This is also the idea of the prayer: “Cast me not away from thy presence” (literally, “face,”. Isaiah also uses it to picture the disappointed and unsatisfied appetite of the thirsty man.
ETYMOLOGY
In the latter the Revised Version (British and . American) places in the margin the alternative rendering, “faithfulness.” In the New Testament it is of very frequent occurrence, always representing [pi>stiv, pistis], with one exception in the King James Version (not the Revised Version (British and American)), <581023>.
MEANING: A DIVERGENCY
FAITH IN THE SENSE OF CREED
A LEADING PASSAGE EXPLAINED
REMARKS
CONCLUSION
FAITHFULFULNESS OF GOD IN THE OLD TESTAMENT
Accordingly the Old Testament conception of the righteousness of God has been practically identified with His covenant. The emphasis which this attribute of God has in the Old Testament is determined by the fact that throughout the whole of the Old Testament the covenant relation of Yahweh to His people is founded solely in God’s grace, and not on any merit of theirs.
FAITHFULNESS OF GOD IN THE NEW TESTAMENT
God’s promises, in spite of the fact that men are faithless, the faithfulness of God will be abundantly vindicated, even though thereby every man should be proven untrue and faithless. This faithfulness of God in the sense of fidelity to His promises is set forth as the object of sure trust and hope by the writer of the Epistle to the Hebrews.
THE FIRST “SAYING”
In the works on New Testament theology this subject is treated under the sections on the truthfulness of God. Dalman, Die richterliche Gerechtigkeit im Altes Testament; and the above- mentioned Old Testament Theologies of Dillmann and Oehler.
THE SECOND “SAYING”
THE THIRD “SAYING”
THE FOURTH “SAYING”
THE FIFTH “SAYING”
It is indeed remarkable how very seldom the Old Testament refers to this history of the Fall. Indirectly, however, a very powerful witness for the fall of man is furnished by the whole empirical condition of the world and humanity.
THE FOUNDATION
MONOGAMY, THE IDEAL RELATION
Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh”. There is much in the setting of this charter in the account given in Genesis that is suggestive of the fine sentiment which we know has always gone along with love and marriage.
EQUALITY OF THE SEXES
It is well to pause and look at the grammatical number of the nouns: “a man,” “his wife.” The words of the charter hold the sexes to monogamy. That this account should have held the place in history that it has had adds testimony to the fine perception of sentiment and the strong grasp on principle out of which it came.
POLYGAMY
If such acts and dispositions as are disclosed in the case of Lamech become common, it will certainly not be a long while before the only apt description of the condition of society must be that upon which we come in <010605>Genesis 6:5: “And Yahweh saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every. It is a straight road from <010605>Genesis 6:5 to “The Koran, tribute or the sword,” and the polygamy of Mohammedans.
THE COMMANDMENTS AND THE FAMILY (5TH COMMANDMENT)
The indications seem to be that as the race multiplied and went out over the face of the earth they forgot the original kinship and exhibited all manner of barbarities in social relations. The commandment would not and could not have so pictured the mother had she been one of the inmates of a harem.
THE COMMANDMENTS AND THE FAMILY (7TH COMMANDMENT)
THE COMMANDMENTS AND THE FAMILY (10TH COMMANDMENT)
It is well to remember in taking leave of the commandments that half of those pertaining to human relations hold the family plainly in view. The race is divided equally between male and female, and their relations to each other, we might expect, would call for half of the directions devoted to the whole.
PRIMITIVE MONOGAMIC IDEAL
It is a record of the settlement of heads of families as they went forth on the face of the earth. Gladstone called attention to the fact that modern philology verifies this classification of the nations which rests on outgrowth from families.
REFORMS OF EZRA AND NEHEMIAH
The common statement for the sons of Noah as they filed out over the lands of which they took possession is, `these are the sons of.
THE NEW TESTAMENT
THE TEACHING OF JESUS
THE TEACHING OF PAUL
MODERN DANGERS
The families are few that can be found in the same place for a quarter of a century. This fits them for something else than life in the family from which they sprang and they rarely return to it.
NATURAL CAUSES
FAMINES MENTIONED
DIVINE RELATIONS
FIGURATIVE USES
In the last passage it means the general physical and material welfare of the rich man (so the Geneva (1560), the Bishops’ and Rhemish Bibles, the Revised Version (British and American) (1881), and not simply partaking of rich food so Vulgate, Wyclif, Coverdale, Cranmer, Geneva (1557) and the King James Version). 4) [Tu>pov, tupos], type, model, translated “fashion” in <440744>Acts 7:44 the King James Version (the Revised Version (British and American) “figure”), the Greek word being taken from the Septuagint of the quoted passage,.
IMMEDIATE MALE ANCESTOR
ANCESTORS, IMMEDIATE OR REMOTE
FIGURATIVE AND DERIVED USES
Christ’s condemnation is clearly of the praise- seeking or obsequious spirit, rather than of a particular custom. In the gospel of Jesus alone is this Fatherhood revealed to be of the very essence of the Godhead, and to have respect to the individual.
LITERAL
FIGURATIVE
It is used perhaps in the sense of “countenance” in <203130>Proverbs 31:30, “Favor is deceitful, and beauty is vain” (the King James Version), where for “favor” the Revised Version (British and American) has “grace”;. The Wisdom of Solomon 17:9 the King James Version); apo tes eulabeias is translated (<580507>Hebrews 5:7) “(of Christ) who was heard in that he feared,” the Revised Version (British and American) “having been heard for his godly fear”; so all the Greek.
PRE-EXILIC
Pentecost has an agricultural phase as chagh habikkurim, the celebration of the wheat harvest; it has a religious phase as zeman mattan Thorah in the Jewish liturgy, based on the rabbinical calculation which makes it the day of the giving of the Law, and this religious side has so completely. The temple ritual for these days, which is minutely described in the Old Testament and in the Talmud, was the most elaborate and impressive of the year.
POST-EXILIC
FIG-TREES IN THE OLD TESTAMENT
The promised land was described (<050808>Deuteronomy 8:8) as “a land of wheat and barley, and vines and fig-trees and pomegranates,” etc. The Israelites complained that the wilderness was “no place of seed, or of figs, or of vines, or of pomegranates” (<042005>Numbers 20:5).
NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FIG-TREE
The earliest Old Testament reference to the fig is to the leaves, which Adam and Eve converted into aprons (<010307>Genesis 3:7). Such references as Mac 4:4; Zec 3:10, etc., probably are to this custom rather than to the not uncommon one of having a fig-tree overhanging a dwelling.
FIGS
EARLY FIGS
In the summer owners of such trees may be seen everywhere sitting in their shadow (<430148>John 1:48). In the case of many trees the whole of this first crop may thus abort, so that by May no figs at all are to be found on the tree, but with the best varieties of fig-trees a certain proportion of the early crop of figs remains on the tree, and this fruit reaches ripe perfection about June.
THE CURSING OF THE BARREN FIG-TREE
DRIED FIGS
American Standard Revised Version “which is a figure for the time present,” the English Revised Version “parable” and “(now) present,”. Figure” is supplied in Ecclesiasticus 49:9, with en ombro, “He made mention of the enemies under the figure of the rain,” the Revised Version (British and American) “He remembered the enemies in storm,” margin.
OLD TESTAMENT REFERENCES
THE IDENTITY OF “BEROSH”
In the Apocrypha there are two definite references to the cypress ([kupa>rissov, kuparissos]). These passages, especially the former, certainly favor the idea that berosh was the cypress; the name may, however, have included allied trees.
LITERAL USAGE
FIGURATIVE USE
The child is brought and shown to the “Kohen,” and the father declares the mother of the child to be an Israelite. It is held by some scholars that the institution of the tithe (see TITHE) is a later development from the first-fruits.
NATURAL HISTORY
JONAH’S FISH
FISHING
The compass of the net is then narrowed, and the fish are emptied from the net into the boat. The root of the word signifies “to cut off” or “to cut flat,” and in the Revised Version, margin “slit nose” is substituted.
ORDINARY SENSE
The English versions translate it with “a good piece (portion) of flesh,” the Vulgate (Jerome’s Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) with “a piece of roast meat,” others with “a portion of flesh” and “a.
THE BODY
THE TERM “ALL FLESH”
AS OPPOSED TO THE SPIRIT
That “flesh and blood” does not imply a sense of inherent sinfulness is moreover shown in all passages where Christ is declared a partaker of such nature (<490612>Ephesians 6:12; <580214>Hebrews 2:14, where, however, we find in the original text the inverted phrase “blood and flesh”).
APPLIED TO THE CARNAL NATURE
IN THE SENSE OF RELATIONSHIP
OTHER MEANINGS
In an interesting passage (<211205>Ecclesiastes 12:5 the King James Version), the Hiphil future of na’ats, meaning properly “to pierce or strike,” hence, to slight or reject, is translated “flourish”; it is said of the old man “The almond tree shall flourish,” the Revised Version (British and American). Flourish” appears once only in the New Testament, in the King James Version, as translation of anathallo, “to put forth anew,” or “to make put forth anew” (<500410>Philippians 4:10): “Your care for me hath flourished again,” the Revised Version (British and American) “Ye have revived your thought for me.”.
VEGETABLE FOODS
Vegetable foods of the pulse family (leguminosae) are represented in the Old Testament chiefly by lentils and beans. Salt (melach), of course, played an important part, then as now, in the cooking and in the life of the Orientals.
ANIMAL FOOD
Less prominent was the fruit of the mulberry figtree (or sycomore) (shiqmah), of the date-palm (tamar), the dates of which, according to the Mishna, were both eaten as they came from the tree, and dried in clusters and pressed into cakes for transport; the pomegranate (tappuach), the. To kill a lamb in honor of a gue st is one of the highest acts of Bedouin hospitality.
IN THE OLD TESTAMENT
Such wisdom was the essence of life, and to be without. it was to walk in the way of death and destruction. These are probably from a root meaning “to be stopped up” (Cheyne), and are generally taken as denoting thickheadedness; but they are used in a stronger sense than mere.
IN THE APOCRYPHA
IN THE NEW TESTAMENT
MEANING OF THE TERM
It is a term used in theology to denote the prescience or foresight of God, that is, His knowledge of the entire course of events which are future from the human point of view; and it is also used in the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American) to translate the Greek words proginoskein and prognosis in the New Testament, in which instances the word “fore-knowledge”.
FORE-KNOWLEDGE AS PRESCIENCE
Nevertheless this is the only way in which we can conceive of the Divine omniscience in its relation to time, and consequently the Scripture represents the matter as if God’s knowledge of future events were a. It is God’s knowledge of events which from the human point of view are future that constitutes His foreknowledge in the sense of prescience.
FOREKNOWLEDGE BASED ON FOREORDINATION
Now while the writers of the Old Testament and the New Testament do not write in an abstract or philosophical manner nor enter into metaphysical explanations of the relation between God’s foreknowledge and. But when Dillmann says that in the Old Testament there is no hint of an “idle foreknowledge” on God’s part, he is giving expression to the truth that in the Old Testament God’s foreknowledge is based upon His foreordination and providential control of all things.
FOREKNOWLEDGE AS EQUIVALENT TO FOREORDINATION
In the passages in Romans and Ephesians it takes the place of the King James Version word “predestinate,” a return to the usage of the older English versions The word has simply the sense of determining beforehand. It expresses, as no other of these words does, his conception of the graciousness of God’s pardon.
PAGAN AND JEWISH IDEAS
Nor does it mean that God had temporarily suspended punishment which at some later date He might inflict (Sanday on <450325>Romans 3:25). Jesus gave the popular summing-up of the law and not its exact words when he said, “Ye have heard that it was said.
THE TEACHING OF CHRIST
CONDITIONS OF FORGIVENESS
THE OFFENDED PARTY
That there is a close analogy between human and Divine forgiveness is clearly implied (<400523>.
DIVINE AND HUMAN FORGIVENESS
FORGIVENESS AND JUSTIFICATION
OLD TESTAMENT TEACHING
In view of God’s righteous character men might naturally have expected punishment, but instead the offenders were spared (compare <441416>Acts.
LIMITATIONS OF FORGIVENESS
God’s forgiveness is limited solely by the condition that man must accept it in the proper spirit. The remission of sins was the preparation for the advent of the Messiah (<420177>Luke 1:77), and repentance and remission of sins were the prerequisites to a state of preparation for the kingdom.
CHRIST’S POWER TO FORGIVE SINS
The phrase of 7:47, “for she loved much,” is proof of the greatness of her sin rather than a reason why she was forgiven. In both cases where Jesus forgave sins, He did so because the state of mind of the person forgiven showed worthiness of the blessing.
THE NEED OF AN ATONEMENT
It is clear that she had previously repented and had been accepted, and the anointing of Jesus was an outpouring of her gratitude.
THE NEW TESTAMENT DOCTRINE OF ATONEMENT
Stand forth” in <410303>Mark 3:3 is the translation of egeire eis to meson, margin “Arise into the midst.” the Revised Version (British and American) has a great many changes, frequently substituting. In <510106>Colossians 1:6, for “bringeth forth fruit” the Revised Version (British and American) reads “bearing fruit.”.
IN RECENT EXCAVATIONS
The outer face of the city wall, towering above the hill on which the city was built, may well have seemed impregnable to the messengers of Moses” (Bible Side-Lights, 142). On the walls of Sinjerli there rose no fewer than 800 towers (Garstang, Land of the . Hittites, 273).
IN BIBLICAL HISTORY
In the reign of Manasseh Jerusalem was captured and the king himself carried away to Nineveh, but on his repentance he was restored to the throne and set himself to strengthen the fortifications of the city (<143314> . 2 Chronicles 33:14). The patriotic labor of Nehemiah in the rebuilding of the wall of Jerusalem belongs properly to the history of the city (see JERUSALEM).
IN THE PSALMS AND THE PROPHETS
Yet Nahum declares in his sublime apostrophe: “All thy fortresses shall be like figtrees with the first-ripe figs: if they be shaken, they fall into the mouth of the eater” (<340312>Nahum 3:12). Jerusalem,” says Zechariah in the days of the Return, “shall be inhabited as villages without walls, by reason of the multitude of men and cattle therein.
IN THE NEW TESTAMENT
The word employed (ochuromata) is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew word commonly rendered “fortress” (mibhtsar). Although it is not mentioned by name, the gloomy fortress of Macherus on the East of the Dead Sea is believed to have been the scene of the.
