems are found in the commercial sector, many applications are implemented in public organizations, including libraries. Most of the writing on the use of decision support systems in libraries has concentrated on performance appraisal applications (Adams et al. 1993; Bommer and Chorba 1982).
DESKTOP COMPUTER
Beyond these performance evaluation applications, however, there is a wide range of other potential applications in which decision support systems could be used in a library context. Appropriate use of decision support systems offers the potential to greatly facilitate the decision-making process by providing a comparative analysis of the alternative courses of action faced by the manager.
DESKTOP PUBLISHING
Alternatively, simulation models can be used to identify optimal ways of placing objects and resources within the library to best serve the needs of users. One of the main advantages of DTP is that it makes it relatively easy to include photos, logos, diagrams and graphics in documents.
DEVELOPMENTCO-OPERATION IN SUPPORTOF INFORMATION AND
Funding for major capital projects became unsustainable by the late 1980s and agencies revised their policies. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), with long-term practical relationships with colleagues, have played a special role in drawing the attention of the major funding and development bodies to the continued and central importance of information.
DEWEY, MELVIL (1857–1931)
The voice and experience of colleagues in developing countries and countries in transition must be heard so that the full potential of the 'new information' age can be explored and applied. 2002) Pressing the Send Key – Preferential Journal Access in Developing Countries, Learned Publishing, April 2002. He later became Director of the New York State Library and helped found the New York Library Association, the first of the state associations and the model for those to come, in 1890.
DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION
In the same remarkable year, the American Library Association was founded, as was the Library Journal, under Dewey's own editorship. Dewey also founded the Library Bureau, a company that developed standardized supplies, equipment, and library methods under his direction.
DIALOG
DICTIONARY
DICTIONARY CATALOGUES
DIGITAL LIBRARY
Preservation of digital information is still an active area of research that must concern the digital library. This gave rise to the concept of the hybrid library (see hybrid libraries), in which digital and paper DIGITAL LIBRARY 137 .
DIGITAL PRESERVATION
DIGITIZATION
DIPLOMATIC
DIRECTORY
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PLANNING
No attempt should be made to dry wet documents or fan wet books to air the pages in them until the situation has been brought under control and conditions are favorable for drying; the relative humidity in the area may need to be monitored. No water-damaged material should be returned to a high humidity environment (as is often required for air-conditioned rooms for archives and special collections) without first being restored to a cool, dry area and checked for mold growth.
DISCOGRAPHY
Priority should be given to removing standing water, reducing temperature and introducing controlled ventilation, to delay the onset of mold or slow its growth. The amount of handling given to damaged material should be kept to a minimum, and all conservation work should be avoided during the salvage operation or while working under pressure.
DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION
Intelligent agents, filters (see filtering) or push technology assistants facilitate a drastic improvement in the dissemination of information. Dissemination of information in earlier times was done through newsletters, information bulletins or individual notices in printed form.
DISTANCE LEARNING
Distance education in LIS using the postal system was proposed as early as 1888 by Melvildewey. Skepticism about whether distance learning is as effective as face-to-face learning is quickly disappearing.
DOCUMENT
In India, distance education in LIS was introduced by the University of Madras in 1985, followed by the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) in 1989. One decade later, at least twenty-five institutions offered distance learning LIS programs to approximately 4,000 students.
DOCUMENTCLUSTERING
Sukhotai Thammathirat Open University has been offering distance learning LIS programs since 1989 using mailed materials (textbooks and workbooks) supplemented by audio tapes, radio and television programs. Of the fifty-six graduate programs in LIS accredited by the American Library Association in August 2001, thirty-six offered some form of distance learning.
DOCUMENTDELIVERY
Reviewing the research in the field of document delivery is useful and allows the identification of future trends. Other such projects dealing with the future of document delivery were EDDIS (Electronic Document Delivery: Integrated System), SEREN (Sharing of Educational Resources on an Electronic Network), LAMDA (London and Manchester Document Access) , JEDDS (Joint Electronic Document Delivery Software) and Infobike.
DOCUMENTIMAGE PROCESSING
Libraries are increasingly operating in a global environment and document delivery plays a key role in this. The need for a library-based document delivery department will continue, but its role is likely to change.
DOCUMENTATION
The various changes made over time to the name of this latter organization reflect the changing conception in the field of what professionals mean by the term 'documentation' in French-speaking countries. Cacaly (ed.) Dictionnaire encyclope´dique de l'information et de la documentation, Nathan, p. 1994) 'The International Federation for Information and Documentation (FID)', in W.A.
DOMAIN NAME
The latter have expanded the professional field of information scientists and thus enabled the emergence of new needs of companies and organizations, needs that can be satisfied with new computer-based tools (strategic information services, database management and information engineering). . Therefore, the challenge for librarians and information scientists in this information age is to redefine their roles and expand their boundaries of knowledge. eds) (1972) Encyclopaedia of Library and Information Science, vol.
DONATIONS TO LIBRARIES
They may duplicate inventory already held by the library, or may be in a field in which the library has no interest. In the case of periodicals, the library must be assured that parts will be received regularly.
DUBLIN CORE
COMMERCE
At a basic level, this refers to the sale of goods and services over the Internet using web pages. The concept of e-commerce is now included in a broader concept of e-business, where the internet, intranet and extranet are used to create and transform business relationships.
GOVERNMENT
Networks are also at the heart of this perspective, but the ability of the Internet and intranets to "merge" and coordinate the activities of previously disparate government departments and services is considered their most attractive feature. 2003) "State-Citizen Interaction in the Internet Age: 'e-Government' in the United States, Great Britain and the European Union", Governance16 (2).
EASTASIA
Until the mid-1970s, support for national languages was not available due to the fonts and large number of characters in East Asian languages. It started using computers in the mid-1980s and founded China MARC in 1990.
ECCLESIASTICAL LIBRARIES
The Society of Friends had a library in the City of London from 1673 and so did the Baptists from 1708. 1997) Directory of Rare Books and Special Collections in the United Kingdom, 2ndedn, Library Association Publishing.
ECONOMICS OF INFORMATION
The costs for the seller or distributor are covered through a discount, typically in the order of 30 percent of the list price. A typical research faculty member spends between 20 and 50 percent of the year on research.
