INTRODUCTION In the daily life, language is the one of important thing in the world to communicate

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SKETCH JOURNAL: Journal of English Teaching, Literature and Linguistics Volume 1 Nomor 1 (2021)

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AN ANALYSIS OF FREE AND BOUND MORPHEMES IN WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE'S POETRIES

1Novia Astuti^*, ²Zahratun Nufus, ³Nur Ifadloh, ⁴Laksana Tri Prasetya

1English Education Department, STAI Rasyidah Khalidiyah Amuntai, Indonesia^*

2English Education Department, STAI Rasyidah Khalidiyah Amuntai, Indonesia

3English Education Department, STAI Rasyidah Khalidiyah Amuntai, Indonesia

4Arabic Education Department, STAI Darul Ulum Kandangan, Indonesia

Email

1[email protected]^*, ²[email protected], ³[email protected],

4[email protected]

Abstract

The objectives of this research are to know the free and bound Morphemes in William Shakespeare's Poetries. This Research Uses Qualitative Method. The source of this research data is 3 poems from Willian Shakespeare entitled A Fairy Song, Shall I Compare Thee to Summer's Day and Fear No More.

In this analysis it was found that the overall results of Free and Bound Morpheme were found as many as 398 data. With free Morpheme distribution was found as many as 340 data (85.42%) and 58 data of Morpheme Bound (14.57%). Free Morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone without having to plus another morpheme and has the morpheme that means meaning. Morpheme bound is morpheme which is always attached to other morphemes or can have meaning after joining free morpheme.

Keyword: Bound morpheme, Free morpheme, Poetry, William Shakespeare A. INTRODUCTION

In the daily life, language is the one of important thing in the world to communicate.

People say expressions and opinions with language as conductor. Language is a device to communication each other in life. Language can make people to interact with each other.

Language is that the ability to provide and comprehend both spoken and written. Language has study about itself that is linguistics. According to Bauer (2007), said that linguistics is the word meaning related to language as well as the word meaning related to linguistics. It means linguistics is knowledge about language and relate to language itself.

Morphology is one of the linguistic branches itself, which learns about wording or word formation. There are many scholars who define the definition of morphology, Chaer (2008: 3), argues that morphology is the science of the form and formation. According to Yule (2010: 67), Morphology is the study of the basic elements used in a language. Aronoff and Fudeman in their book entitled "What is Morphology?" Explaining the term morphology commonly attributed to the German poet, novelist, playwright, and philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who coined it early within the nineteenth century in a biological context. According to

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34 Bauer (2007), morphology is about the structure of words, how word such as dislike is made up of smaller meaningful elements such as dis and like. As are often seen during this definition by Bauer (2007), this branch of linguistics is studying about the structure of words. Besides defining about structure of words, morphology also studies about elements that make meaning in certain words.

Discussing about morphology, it cannot be separated with morpheme, because morpheme is that the study of systematic conversation within the form and meaning words. A small part that features a meaning and grammatical function is named Morpheme. Morpheme is the root of word. According to Booij (2005), morpheme is the morphological building blocks of word, are defined as the minimal linguistics units with a grammatical meaning. It means that morpheme is the littlest element of linguistics that deals with meaning. According to Lieber (2004), morpheme is that the meaningful units that are wont to form words. Bishop (2009), defines morphemes because the smallest units of meaning that structure the words during a language.

Morpheme is that the smallest indivisible unit during a word. It is a word building block.

It can't be segmented further into smaller meaningful units (Handoko, 2019: 9). So, a morpheme can be a word. Example free morphemes like eat, pen, home, etc. Morpheme therefore is that the smallest indivisible unit of semantic content or grammatical functions with which words is made up. According Katamba (2006:20), the definition a morpheme cannot be decomposed into smaller units which are either meaningful by themselves or sign a grammatical function like singular or plural number in the noun.

Talking about morphemes, some linguists commonly have classified morphemes into two parts: free morphemes and bound morphemes. Free morpheme is a morpheme that without its relation to other morphemes can be directly used in speech (Chaer, 2008: 17). Meanwhile, Yule (2010: 68) stated, free morphemes are morphemes are that can stand by themselves as a single word. According to Bishop (2009:161), free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words.

So, it can be concluded that free morpheme is independent morpheme, which can stand alone without having to plus other morpheme. In the case, the examples of free morphemes are as follow: fine, boy, like, and read. Based on the explanation above it can be concluded that Morpheme is the smallest part of the word and have a meaning.

Meanwhile, bound morphemes cannot stand alone, they must be connected (or bound) to another morpheme, such as the morphemes re-in restart, -s in girls, dis and -ed in disagreed and -er and -s in writers. Bound morphemes are morphemes that must first be combined with other morphemes to be used in speech (Chaer, 2008:17). Bound Morphemes are the opposites of free morphemes. The morphemes that cannot stand alone by themselves that mean they cannot exist independently without being joined or attached to another morpheme. Examples: include: es, - s, -ing -ish, -ism,-ness, -ation, -tion, -al, -er, -en, -un, -ed, etc. Here the following words, they

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35 are combinations of both free and bound morphemes: goodness, telling, communication, teacher, does, cars, given, lived, etc.

Morpheme can be found in many literary works, be in novels, short stories, and one of them is poetry. Hornby (1985: 644) explained that poetry as “the art of a poet or poems” and explained as pieces of creative writing in poet or poem, especially people who express deep feeling or noble thought in beautiful language, composed with the will to speak experience.

Meanwhile, Shelley said that poetry is that the record of greatest happiest moments of greatest and happiest minds. In addition, Arnold stated, that poetry may be a criticism of life under the conditions fixed for such a criticism by laws of poetic truth and wonder. According to Wordsworth (1800) poetry is the imaginative expression of strong feeling, usually rhythmical the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility. Edgar Alan Poe (1999) said that the poetry of words or speech which that the rhythmical creation of beauty which its sole arbiter is taste. It does not pay attention whatever either with obligation or with truth.

Furthermore, Thomas in Carl Woodring, James S. Shapiro (1994) gives statement that poetry is that the rhythmic, definite narrative, movement from an overclothed blindness to an unadorned vision.

William Shakespeare is known as the greatest English-speaking writer in history, earning him the nickname of England's national poet. He is the author of the most played theatrical work to date. Countless schools and theater festivals still display Shakespeare's works today.

His poems are still widely read and studied. Nicknamed the "Bard of Avon" or poet of the Avon River, William Shakespeare has written at least 37 plays and a collection of poems. William Shakespeare was also the founder of the famous Globe theater house in London, and was instrumental in the development of the English language.

The significance of this study is related to why discuss about morpheme. Studying morphemes can help the learners in cross-curricular word study. Morphemes will help them, especially in science, to identify the meaning of new vocabulary. Studying morphemes will help the learners begin to connect words based on meaning which will help them orthographically map words within the brain for better understanding and retention. Further, the study provides an insight for future researchers who would be interested in further broadening the scope of this linguistic analysis. Some previous research also related to this research which focuses on free and bound morpheme. First, research is written by (Ilham Rizki

& Zakrimal, 2020) entitled “An Analysis Morpheme in Smoking Article. Second, research is written by (Rini Agustina & Lizawati) entitled "Morphemes in Children's Song Lyrics by A.T Mahmud". Both of research previous studies have the same research goals to find the free and bound morpheme. This research has similarities with those of previous studies. However, this research has objectives to know the free and bound morpheme used in the William

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36 Shakespeare's poetries. Therefore, the researcher writes research entitled “An Analysis of Free and Bound Morphemes in William Shakespeare's Poetries”.

B. METHOD

This study uses a descriptive qualitative method. In the descriptive method the data collected is not numbers, but in the form of words such as sentences or descriptions of something. According to Djajasudarma, (2010:1), the data collected may be in the form of scripts, interviews, notes, video tapes, and so on. Along with the opinion of Hammersley (2013:

12), that qualitative researchers can use any documentary data such as official reports, magazines, newspapers, maps, photographs, notes/field-notes, diaries without searching to quantify their content in the manner. According to Djajasudarma (2010:10-11), “Qualitative methodology is a procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken data in the language community. A qualitative approach involving spoken data in the language involves what is called information (native speakers of the language under study). The data sources of this research are several poems by William Shakespeare entitled A Fairy Song, Shall I Compare Thee to Summer's Day, Fear No More, with the data in the form of words containing free morphemes and bound morphemes in the poem.

Based on the theory of Silverman (2009: 234), technique of analyzing data in this research uses three steps of qualitative analysis, they are reducing data, displaying data, and making conclusions. The first step the researcher took was collecting data by searching for poetry by William Shakespeare. After the data is collected, the next step is to reduce the data by grouping the poems based on their distribution. The next step is that the researcher presents the data by analyzing the data that has been found in accordance with the division of the problem. The last step is drawing conclusions based on what the researcher has analyzed previously.

C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results

Based on the findings of this research, the researchers find some free and bound morphemes which are found in William Shakespeare's poetries entitled: A Fairy Song, Shall I Compare Thee to the Summer's Day?, Fear No More. The description as are below:

1. Free and Bound Morpheme

Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words ( Bishop: 2009). Meanwhile, Bound morphemes are morphemes that must first be combined with other morphemes to be used in speech (Chaer, 2008:17)

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37 Table 1. A Fairy Song by William Shakespeare

No Data Free Morpheme Bound Morpheme Time

1 Over Over 4

2 Hill Hill 1

4 Dale Dale 1

5 Thorough Thorough 4

6 Bush Bush 1

7 Brier Brier 1

8 Park Park 1

9 Pale Pale 1

10 Flood Flood 1

11 Fire Fire 1

12 I I 3

13 Do Do 1

14 Wander Wand -er 1

15 Everywhere Every,Where 1

16 Swifter Swift -er 1

17 Than Than 1

18 The The 4

19 Moon's Moon 's 1

20 Sphere Sphere 1

21 And And 2

22 Serve Serve 1

23 Fairy Fair -y 2

24 Queen Queen 1

25 To To 1

26 Dew Dew 1

27 Her Her 2

28 Orbs Orb -s 1

29 Upon Upon 1

30 Green Green 1

31 Cowslips Cow, slip -s 1

32 Tall Tall 1

33 Pensioners Pension er, -s 1

34 Be Be 2

35 In In 3

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36 Their Their 2

37 Gold Gold 1

38 Coats Coat -s 1

39 Spots Spot -s 1

40 You You 1

41 See See 1

42 Those Those 2

43 Rubies Ruby -es 1

45 Favours Favour -s 1

47 Freckles Freckle -s 1

48 Live Live 1

49 Savours Savour -s 1

50 Must Must 1

51 Go Go 1

52 Seek Seek 1

53 Some Some 1

54 Dewdrops Dew, drop -s 1

55 Here Here 1

56 Hang Hang 1

57 A A 1

58 Pearl Pearl 1

59 Every Ever -y 1

60 Cowslip's Cow, slip 's 1

61 Ear Ear 1

Total 81 18 77

Based on the results of the analysis of the poetries entitled A Fairy Song by William Shakespeare founded as many as 77 data, consisting of free morpheme and bound morpheme.

Based on the 77 free morphemes found in the poetry A Fairy Song as many as 81 data consisting of morphemes: {over, hill, dale, thorough, bush, brier, park, pale, flood, fire, I, do, wand, every, where, swift, than, the, moon, sphere, and, serve, the, fair, queen, to, dew, her, orb, upon, green, cow, slip, tall, pension, be, in, their, gold, coat, spot, you, see, those, ruby, favour, freckle, live, savour, must, go, seek, some, dew, drop, here, hang, a, pearl, ear}. The morpheme above is said to be a free morpheme because the words mentioned above can stand alone without having to follow other words.

Bound morpheme in the A Fairy Song poetry found as many as 18 data consisting of:

{wander,swifter,moon's,fairy,orbs,cowslips,pensioners,coats,spots,rubies,favors,freckles,savo

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39 urs,dewdrops, every, cowslip's}. Bound morpheme found as much as 18 data turned out to be 1 data composed of 3 morphemes that are in the word “pensioners” consists of 1 free morpheme that is the word pension and 2 bound morpheme that is morpheme -er,and -s. The morpheme was said to be a free morpheme because the words mentioned above cannot stand alone and must follow other words.

Table 2. Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?

No Data Free morpheme Bound morpheme Time

1 Shall Shall 3

2 I I 1

3 Compare Compare 1

4 Thee Thee 2

5 To To 3

6 A A 2

7 Summer's Summer 's 2

8 Day Day 1

9 Thou Thou 4

10 Art Art 1

11 More More 2

12 And And 5

13 Lovely Love -ly 1

14 Temperate Temper -ate 1

15 Rough Rough 1

16 Winds Wind -s 1

17 Do Do 1

18 Shake Shake 1

19 The The 2

20 Darling Darling 1

21 Buds Bud -s 1

22 Of Of 4

23 May May 1

24 Lease Lease 1

25 Hath Hath 1

26 All All 1

27 Too Too 2

28 Short Short 1

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29 Date Date 1

30 A A 1

31 Sometime Some, time 2

32 Hot Hot 1

33 Eye Eye 1

34 Heaven Heaven 1

35 Shines Shine -s 1

36 Often Often 1

37 Is Is 1

38 His His 2

39 Gold Gold 1

40 Complexion Complex -ion 1

41 Dimmed Dimmed 1

42 Every Ever -y 1

43 Fair Fair 3

44 From From 1

45 Declines Decline -s 1

46 By By 1

47 Chance Chance 1

48 Or Or 2

49 Nature's Nature 's 1

50 Changing Change -ing 1

51 Course Course 1

52 Untrimmed Trim Un-, ed 1

53 But But 1

54 Thy Thy 1

55 Eternal Eternal 2

56 Summer Summer 1

57 Not Not 1

58 Fade Fade 1

59 Nor Nor 2

60 Lose Lose 1

61 Possession Posses -ion 1

62 Ow’st Ow ’st 1

63 Death Dead -th 1

64 Brag Brag 1

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65 Wand’rest Wand, rest 1

66 In In 2

67 Shade Shade 1

68 When When 1

89 Line's Line -s 1

70 Time Time 1

71 Grow’st Grow ’st 1

72 So So 2

7 Long Long 2

75 As As 1

76 Men Men 1

77 Can Can 2

78 Breathe Breathe 1

79 Eyes Eye -s 1

80 Lives Live -s 1

81 This This 2

82 Gives Give -s 1

83 Life Life 1

Total 116 21 114

Based on the analysis of the poetry entitled Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day? By William Shakespeare found as many as 114 data, consisting of free morpheme and bound morpheme. From these data, the free morphemes found in the poetry Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? A total of 116 data consisting of morphemes: shall, I , compare, thee, to, a, summer, day, thou, art, more, love, and, temperate, rough, wind, do, shake, the, darling, bud , of, may, lease, hath, all, too, short, date, a, sometime, hot, eye, heaven, shine, often, is, his, gold, complex, dimmed, ever, fair, from, decline, by , chance, or, nature, change, course, trim, but, thy, eternal, summer, not, fade, nor, lose, posses, ow, dead, brag, wand, rest, in, shade, when, line, time , grow, so, long, as, men, can, breathe, see, live, give, life. The morpheme above is said to be a free morpheme because the words mentioned above can stand alone without having to follow other words.

Bound morpheme in Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day? were found 21 data consisting of: Summer's, lovely, winds, temperate, buds, shines, complexion, declines, every, nature's, changing, untrimmed, possession, ow'st, death, line's, eyes, lives, gives. There were 21 bound morphemes found, it turned out that 1 data was composed of 3 morphemes, namely the word “Untrimmed” consisting of 1 free morpheme, namely the word Trim and 2 bound

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42 morphemes, namely the morpheme un-, and -ed. The morpheme was said to be a free morpheme because the words mentioned above cannot stand alone and must follow other words.

Table 3. Fear No More by William Shakespeare

No Data Free Morpheme Bound Morpheme Time

1 Fear Fear 4

2 No No 6

3 More More 4

4 The The 11

5 Heat Heat 1

6 O' O' 1

7 Sun Sun 1

8 Furious Fury -ous 1

9 Winter’s Winter ’s 1

10 Rages Rage -s 1

11 Thou Thou 3

12 Thy Thy 3

13 Worldly World -ly 1

14 Task Task 1

15 Hast Hast 1

16 Done Done 1

17 Home Home 1

18 Art Art 2

19 Gone Gone 1

20 And And 7

21 Ta’en Ta’en 1

22 Wages Wage -s 1

23 Golden Gold -en 1

24 Lads Lad -s 1

25 Girls Girl -s 1

26 All All 5

27 Must Must 3

28 As As 2

29 Chimney Chimney 1

30 Sweepers Sweep -er, -s 1

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31 Come Come 4

32 To To 6

33 Dust Dust 3

34 Frown Frown 1

35 Of Of 1

36 Great Great 1

37 Past Past 1

38 Tyrant's Tyrant -s 1

39 Stroke Stroke 1

40 Care Care 1

41 Clothe Clothe 1

42 Eat Eat 1

43 Thee Thee 6

44 Reed Reed 1

45 Is Is 1

46 Oak Oak 1

47 Sceptre Sceptre 1

48 Learning Learn -ing 1

49 Physic Physic 1

50 Follow Follow 1

51 This This 1

52 Lightning-Flash Lightning, Flash 1

53 Nor Nor 3

54 All-Dread All, Dread 1

55 Thunder-Stone Thunder, Stone 1

56 Not Not 1

57 Slander Slander 1

58 Censure Censure 1

59 Rash Rash 1

60 Finished Finish -ed 1

61 Joy Joy 1

62 Moan Moan 1

63 Lovers Love -r, -s 2

64 Young Young 1

65 Consign Consign 1

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66 Exorciser Exorcise -r 1

67 Harm Harm 1

68 Witchcraft Witch, Craft 1

69 Ghost Ghost 1

70 Charm Charm 1

71 Unlaid Laid Un- 1

72 Forbear For, Bear 1

73 Nothing No, Thing 1

74 Ill Ill 1

75 Near Near 1

76 Quiet Quiet 1

77 Consummation Consume -ation 1

78 Renowned Renown -ed 1

79 By By 1

80 Grave Grave 1

81 Have Have 1

Total 143 19 138

Based on the analysis of the poem entitled Fear No More, 138 data were found, consisting of free morphemes and bound morphemes. From the 138 data, the free morphemes found in the poem Fear No More are 143 data consisting of morphemes: fear, no, more, the, heat, o', the, sun, fury, winter, rage, thou, thy, world, task, hast, done, home, art, gone, and, ta'en, wage, gold, lad, girl, all, must, as, chimney, sweep, come, to, dust, frown, of, great, past, tyrant, stroke, care, clothe, eat, thee, reed, is, oak, screptre, learn, physics, follow, this, lightning, flash, dread, thunder, stone, not, slander, censure, rash, finish, joy, moan, love, young, consign, no, exorcise, harm, witch, craft, charm, ghost, laid, for, bear, no, thing, ill, near, quiet, consum, grave, have.

The morpheme was said to be a free morpheme because the words mentioned above cannot stand alone and must follow other words.

There are 19 bound morphemes in the poem A Fairy Song which consist of: : Furious, Winter's, Rages, Worldly, Wages, Golden, Lads, Girls, Sweepers, Tyrants, Learning, Finished, Lovers, Exorciser, Unlaid, Consummation, Renowned. The bound morpheme found in 16 data turned out to be 2 data composed of 3 morphemes, namely the word sweeper consisting of 1 free morpheme, namely the word sweep and 2 bound morphemes, namely the morpheme -er, and -s. In addition, the word “lovers" also consists of 1 free morpheme, namely the word love and 2 bound morphemes, namely the morpheme -er, dan -s. The morpheme above is said to be a free morpheme because the words mentioned above can stand alone without having to follow other words.

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45 Discussion

Related to the findings above, there are some free and bound morphemes which are found in the three Willian Shakespeare's poetries. Free morphemes are morphemes that can stand alone and have meaning. Free morphemes are also known as root morphemes, which are morphemes that are the basic form of word formation. It is called the basic form because it has not undergone morphological changes. Based on some of the statements above, it can be concluded that free morphemes are morphemes that can stand alone and have meaning. Bound morphemes are morphemes that must first be combined with other morphemes to be used in speech. Bound morphemes are also known as affix morphemes. Bound morpheme is a morpheme that is always attached to another morpheme or can have meaning after joining a free morpheme.

Table 4. Free and Bound Morphemes in William Shakespeare’s Poetries

Aspect Morpheme

Free Bound

Total 340 58

Percentage 85, 42% 14,57%

Based on the table above, it can be seen that the total number and percentage of free and bound morphemes in William Shakespeare's poetries are: 340 free morphemes or 85.42%.

While the bound morpheme is 58 data or 14.57%.

The data shows that there are more free morphemes than bound morphemes. The free morpheme is more dominant than the bound morpheme because the free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone or also called a different root from the bound morpheme which must follow other words so that there are only a few bound morphemes found from the research data. This explanation is in line with the statement of O'Grady (1997: 134), that bound mopheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone and must follow another morpheme. Because it is a morpheme that must be connected with others morpheme so that the found is not as much as a free morpheme which is a morpheme that can stand alone.

In the first poetry there are many morphemes that appear more than once, including: over 4 times, thorough 4 times, I 3 times, the 4 times, and 2 times, fairy 2 times, her 2 times, be 2 times, in 3 times, their 2 times, thoses 2 times. The frequent occurrence of the morpheme in the A Fairy Song poetry refers to the story of a fairy who serves her fairy queen. He spreads dew on flowers and wanders to many places.

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46 In the second poetry, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day, there are also morphemes that appear more than once, including: Shall 3 times, to 3 times, thee 2 times, a 2 times, summer 2 times, thou 4 times, more 2 times, and 5 times, the 2 times, of 4 times, to 2 times, sometime 2 times, his 2 times, fair 3 times, or 2 times, eternal 2 times, in 2 times, so 2 times, long 2 times, can 2 times, this 2 times. This poetry also contains repetition of repetition several times the purpose is to express the beauty, admiration, and adoration of the writer who fell in love with a woman. There are several classic words contained in this poetry, namely: First, “ow'st thou”

means "you own" or "you possess". (shakespeares-sonnets.com). Second “wand'rest” include verb in old English commonly known “to wander” to walk without direction; to roam. And third, “growst” include verb in old English, from word 'to grow'. (englishclub.com/reading/cr- shakespeare-sonnet-018.htm)

In the third poetry entitled Fear No More, the morphemes that appear more than once include: fear 4 times, no 6 times, more 4, the 11 times, thou 3 times, thy 3 times, art 2 times, and 7 times, all 5 times, must 3 times, as 2 times, come 4 times, to 6 times, dust 3 times, thee 6 times, nor 3 times, lover 2 times. The repeated repetition of this poetry aims to convey the poet's interest in death and the escape that life gives, no matter their beauty, strength, or age they will find death. In this poetry there is also have a classic morpheme, namely “ta'en” a poetic contraction of taken.

D. CONCLUSION

Based on the table above, it shows that both the free and bound morpheme in William Shakespeare's poetries entitled a Fairy Song, Shall I Compare Thee To the Summer's Day?, Fear No More The total Morpheme Found as 340 data or 85.42%. In bound morpheme, it is found 58 data (14.57%). It shows that the most often or dominant morpheme is found is free morpheme. Free Morpheme is more commonly found in William Shakespeare's work poetry because the free morpheme is morpheme root, namely morpheme which is a basic form in the formation of the word. It is called the basic form because it has not changed morphologically.

Free Morpheme can be found in part of speech, for example pronoun, verb, noun, adverb, conjunction, etc. Here are some examples of free morpheme: car, boy, man, red, you, i, etc.

While at least the results of the data found from the morpheme bound because the morpheme bound cannot stand alone and can only have meaning after joining free morpheme. For example: goes, reading, unless, replay, etc. In this poetry study there are also many words that are divided because poets want to emphasize and deliver a beautiful, high, imaginative, or deep thought of thought. Because Willian Shakespeare is an Old English poet there are several data or morpheme found different from modern English including: Ow'st, Wand'rrest, Grow'st, ta'en.

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47 E. REFERENCES

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