Isaiah in the New Testament=STEVE MOYSE

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^REVELATION

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Isaiah in the New Testament

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The New Testament and the Scriptures of Israel

The

Psulmr in the

New

Teslammt (2004) Zsaiah in the New Tuiamnrt (2005)

Ilcutmtnomy in the New Tmtammt (forthcoming)

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Isaiah in the New Testament

Edited by STEVE MOYISE

and

MAARTEN J.J. MNKEiN

T 8.7 CLARK INTERNATIONAL A C o n t i n u u m i m p r i n t

L O N D O N N E W Y O R K

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Publrshed by T&T Clark A Continuum imprint The Tower Builmng

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15 East 26th Street New York NY 1tWlO

AI1 rreha merwii. N o Dart of this ~ubhcation m v be revroduced or transrnined in anv _,

.

form or by any means. electronic or mechanical, incluhng photocopying, recording or any information storage or renteval system, without prior perntission from the publishen.

Copyrtght Q Stew Moyise and Maanen J.J. Menkert, 2005 First published 2005

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available fmm the British Library

Typeset by RefirteCatch Ltd. Bungay, Suffolk Prrnted on actd-free paper tn Great Brrtarn

ISBN 0567030296 (hardback) 056703030 X (paperback)

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Abbreviations

AB Anchor Bible

ABRL Anchor Bible Reference Library

AGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judenturns und des Urchristentums

AnBib Analecta biblica

ANTI Arbeiten zum Neuen Testament und Judentum A S T l Annual o f the Swedish Tlleological Institute

BI3F Friedrich Blass, A. Debrunner and Robert W. Funk, A G w k Cratnmar

4

the hreur TEstament and Othcr Early Chrisriarr Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961)

BETL Uibliotheca ephemcridum theologicarur~l lovaniensium

B H M Adolph Jellinek, Bet ha-Midrash, 3rd edn (Jerusalem: Wahrman Books, 1967)

B H T Beitr5ge zur historischen Theologie Bib Biblica

BJRL Bulletin ofthe John Rylands University Library B N T C Black's New Testament Commentaries B T The Bible Translator

B Z Biblische 7Ritscltriji B Z N W Beihefie zur ZNW

C B E T Contributions to Biblical Exegesis and Theology C B Q Catholic Biblical Quarterly

C B Q M S Catholic Biblical Quarterly, Monograph Series C o n B N T Coniectanea biblica, New Testament C'rJ Calvin 77zeological Journal

DJ1) Discoveries in the Judaean Desert D S D Dead Sea Discoveries

ECDSS Eerdmans Commentaries on the Dead Sea Scrolls EstBib Ertudios biblicos

EUS European University Studies

FRLANT F o n c h u n g n zur Religion und Literacur des Alten und Neuen Testaments

FWJ F o n c h u n g n zur Wissenschati des Judenturns FzB Fonchungen zur Bibel

H B T Horizons in Biblicul 'Z'?zeology

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ISAIAH IN THE NEW l'hSTAMEN1

t4KAT Halldkonlt~lentar zurn Alten Testament 13NT Hat~dbuch zurn Neuen Testament HI ICY Hebrelu Utlrotr College Arlnrtal IBS I n ~ h Brblrral Studre3

ICC Internatronal C r ~ t l c a l Comn~entary 1EJ Israel Exploratron Journal

JBL

journal of Btblltr~l Lrtvrature J S Journal c f i v r s h Studrle~

INES Jo~trndl of Ncur Eaitcrtr Studlcs

~ Q K Jeun~h Quarterly Rev~ew

J‘?J

Journal for rCic Study ^c$Judarsm r n 1124 krsrati, N~llen~stlc and Ronlan 1Jenod

JSN.1' Jourttaljor the Study (?f title Estarrtent

JSNTSup Jc~trrnal-for tire Study gfthe hhc, Esmment, Supplerrlent Series J S O T Jourtml for tire Study OJ the Old Estament

JSOTSup Joctrtraljjr tlrc Study c f t i v Old Estament, Suppiernent Serles J S S Journal gfSc*ntrtrc Strcdres

J 7 5 Jourtrul4 7"heol(grial Studres KuD Kery~nra irnd Dogma

M N T C Moffatt New Testament Cotnrnentary

NA?- Nestle and Aland, hrovunr 'Testamenturn Graece (Stuttgart: Deuache Urbelgesellcchaft, 27th edn, 1993)

NCH New Century Brble

NET Neute\tamentlrche Enwurfe zur Theologre

N I C N T New lnterriaaollal Cornrner~tary or1 the New Testament NIGTC The New Ir~tertlatlonal Greek Testanlent Commentary N Novum 7irstnmentunr

Nov'I'Sup Novurn ?i.ctantctztum, Supplement Serres

N T D H Neukrrcherler theologrcche Dasertanonen und Habrl~tatlonen iV T S M w 'Estarnetrt Studres

OTKN'T Okumenrscher Ta~chenbuch kon~r~zenwr zum Neuer~ Testan~ent O T L Old Testament Llbrary

O T M Old Teqtarnent Mer5age

OTI' J H. Charlesworth, ed , Old Testantent Pirudepyrapha O T ~ (ludtestametitrsrhc Studretr

RahIFi A Rahlfs, ed , Septuagrrrta. Id est Mtus 'IFstanrenturngraece tructa LXX rtrterprctes (Stuttgrt: r>eutsche Urbelgesellschafi, 1935,1979) R B Rei~ue brbllque

RrvB Kj~rrsta brbltca

SBL Soc~ety of Brblrcal L ~ t e r a t u r e

SUL1>S SBL I>rs\ertatlon Serres SULSylrrS SUL Sy~nposlum Serrec;

SJLA Studrcs ¹¹¹Judarsnl 111 Late At~nqulty

SNTSMS Socrety for New Testament Studres Monograph Serles

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ABBREVIATIONS

ST STDJ S U N T SVTI' T D N I '

TFT

R n J T R u

TSAJ

TynHul

UBS4 CT VTSup W13C

i+"KI

W U N T

%A W Ziegler

Studrn theologrm

Studies on the Texts ofthe Desert ofJudah Studlen zur Umwelt dec Neuen Testament5 Studla in Veter15 T e s t a ~ ~ ~ e ~ i n pseudep~gnpha

Gerhard Klttel and Gerhard Frtedrlch, eds, 77reologtcal l>rirronary

of

rhr hFeu~ Tcstnmetir tr. Geoffrey W. Bromlley (10 vo1.i. Grand Raplds:

Eerdnuns, 1964-76)

Publlcatie.; van de Theologtsche Facultelt Ttlburg

Thwrty Journnl

Tlteol~tsche Rurrdschau

Teste und Studlen zunl Antlkerl Judenturn

'Tyncfale BltNettn

U n ~ t e d B~ble S o ~ l e t ~ e s ' Greek N e w Estanrrnt, 4th edn

k r u s Tesramentum

Verus zsrantentunt, Supplement Serles Word Rlbhcal Gomrnentary

We~rtntnsrer il7reologrial J(?urr~al

W~rsenschaftllche Unter5uchungn zurn Neuen Temlnent

fittscltrtftfur dre alttstatrterztlrihe U'rssensclrafr

J Zlegler, Irarcts (Septuagtnta Vetu\ Testamenturn Grdecum, XIV, Gonmge11: Vandenhae~k ^&R u p r e ~ h t , 3rd edn, 1983)

Zcrtsrlrriji fur die tieutrttan~ertrlrckr IV~ssenschafl B r r ~ i h n f i fur Theolo'qre und Krrrhe

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List of Contributors

RIcriAao BUTON 1s Assistant Professor of New Testament, Fuller Theologtcal Seminary, and author of Isaiah's Christ in Matthfu!'s ChpeI ( C a n ~ b r ~ d g e U n ~ v e r s ~ t y Press, 2002).

~ A R R E L L n. H A N N A H is a Research Fellow, Oxford Early C:hristian Gospels Project, and a Retained Lecturer in Theology, R n ~ b r o k e College, Oxford.

H e is author of iMithael and Christ: ,bfichde/ Traditions and Angel Christolqqy in Early Christianity (Mohr Siebeck, 1999).

MORNA D. HOOKER 1s the Lady Margaret's Professor Emerlta, Unlvers~ty of Can~brtdge, and Fellow of K o b ~ n s a n C:ollege, and author of n r e Gospel accord- ing to St. Mark (A&C Black, 1991).

BART J. K ~ E T , of the 13epartment of B~bllcal Snldles, Catholtc Theolog~cal Unlven~ty, Utrecht, as author of Frvtp Studres on the Inteyreratrotz 4,Gnpture In Luke-Acts (Peeters, 1989).

DAVID M A l H E W S o N 1s Assistant Professor of U~bl~cal Studles, Gordon CoUege, Massachusetts, and author of A New Henvm and Nav Earth: The hfeantng and Funrtrorz

of

the Old %tantent rn Revelatrorr 21.1-22.5 (Shefield Academtc Press, 2003).

J. C E C I L MCCULLOUGH 1s Professor of New Testament, Union Theolog~cal College, Belfast, and e d ~ t o r of Irish Rtbltcal Studres.

MAARTEN J.J. MENKEN is Professor of New Testament Exegesis at the Catholic Theological University, Utrecht, and author of h-latthac!'.~ Bible (Leuven University Press - Perten, ^2004).

SrEVE MOYISE IS Principal Lecturer In Tlreology, Un~vrrs~ty College Chlchester, and author of Ttre Old 7?stamunt rn the New (T&T Clark, 2001).

CHRISTOPHER T U C K E T ~ IS Professor of New Testament, Unlvers~ty of Oxford,and author of Q and the H~story oj'Eady Cltnsrranrty (T&T Clark, 1996).

J. ~ 0 9 s WAGNER 1s Assoc~ate Professor of New Testament, t'r~nceton T l ~ e o - logleal Sern~nary, and author o f Heralds of the Good Nnca. Paul avid lsarali 'Irz C o m r t ' rn the Letter to the Romans (Brill, 2002).

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ISAIAH IN THE NEW TESTAMENT

FLORIAN WILK is Professor of New Testament, Georg-August University, Gomngen, and author of Die Bedetttung desjesajabuches f i r Paulus (Vanden- hoeck & Ruprecht, 1998).

C:ATR~N N. WILLIAMS ^1sLecturer in New Testament, Keble College, Oxford, and author of 1 am He: The Intcrpntatiat~ of Ani Hd'in jcruish and Early Christian Literature (Mohr Siebeck, 2002).

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Introduction

It is surely n o coincidence that the books most tiequently quoted in the Jlead Sea Scrolls, namely Psalms, Isaiah and Ileuterononly, are also the books most frequently quoted in the New Testanlent. In this volume, the focus is on the book of Isaiah, whose influe~lce is everywhere it] the New Testan~erit documents. We find quotations concerning the birth of Jesus, his ministry and niission (and John the Baptist), his opponents, his rejection, his sacrificial death, the mission of the church, particularly the inclusion of the gentiles, and a host of issues facing the early church. We also find a host of allusions, and one could even say that certain central theological concepts, such as 'gospel', derive from Isaiah. It is not surprising that J.EA. Sawyer entitled his book on the influence of Isaiah in the history of Christianity, 77re I:!fih Gospel: Isaiulr in [/re History q f Christianity.'

111 Chapter 1 , Uarrell Hannah offers a survey of the use of Isaiah in Sccorld Temple Judaism. H e focuses his study on three passages which have particular relevance to the New Testament. First, the messiariic branch of tsa. 10:33- 11:10, which is found in several Q u n ~ r a n writings, various apocalypses, the I'salms qfSt)ktmot~ and the Sibyllitre 0racI.s. These texts aniply demonstrate the ir~iportance of Isa. 10:3.3-1 1:lO for conceptions of the Messiah and messianic age in various stra~lds of Judaism. Second, Isaiah's awesome vision of God, recorded in Isaiah 6, appears in various apocalypses, later Hekhalot literature and in two prayen. In addition, the Qed14J;tlt ('Holy, Holy, Holy') from Isa.

6:3 plays an important role in Jewish liturgy, though the origins of this are much debated. Third, the so-called Servant songs (Isa. 42:l--4; 49:1-6; 50:4-9;

52: 1.3-53: 12) occur in both messianic and non-messianic texts, thol~gh Hannah concurs with former scholarship that nowhere is vicdrious sufferirtg ever attributed to this figure.

In the Syr~optic gospels, key passages are Isa. 5:l-2,6:9-10.29: 13,34:4,40:3 and 56:7. Mark's gospel, studied here by Morna Hooker, opens with a (rnixed) quotation from Isa. 40:3 ('Prepare the way of the Lord') and sonic scholars believe this provides the tkanlework for understanding the whole book ('The beginning of the good news . . . is written in Isaiah the prophet'). The next

' _{J f}_A_\.iwqcr, l71r I rfrh ( ~ c p e l I~at'rlr tn rhc Iitrror). of ('hrrrrmrttrg (C dlnbrliige C arlrhr~dge UIII-

\entry IJrss, 1')Oh)

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ISAIAH IN THE NEW 'TESTAMENT

quotation occurs in the parables chapter, where Mark draws o n the words of Isaiah's colnnlission (Isa. 6:9-10) to explain the blindness of 'outsiders'. Isa.

29:13 is used to accuse the Pharisees o f hypocrisy in Mark 7:6-7, and the parable of the tenants (Mark 12:l-11) draws on the allegory of the vineyard (Isaiah 5) to assert that the owner 'will come and destroy the tenants and give the vineyard to others' (Mark 12:9). Isa. 34:4 provides some o f the colour for the apocalyptic scenario in Mark 13, while Jesus' action in the temple is explained by a combined quotation of Isa. 56:7 ('My house shall be called a house of prayer far all the nations') and Jer. 7:11 ('But you have made it a den of robbers'). As Hooker points out, the interpretation of these words has a significant effect on one's understanding ofJesus' mission. There are possible allusions to Isaiah elsewhere. As long ago as 1959, Hooker challenged the comnlon assumption that Mark is basing his portrait ofJesus o n the Suffering Servant of Isaiah 53,' and she sees no reason to revise that conclusion.

T h e additional Isaiah ~naterial that appears in both Matthew and Luke is co~nnionly explained by reference to a lost source known as Q, arid this niaterial is surveyed by Cllristopher Tucken. Here, the most important text is Isaiah 61. In an episode where John the Baptist sends messengers to ask whether Jesus is the 'one who is to come', Jesus is said to reply: 'Go and tell John what you have seen and heard; the blind receive their sight, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, the poor have good news brought to them' (Lk. 722). The first half of this saying draws o n Isa.26:19,29:18-19 and 35:% but the final clause comes h m Isa.61:I. It has also been suggested that this text might lie behind some of the beatitudes where blessings are pronounced o n the poor and those who mourn. Some scholars think this is sufficient evidence for attributing the use of Isaiah 61 to the historical J ~ s u s , ~ though the focus of this chapter is o n the Q document.

The quotations from Isaiah in Matthew's gospel an: discussed by Richard 13eaton. Manhew borrowed Isaiah quotations h m Mark (Isa. 40:3 in Matt.

5 3 ; Isa. 6:9-10 in Matt. 13: 13; Isa. 29: 13 in Matt. 15:8-9; Isa. 5 6 7 in Matt.

2 1 : 1 3; Isa. 13: 10.34 in Matt. 24:29), but he also inserted several himself, as part of the characteristically Matthean series of fulfilment quotations (Isa. 7:14 in Matt. 1 :23; Isa. 8:23b-L): 1 in Man. 4: 15-1 6; Isa. 5 3 4 in Man. 8: 17; Isa. 42: 1 - 4 in Matt. 1218-21). Beaton focuses upon the functional and theological role of the quotations from Isaiah in Matthew. All of them, but in particular the fulfilme~lt quotations, have both a christological and an eschatological func- tion and significance. They show Jesus to be the Messiah of a11 Israel to which gentiles can now also belong, the Son of God to whom God has given his Spirit, the compassionate Servant who heals the sick; in a l l these qualities, he is the one who inaugurates the Kingdom of God. T h e citations are not mere

'

_M.1)_Hooker,_JCSIIS_{and rhe}_.%\i.nanr_(London:_S1'C:K. _1959).

' J.I>.C;. l)unri, -\em Kmcmbvrcd (London: T&T Clark, 2 0 0 3 , p. 448

2

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proof-texts, but the results of early Christian and especially Matthean exegesis of Isaiah.

Q's use of lsaiah 61 is greatly expanded in Luke's gospel, where Jesus is said t o read this very passage in a synagogue service and pronounce, 'Today, this scripture has been hlfilled In your hearing' (Lk. 4:21). In fact, the quoted text o m t s a phrase from Isa. 61:l and ~ntroduces a phrase fiom Isa. 58:6, maklng it exmmely unlikely that we have the exact words ofJecuc. Bart Koet explores what this nnght mean for Luke and his readers In hic chapter o n Luke-Actc. lsalah 58 warns the people against prous observance whrle neglect- ing the poor. According to Koet, Luke nlcludes thls text because he hopes the rich will be persuaded t o give away their possessions. In Luke-Acts, the influence of lsaiah 5 3 is not in doubt, for there is an episode where a certain eunuch h m Ethiopia is reading this very text and asks Philip, 'Does the prophet say thrs about himself or about tonleone else?' (Acts 8 3 4 ) . We are not told what Phtllp sald but 'searnng from the scrrpture, he proclaimed to hlm the good news about Jesus' (Acts 8:35). In 22:37 ('For 1 tell you, thls scripture must be fillfilled In me, "And he was counted among the lawlms"'), Luke quotes froni Isa. 53:12. There are also quotations of Isa. 66: 1-2 (Acts 7:49), Isa 55.3 (Actc 1334). Isa 49% (Acts 13:47) T h e book ends wrth an extended quotation of ha. 69-10. now applred to those who reject Paul's preachrng.

John's gospel shares two of the lsaiah texts quoted in the other gospels (Isa.

6:lO; 4 0 3 ) though, as Catrin Willianis points out, they are used sonlewhat differently. The gospel also contains explicit quotations of Isa. 54:13 (John 6:45) and 5 3 1 (John 12:38). T h e forirler is in the 'bread of life' discourse and appears rather general ('And they shall all be taught by God'). Williams says the quotation 'is not only to be understood with reference to Jesus' own w o d 5 (6:4-2-16), but the protnise of a new kind of teaching, whose content is true knowledge of God, is said to find its fulfilnient in Jesus'.' The quotation of Isa. 53: 1 ('who has believed our message?') occurs just before the quotation of Isa. 6:lO.leading to the tantalizing statenlent that 'Isaiah said this because he saw his glory and spoke about him' (John 12:41). This could suggest that what Isaiah saw in his teniple vision \vas the pre-existent Jesus but Williams prefers the explanation that Isaiah foresaw the glory ofJesus' earthly life.

Two scholars consider the use of Isaiah in R u l . J. Ross Wagner draws o n his receiit nlonograph t o surnmarizs the use o f Isaiah in ~ o m a n s . ' The main Isaiah texts quoted in Ronlans are 1 :9 (Korn. 929); 8: 14 (Ronl. 933); 10:22- 23 (Ram. 9:27-28); 1 1 : 10 (Kom. 15: 12); 27:') (l\orn. 1 1 :2&27); 28: 16 (Roi11.

9:33/10: 1 1); 28:22 (llom. 9:27-28); 29: 10 (Roin. 11:s); 4 5 2 3 (Koni. 14:ll);

5 2 5 (Ronl. 224); 52:7 (Icom. 10: 15); 52: 15 (Rom. 1521); 53: 1 (Rom. 10: 16);

' Chapter 6, p ion

J Kcxr Wagner I.-lnuldc o/ tlrr (&%d ^\a6U~trl 41nd Imah I n ( rrwrrr t n rht Irrfrr to rl~r Komarrr (NovTTup 101, Lrrden Wr~ll, 2(XI?)

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ISAIAH IN THE NEW TESTAMEN1

59:7-8 (Kom. 3: 15-17); 59:20-21 (Konl. 1 1:26-27); 65: 1-2 (Rom. 10:20- 21). Fro111 thls extensive IN, Wagner concludes that 'Paul turns to I s a ~ a n ~ c texts that speak of Israel's dellverance b n i judgement and exzle and findc there prophenc prefipratzons both o f d ~ e redemption God has now accomphshed for Jews and gentile? in Chrrst and of the rnleslon of those called to proclalnl

<;ad's salvation to the ends of the earth1.* Wagner also discusses the of Isa. 54: 1 in tlie Sarah and Hagar allegory of Galatians 4.

Florian Wilk discusses the Isaiah nlaterial in the Corinthians corrrspond- ence. T h e two letters contain four marked quotations (Isa. 2 9 1 4 in 1 Cor.

1:1% lsa. 28:11-12 in 1 Cor. 1421; lsa. 25:X in 1 Cor. 15:54; Isa. 49:8 in 2 Cor.

0:2), and four quotation-like allusions (Isa. 40: 13 in 1 Cor. 2 1 6 ; Isa. 4 5 1 4 in 1 Cor. 1425; Isa. 22: 13 in 1 Cor. 15:32; Isa. 9: 1 [2j in 2 Cor. 4 6 ) . Seven other allu\ronc ceern to be probable W ~ l k potnu out that In the Instances dlscu.rsed by hlni, Paul ha\ thoroughly lntcgrated the Old Testament mater~als and Interpreted tlteni In accordance wlth t h e ~ r contexts. In Rul's vlew, lsa~ah pn)pliecler refer to Chrlstlan realltles sucf~ as God's savlng act In Chrlst, Paul's apoctolate or the pantucla

A\ J C e c ~ l McCullough states at the beginning of h ~ s chapter o n Hebrews, rt I\ surprlslng that out of 24 e x p l r ~ ~ t quotatronc, only one cori1e.i h n i the hook of lcalah (IQ 8.17-1 8 In Heb 2 13) However, thls 1s not the whole ctory and McCullough also dlscclsses some significant allusions (Isa. 1:11 in Heb.

9: 13; lsa. 2h:ZO ln Heb. 10:37; Isa. 3 5 3 in Heb. 12: 12; Isa. 45: 17 in Heb. 5 9 ; lsa.

5 3 1 2 in Heb. 9:2X). As for the quotation. the author of Hebrews strangely nlzertc the phrase, 'And agarn', tn the rntddle of the quotatton, as t i he were br~nglng together two d~spar.lte texts ('"I w ~ l l put my trust In him.'"

And a g a ~ ~ i , "Here an1 I and the chtldren whom God ha5 glveri me"')). T h e quotation ralces numerctus I ~ n ~ m ~ s t ~ c and hernleneutlcal Issues.

As Steve Moylse notes, for ~ t c \ ~ z e , 1 1s on a par wlth I<omans for lu frequency oiquotat~onc from lsa~ah They are ~nalnly drawn b nwell-hewn ~

\ C L ~ I O I I \ of I\arah, such ac Irarali 8, 1 I , 28.40 and 53 However, there art, solile point\ of Interest The quotation tin111 lca~ah 40 IF not tiom v 3 ('Prepare the w q ' ) but vv. 6-8 ('all people are l ~ k e gra\\'), a contract to the 'llvlng and c-ndur~ng word of God' (1 Pet. 1 23) The occurrence of the 'ctone' texts (Isa.

28.1618 14). whlcli also occur 111 ILom 9 3 3 and share some dlstinctlve vocabulary, \uggests a common source \uch ac a tectlrnony book or collection of proof-textc. 1 I'eter ~ l \ o Lontalns one of the few explanations In the New Te\tament for how prophecy cmie about ('the prophets who prophtr~ed of the grace that wac to he youre ~ n a d e careful search and Inquiry, lnqulrtng about the penon or nnie that the 5p1rlt of Chrnt w~thrn them lnd~cated when

i t ts.it~fieci In advance . . .')

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INTRODUCTION Lastly, David Mathewson considers the Isaiah material i r ~ the book of Revelation. There are n o explicit quotations in Revelation but the book is saturated with allusiorls and echoes. Mathewson discusses the Isaiah material under four headings: visionary experience and language (Isaiah 6 ) ; christological titles and descriptions (Isaiah 11,22,41,44,48,49,63,65); eschatological judgement (Isaiah 2,21,23,34,47,50,52); eschatological salvation (Isaiah 25,

43,49,54-55,60-61,65). He concludes that 'texts about Cod are now applied to Christ, and texts which origi~lally applied to Israel now apply to the transcultural people of God, the church'.'

It seems that the large majority of the quotations from the book of Isaiah in the New Testarrlexlt comes h r n the LXX

-

which is only what one would expect with first-century authors writing in Greek for a Greek-speaking audience. It is, of course, much more difficult to establish the textual affinities o f allusions, but here as well the LXX seems to have been the major source.

Nevertheless, there are some instances where influer~ce of the Hebrew text can be den~onsmted, or where there are ind~canons that the author niade use of a LXX text that had been revlsed towards the Hebrew. New Testament writers also modified their Isaiah text when modification was necessary in their eyes; on the whole, this process of change and the devices used in it d o not sigrlificantly differ from what was accepted it1 contemporary Judaism.

What differs is ofterl the theological motive behirld the alterations.

The editors are aware that the present collection of essays does not cover the use of Isaiah in the entire New Testament. Nestle-Alar~d'~ corlsiders Jarnes 5:4 ('to the ears of the Lord of hosts') to be a quotation of Isa. 5:9, and 2 Pet. 3: 13 ('new heavens and a new earth') to be a quotation of Isa. 65: 17/66:22. Wow- ever, o ~ d y a few other allusions are listed in James and 2 Peter and so it was declded not to ~nclucie chapters on these Ephesra~ls tn ~ g h t have qualrfied, wlth over a dozen or co alluc~ons I~\ted, but then we could easlly find double or treble t h ~ s number of alluc~onc In the bookc reprewnted here. The New Testatnent writings that have been included are those in which lsa~ah plays a major role, and so this coUectior~ gives an accurate overview of the significance of Iqaiah in the New Testalllent.

Chrptcr l I . p 2tlo

" NA" Itar $even aU~lrlon< 111 li2 Thmulonnns.fimr ln the P.wtoral eprrtlo, ttircc In I'h~l~pp~atir, two in C o l o ~ u m and one cac h In 1 John and Jude

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Chapter 1

Isaiah within Judaism of the Second Temple Period

Darrell D. Hannah

It is a revealing fact that the two Old Testament books most often cited or alluded to in the New Testament, the books of I3alms and Isaiah, are also among the three Old Testament books best attested at Qumran: portions o f 3 6 different copies of the book of Psalms, 29 ofDeuteronomy and 21 of the book of Isaiah have been recovered &om the eleven caves in and around Wadi Qumran.' Interestingly, Deuteronomy joins Psaln~s and Isaiah as the OT books most often utilized by N T authors if allusions are neglected and citations alone are counted.' That ^twovariant forms of Judaism, i.e., early Christianity and Qumran Essenisn~, in their different ways, attached such importance to the Psalnm, 13euteronomy and Isaiah, testifies eloquently to the usefulness and authority of these books within Second Temple Judaisnl as a whole.

In what follows, I shall examine the book of Isaiah within Second Tenlple Judaism, excluding early Christianity. This examination will, of necessity, have to be brief and can in no sense claim to be comprehensive. It will, however, provide an illustrative guide to the significance and influence of the book thought to contain the prophecies of Isaiah son of Amoz within the multifari- ous Judaisn~s of the period just before and during which the documents of the New Testament were written.' This overview will concentrate o n three

'

_{J C}VartderKarii. Thr &ad ^'ipoh l l , hduy (Grand Raptds, MI Eerdmas, 1994). pp 30-32. (;

Vermes. An Innnduchon ro rhr <:on~plrre I h d k a &rolls (I ondon \CM Prerr), pp 172-77 However.

grven the trapnetitary IIlNre ot riiurt ot the biblr~al nianuscripa hnni Qurnnn.these numbers tntrst he trertcd w ~ t h wmc cautton Thrre always rcma~ns the pnurhrhty that h-agxi~enu wlii'h are now regarded rs horn mffrrrnt scmllr or~gttially bclonged to one and die wnre scroll. espcctallv d ~ r i o r e t h m one r*-rtbc ~5 tnvulved m tlie pmducuoa of that scroll Note the helpfill comtnena of E Tov, 'The Text of lutrh at Quoiran'. tn C C' Dntylt-i and (' A Evaru, eds. Minrtt{q and Redtnfl rhr SooN of lsalah Yrudres oJan ltiurpwrtl*: Imdtrton (VTSup 70 2. Leiden B r a . 1997). p 491. n 1

The nve~ity-seventh ediuotr of the Nesde-Almd Novutn Iesramrnrum Gmer (NA") ha 110 cit- aoons of the Psahas, 103 of Isaiah and 54 of Deuterooor~iy Getirsls a i d Evojus follow with 4) and 45. mpecnvely Accordml: to NA"', when alluaom art mcluded, both C;enma arrd Faodus tltghdy oumuniber Deutrmnoniy

' _Althoitgh_{thry ur}to he dated aftcr the rtestrucuon of the tcniple, becanre ofthetr rffimty w t h texts from the \econd Tettiple pcrtod I wll tnclude m thu essay ducuv~oti of 4 Ezra, 2 &mu11 and the Apdlypse oJ Abraltant n u s , the niajortty of ewdente exanuned hem falls wtthrri the perrod 200 a<

to AD I(Wf

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lsaianic passages whose infltre~lce is anlong the greatest and most widespread:

0:l-13; 10:33-11:10; and the so-called Servant songs (42: 1-7; 49:l-9a;

.50:4-11 and 53: 1.2-53: 12). These passages are also among the most in~portant Isaianic texts for the New Testanlent authors and early Christianity generally. I will begin, however, with a succinct discussion ofwhat we can know,and what we cannot, regarding the text of Isaiah in the Second Temple period, giving special attention to the manuscripts discovered in the Judean desert in the middle part of the twentieth century. A more extended examination will then be given to the Isaianic passages just mentioned.

'ntc Test of the Book of billah trr rhc Second Temple Penod

As stated above, the caves tn and around Qumran have yrelded 21 Afferent cop1e.r of the book of Isa~ah. Elghteen of these have come from Cave 4 ( 4 Q 5 5 4 9 b = 4QIra"

3,4

one froni Cave 5 (5Q3)$ and two, arguably the most famous, h n Cave 1 (lQlsal; 1Ql5.1'3.~ Another fragment h m Murabba'at ~ shoi~ld be ~rlcluded (Mur 3),' although t h ~ s lnanuscrlpt cannot be connected w ~ t h the community of Quri~ran. Most of thete 22 marluscrlpts are very fiabm~entary, oken prewrvlng no more than a few lrnes of text. For example, the nvo pleces of leather w h ~ c h make up 4Q62a (= 4QIsa1) preserve n o more than 24 words or parts of words from Isa 56:7-8 and 57:5-8. 4Q69a (=

JQlcaq), 4Q69b (= 4QIsa') and 5Q3 are even more snslgrnficant, contalnlng only five, three and seven wor&\, or parts of words, h r n Isa. 54:lO-13,30:23 arid 40:16, 18-14). respectively. At the other end of the scale, nearly the whole of the book 15 to be found In the most fatnous copy of Isa~ah h m Qumran, IQlta" T h ~ s , the second longest of all the scrolls from the Judran desert?

except for a few small lacunae and erasures, preserves every word of the book.

In between there reman the substannal portlonc of lQlsah, and, to a letser degree, 4Q56 (= 4Qlsa9, 4Q57 (= 4QIsa') and 4Q58 (= 4Qlsa7. Chrono- log~cally thece textual wttnetrec to the book of lsarah ttretch f i n 1 c. 100 BC

(lQlcaa) to the p e r ~ o d of the F ~ n t Jewlsh Revolt (Mur 3).'

' \ec I'W \heknrr nnd E Ulrtclr in F Ulrrch rr a1

.

eJs. Qrrntmrt (3arv 4 X Iht f+oplr~rs (DJV XV.

<)\ford ( ' l r ~ r r d o n I ' r ~ s , 19Y7), pp 7-111 It should be noted that all t h e mnuwrrptr arc nude of Irntt~rr, r u q ~ t JQh'i (= 4Qpaplufi. w h ~ ~ h IS orr papyru\

\ee J T Mllrk in M Balllet. J T Mthh and K dc Vaou, Lcs jwrrltv prres' d~ Qrmrarr (1)JI) Ill, Oufi>rd C l a ~ t l d o r ~ Pres. lYh2).p 173

lQ1ul has ~ C I I publ~~lred rio l e s than three tlrnes. tnmt mc eritly by I> W Parry and E Q r m n . 7hr (.r~rlr I~arah kr111l (IQfta") A .\'?A, 1 drrrorr (Lerdcrt Rrdl, 1991)) 1(21uh w a pithluhed by E L

\ukcnrh. Ihr &ad .ha Crollr o(rhc Hrbmc, I Strr.nrtry Urruulcni M A ~ I C S P r r u l T h e Hebrew Unr-

\rrrrty. 1955). pp 10-31. Plates 1-15

I' Beno~t. J F M l l ~ k and R de V ~ u x Lrr yrorrri de MuraMMLr (I)JI) 11, (IxfimI ('larrnthn I'rcrs.

1 9 6 l ) , p p 79-80

" Onlv thc Trrtrplr \~rnll (I IQlO) IS longer

\re P W Flrrrt Thr I \ ~ r r h \crt>lb t n r o ~ thr Jtrdean I>csm' In Rmylcr and Evara. Clfnrtnf a d Kntd~tt* pp 4814')

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ISAIAH WITHIN JUDAISM OF THE SECOND TEMPLE PERIOD

It is difficult to overemphasize the importance of these finds for our understanding of the text of Isaiah. Prior to the discovery of 1Qlsa" we were dependent on copies n o earlier than the ninth, tenth and eleventh centuries for the Hebrew text of Isaiah. I refer above all to Codex Cairensis of the Prophets copied in 895 ^AD,the Aleppo Codex, which dates h nthe first half ~ o f the tenth century, and Codex Leningradensis h m 1008 ^AD.'" With the great Isaiah scroll we obtained a witness a thousand years earlier than these medieval manuscripts. The first and most obvious gain for the textual criticism of Isaiah occasioned by these discoveries was the evidence it afforded for the great antiquity of the Masoretic text (MT). T h e second Isaiah scroll fi-om cave 1 contains a text for all intents and purposes equivalent to the MT." This is not to say that there are n o differences between 1 Q1sab and the MT; it is to say that what differences d o exist are nearly all minor.l2 The same is true for most of the manuscripts h m cave 4. Among those of some length, 4Qlsa" 4QIsah, 4QIsad, 4Qlsac, 4Qlsa'and 4QIsa" all stand particularly close to M T in terms of test. Most of the others, 4Q1sah', 5 4 3 and Mur 3, are too fragmentary to be certain, but also seen1 to be related to the MT. O f the mar~uscripts tiom cave 4, only 4QIsaC stands somewhat apart.'"All this points conclusively to the antiquity of the text of Isaiah f ~ e d by the Masoretes.

O n the other hand, both 1Qlsa"nd 4Q1saC, while probably not representing a distinct text-type, differ in a number of details h r n the MT. T h e vast majority of these differences are either (1) due to scribal errors or (2) onho- graphical and, less often, tnorphological. Chief among the orthographical and morphological variants is the use of consonants, especially the yod and mu!, as niatres lectiotzir, i.e., consonants indicating vowel sounds. These differences, of course, are of lirrlited significance for textual criticism. Indeed, there is good reason to suppose that this plFnnP (or full) spelling, which is typical of 'virtually all the Q u n ~ r a n sectarian writing',14 reflects the pronunciation current when these scrolls were copied.'' Nonetheless,even when these orthographical vari- arlts are set aside, 1Q1saA and 4QIsa' kequently go their own way vis-d-vis the M T and one another. The plethora of 'true', and not ~ r ~ e r e l y orthographic,

'

_SeeE Wurthucrr~. 7hc &n 01 I/IC Old f~cwmmr An Itttrodttrrrott fo Bbltrt Hebmrrrr, tr E F Khodn (Lond,>tt %'M, 1970). pp 1 2 4 I

" 50 already Sukenrk, Ikud .%d .%OIL-, pp 30-31 CC also Tov. 'Text of Isnah', pp 505-07

" Prohdbly the orrly one ofany ulpllfrcance otrurs a t 53 I I the M I',\upp>rted hy the Syrtac Pcsh~ttn.

the Latm Vulgate drad the Tarptri, reads ;Is7 WQJ ('Otrr of hn aaguah be shall see _') IQIla', l Q l u b 2nd 4QIsaa all agme that YHWH's servarrt wrll 'see Irght' nn ;IKV ~ ~ l l l hlY1).

except that 1Qlw' h a the plFnF spellrng of ;mtm, There IS also a srrl~ll lacuria m 4QIu" hut

IU reamng a not tn doubt The addrnor~ of - ~ c ('lrght') fin& wrnc +upport u1 the L n &no roC novov rq; vu~fi; aOro\i, 6~1t,ar aOrQ ('Out o f the ariprah of hrs qoul, he w r show to hrni light .)

"

Fee To\. 'Text ot twrat~'. p 507

"

XIV, 'Text of la~ah', p SOX, etnphas~s orrgrn~l

"

^{\re cxp}F Y Kuscber. 71tr l ~ n q t ~ y r and 1~11$1curlr Rukqmund ofrltr batalt $1011 (IQIsd) (Lerden Wr111. 1074)

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variant realngs offered by the great Isaiah scroll caused no little excitement in academic studies and the popular press following the initial partial publications of 1Qlsa" Some suggested that the unique readings of the nlanuscript had a claim to originality." However, in a series of articles, H.M. Orlinsky subjected a nunlber of the scroll's variants to critical scrutiny and concluded that the text of 1 QIsaa is secondary to that of M T and represents a debasing or vulgarizing of the M T text." Orlinsky's arguments carried the day and had the effect of regulating 1Qlsa" to the nether world of textual studies. Many today would still agree with his assessment. Thus, Emnlanuel Tov refers to the 'liberties' which the scribes of 1Qlsa' and 4QIsa' took in their copying.'n Others, however, would argue for the need to re-assess tQIsaa and its unique readings.

Hoegenhaven, for example, holds that '[nlo direct dependence between 1 QIsaa and M T can be demonstrated', and he would urge that it is 'highly probable that' 1 Q I s a h n d M T 'reflect traditions closely int~rrelated'.'~ If he is right, then there exists a greater possibility that some of the many variant readings of lQlsaa could be rnore original than Orlinsky allowed.

However, it is clear that while 1QIsa' and 4QIsaC may not be as closely related to M T as the other manuscripts from cave 4, they are nonetheless broadly speaking 'Masoretic' in text-type. Hoegenhaven would describe M T and t Q l s a b s representing two branches of the same family tree.N' Orlinsky would see 1 Q l s a h s a debased and corrupt copy of a proto-Masoretic exem- plar." Either way, we have to d o with basically the same text-type. In this regard, the state of text of the book of Isaiah &verges significantly tiom that of, say, the books of Samuel or Jeremiah, or even the I'entateuch. In the case of Samuel, for example, the LXX preserves a non-Masoretic form of text, a form of text now known to go back to a Hebrew firlage, for it is also found in 4QSamb. Similarly, the two text-types of the book ofJeremiah, one found in the M T and the other in the LXX, were both current at Qumran." For Isaiah,

" _{E g}_,_WIlauitlgdrtncr. 1)er pddsunr\che tidn~ischrrheniund. Zwe~tcr Ber~cht'. 7 R e 19 (Ic)51), pp 97-154, held that whrlc rnort of the vdrrrnt readlogs of 1Qlsa' were clearly secondtry, mm).

deserved scrrous anenoon

" H M Orlrnsk), 'Ftu&ca III \t Mark'% Im a h Srn~ll'JH1.69 (19501,pp I4V-(A. 'Stu&cs In St Mark's

luilh \cmll I I YISWAHI ' 111 42 11'. JM.5 1 1 (1952). pp 153-56. '\tu&er u? 'it Mark'% Isaiah k m l l I l l Masnrco< ;rm 111 lurdh XLII,25',J\ 2 (1050-51).pp 151-54,'Stu&m m Ct Mark's luiah

\cn>ll IV'JQR 43 (1952-53),pp 32WO.'Studte\ in St Mark's lslirh kmll V.IEJ4 (1%4),pp i-

X,and 'Studies in St Mark's I u ~ a h \cn)ll VI', H11(3A 25 (IY54).pp 85-92 Lf also dle conclusion of

Kumhcr. Lirnfuaqc and hr~fluuru &ukpund, pp 2-3 'Vov. 'Te~t oflurah.' p 508

" J Hoegei~hawn. 'The Fust I ~ i a h \cmU irorn Qunrran (IQls3 rrrd the M r s o m c Text Soine

Reflccuorr* with \pecial Regard to Inrdr I-IZ'.J.\OI 28 (1984). pp 17-15, quoung p 31 Cf aha S Talrnon.'l>\la rq d Wru~e*. to Ancrent Exegesis o f t l ~ e Umk ofIsatah',AS711 (1962). pp 62-72

" Hoepenhavm. 'Tlrc Frnt Isaiah \<rolls p 31 ' Orhnky. '\tudrrr 1'. p 151

'' According to E To\ r n Ulrich t-r trl

.

^Qumran<:at.* 4 X, pp 141-207,4(UeS" are pmto-Masoreuc.

while 4QJerhd arc clcrscly related to the Hrhrcm tcvt wllrch stood hehlnd the LXX's vemon of Jcrerrnah

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ISAIAH WITHIN JUDAISM OF THE SECOND TEMPLE PERIOD

even in the case of the LXX, the translator must have worked, at least partially, tiom a Masoretic or Masoretic-like text, although he niay also have had access to a different recension of the Hebrew." The fact that all the manuscripts of Isaiah from the Judean desert either preserve texts which are clearly proto- Masoretic (lQlsah, 4Qlsaa."dq or are related to the M T (1Qlsa" 4QIsac)), and that even the

LXX

in most cases renders the MT, should not lead us to the conclusion that no other recension o f the Hebrew text of Isaiah existed. We sinlply cannot know that. We can know that the text of Isaiah circulated in a Inore homogeneous form than other books of the Hebrew Bible and that the Masoretic text reaches back, at least, to the second century BC.

Isaiah 10:33-11:10

I turn now to a rnore detailed examination of some passages in the book of Isaiah whose influence was particularly felt in varied forms of Second Temple Judaism. I b e g n with one-of the most frequently cited and influential-of

biblical messianic texts, Isaiah 10:33-11: 10. This farnous passage is alluded to or cited in a variety of Second Temple period works, ranging from composi- tions of the Qumran conlmunity (1QSb; 4QpIsa" 4Q228) to the Psalms of Solomotl to various apocalypses (including the Similitudes ofEnoclr, 2 Baruch and 4 Ezra), to the third Sibyllirre OracC. It is possible that the earliest allusions to Isaiah 11 already occur in Deutero-Isahh: 11.2 in 42:l and 11:4 in 49:l-2.

Even if these are deemed uncertain, there can be no question about the use o f 11 :6-9 by Trito-Isaiah (65:25).'" The latest use would be that of 4 Ezra o r 2 Baruch, both of which date fmm amund the beginning of the second century

AD. It comes as no surprise, given the content of 10:3.3-11: 10, that each of our sources, with the exception of Deutero-Isaiah, understands this passage to speak of a/the Messiah and/or the 'messianic' age. The Davidic lineage, the blessing of Yahweh's spirit which this figure enjoys, the ease with which he dispatches his enemies, the righteousness which characterizes his judgements, and the utopian conditions which accompany his reign all make this an obvious reading.

The naniralness of such an lnterpretatlon ^wasnot lost o n the scholar5 and scribes of the Q u ~ n r a n community. In the Rultl

oJ'

Blessrtrgs (lQSb), for

" \ec csp I L Seelrpann, The .kpruug~nr L'mon of bat& A Duwstcw o f ~ r i h M c ~ n r (Lerden Brtll, 1'148). pp 58-64 Seehgtrunn allows that there arc place where the best cxplanaaon ofthc LXX a that the translator had hetore htm r Hebrew text lffercrit fiom the MT Nonethelw, other p a u a q den~omtntc he tliust haw had accm to the MT Cf also Tov, 'Text oilwwh', p 508.and A varr der Ki>orj, 'lurah 111 the Septua~nt', rn Boyln and Evans. Wnfrug 'tud Rtadrnq, pp 517-18

" So, e g

.

⁽Wcsternunn, Iratah 40-66, n D M G Stalker (OTL. Phrkdclphra Wcsmunstcr Press.

IVhV),pp 410-I1

"

Unless otherwise rated, all quotations h n t Qunmn rnatcrd come h m C; Gdrc~a Martiriex m d E J C T~gchelrar, edr and m, f i e 1kd Sea .%/Is Study Edttto~ (2 vols. Lcidrn Brill. 1997. 1998)

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ISAIAII IN THE NEW TESTAMENT

example, the blessing for 'the P r ~ n c e of the C o n g m g t ~ o n ' conslsts In large measure of an adaptation of Isaiah 1 1 :2-5:

70 bless the prrnce ofthe congregatron, [May] the Lord rat[5e vlou to an everlasung he~yht.ltke a fortt[fied] tower upon a cnsed rampart May you he 1 ] wrth the power of your [nrouth ) With your scepter may you lay wdste the earth Wlth the breath of your hpc nlav you klU the wcked May he grve [you a splrtt of counlsel and of werlasung fortttude. .irprr~t of knowledge and fear of God May jusuce be the belt of [your lolm, and loyaltly the belt of your hrps (tQ5b [= 1 Q28b1, w 20,2326)

The K u k of Blcssrng, 1s. of course, found on the same ccroll as the Rule of the (,'clrntrrrtnlty (IQS) and the 41/lrssrar~rc Rule or Rule afthe rhaongregacron (IQSa), whrch wac copled sonieonie around 100-75 ~ c , " although the date o f the actual composltlon of these documents 1s undoubtedly earher. It 1s generally recobm~zed that 'the P r ~ n c e of the Congregat~on' and 'the i'rlnce ofthe whole Congregat~on' are t1tle5 for the 1)avidlc Mess~ah specific to the Quniran conlmunlty The latter appears 111 the Damascus Document (CI) A ~11.20- vrn 3)" and the Iihr Scroll (v 1 ) In contexts which are amenable to a rnecslanlc reacilng A\ we shall see, the t ~ d e also appears in the two other texts whlch quote Isa 10 3.3-1 1 10 At any rate, the eschatological anterpretatlon of lsa~ah 10-1 1 by the author of IQSb nc clear from the context. It a expected that 'the I'rlnce of the Congregat~on' will renew the covenant and establish 'the klng- cioni of hlr people for ever' (v 21) T h ~ r and other deal]\ have led come Interpreters to vlew the blescnlp conta~ned In thls docunlent as reserved for use In the eschatolog~cal age

''

Others, however, suspect ~t w a s used by the conlnlunlty rn a prolept~c manner

''

However that Is decldcd, ~t 15 clear the author of The Kult. ofBlf~~~rr\qc found 111 lra~ah 11 a proof text for the I)avld~c Mecs~ah'c advent, htc conquest of the earth, his endowment w ~ t h the S p ~ r l t of God and h ~ c juct and faithful character

A very srnlilar Interpretation IS atte\ted 111 the M'ar Rule (44285 5 ) T h ~ s docurnetit I\ now thought to be related in some way to the CZ/ar LC;,i)ll, perhaps a p o r t ~ o r ~ of it\ loct e n d ~ n ~ . ' " Ifso. it could date anywhere horn the second half

'' EM. (:n>rs. 'The ~'a1nec~rapl1rc.d l L ) t c ~ of tile Md1111ur1pts'. rrr J.H. Charleswvorth rt dl., cds, 7hc I)ctrd .+,I Swllr: firhhnri .4n111rurr. 'jtrd Gmk 7irx.o riath lirflrsh Pdnibriom. 1. llv K r k of tlrc (:om- mtrrrrrr m d Kclarvcf Ikuu~nrno (Tohrnycrrr: Mohr Srcbc.ck, lCH4), p. 57. Cf .dso M.A. Knthb, 'Ihc Qumrorr ~~ommrrnrry ((:rmbrrdp: (:drllhrrdgc Urnvcnrty I'rru. IYX?), p. 78.

" Thrr parlsyc Appears 111 rnorr than orrc fbrrrr: In 4Q266 3 111.21-25 the text IS vrrtirally rdcnncal to

thnt 111 (:I) A v11.20Lvnr.3; (:I> fl XIS I l b l 3 , lrowcvcr, drtfcrs ~ubstantrrlly and t l ~ c rcfcrmcc to 'the Prrrrcc o f t h e wltolc (:onyrcgdrron' t i replaced hv onc to the Meurah(s) o f h m n and lurel.

" So J. r. Mrhk. In 1>J1> I. p. 120; and L.H. Srhltfnran, KmI~trinr~~ [Ire Dczrd Sm Scn~lls: 7hor ;Clearrrt{f,for Jr,d,nsfn nrrd ~rrrsrrart~ry (ARRL; New York. I h)trhlccbv. 1'195). pp. 11 5-16,

'90 ti Stcyrn~nnn. 771c Lrhrdry ~?f@o~trort. (h1 rkr l i w , r e ~ , Qtmrriw, John rhr Ilugrtsr, erd Jcsrrr ((:am- hrldyc: Errrtrlunr. 1998). p. 116; rrrd, rcntatrvely. (;. Verntcs. 7 k (Xlmpletr I k d Scit . k l k In Etr&sh (1.orak)n: Allerr Lniei Propurn Pr-i. 1997). p. 374.

v \ oe.g

.

^M^(;.Ahegg. ' M r ~ ~ r r r n i Hope dnd 4Q2Xi: A K e ~ s e s s n e n t ' . JBL 113 (Ii?94), pp. XI-91.

who rtrcr the rrrirerjudgcrr~cnr o i J T Mrhk,'M~lki-rrilcq r t Mrlki-rrsa' &nr Ies dncrcns Ccrm jn16 et ihritrrn.;',US 23 (1972). p 143.

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of the second century ^BCto early in the first century ^AD."However that may be,it has been demonstrated that 11Q14 is yet another copy of the sarne text."

T h e fragments which make up 4 4 2 8 5 and 1 1 4 1 4 appear to describe the end o f the eschatological war, with the Kittim fleeing before the Prince of the Congregation a i d his forces (4Q285 6

+

4 7), the king of the Kittim being brought befbre the t'rince of the Congregat~on to stand trial (6

+

4 10; 5 3), and, In fulfiln~ent of Isa. 10:34-11:l, 'the Prince of the Congreganon, the Bran[ch of Dav~d], w ~ l l kill h ~ m ' (5 5)." A priest, presumably the High Prlest (but there is a lacuna in the text), then gives an order, seemingly to clear the land of the corpses of the Kimm (5 5 4 ) . Finally, there follows a pronounce- ment of eschatological blessing o n the land, presumably made by the High l'riest (1

+

11414). There is much here that recalls the War ScroN, including the Kittin1 as the eschatological Enemy (1QM i.2,4,6,9,12 passinr), the names of the archangels (4Q285 10 3 and I Q M ix.15-16; xvii.6-8), the significant role attributed to the High Priest ( I Q M xv.4-xvi.1; xvi.13-xvii.g),as well as the presence of the Prince of the Congregation (1QM v. 1).

Three details call for closer attention. First, the messianic title 'the I'rince of the Congregation' is supplemented by another, 'the Branch of David'. This is clearly related to Isa. 1 1 : 1, 'a shoot h m the stock of Jesse', but more directly dependent upon Jeremiah's 'a righteous branch for Llavid' (23:5; cf. 33:15) and Zechariah's 'the Branch' (3:s; cf. 6:12). Indeed, 'the Branch of David' appears to have been a favourite designation for the Davidic Messiah at QUIXI- ran (4QFlor 1 i.11; 4 4 2 5 2 v.3-4). Second, the quotation fmm Isaiall begins not with 1 1 : 1, but with 10:34, which must have been understood as a pmph- ecy of the downfall of the Kittim. This, as we shall see, is paralleled in the Isaiah Pe-<her and 2 f$antch.-" Third, the judgement scene recalls a similar scene in the Synac Apocalypse c!fBan4ch or 2 Baruch. In the vmon of chapters 35-40, con- sctously nod el led on llaniel 7, four world kingdoms are followed by 'the d o m l n ~ o n of my Anointed One' (39:7), w h ~ c h w ~ l l defeat the arnnes of the

"

O n the vexed questrorr of the &ffcreoc rrcensrons ofthe MI /nroN and thea data, see J. 1)uharme.

'War Scroll ( l Q M , lQ.33)'. rn J. H. Charlaworth PI '11.. e&.. 7he Ihad .%a .%~>lls: Hebw, Aramuk, a d Greek P.xrs. 2: Dantasnrs Dorummf, 14hr .%ON, atrd Rclafrd l h m r t t u (Tiihrr~gen: Mohr Sieheck, 1995). pp. 8.3-4.

'"1~s. W.J. Lyora, 'Pos\rurrlg rhe Land: t)>c Qutnrari Sect and the Euhawlogrcal V~ctory'. USU 3 (1996). pp. 130-5 I. Cf. also Ahegg. 'Messrrnrc Hope'.

"

So ornost rrltcrpreten rerrder m n ! m mm KW! m. Ho~vever.rrr the first ptrhbcation of tlus text.

Mrchael Wise translated rt 'they vr.111 put to death the 1.edJer of the C:or~uiiutiiry, the Bnnlzh of Ddvrdl'. See R. Erser~tiwn dnd M. Wrse, 77rt3 1A-d Sra Srrvlh L ~ K O M T D ~ (Shaftsbury, 1)onct: Eleril- ent. 1992). p. 20. Whrle t h s IS a gnrrmwtrcally possihlr mndarion, rt has nothrng to cornnrcod 11.

Context, as well as rlorrnal Hebrew syntax, strongly supporn the renderrng gtven in the text. Sre.

among others. (;. Verrnes,'The Oxford Forum for Qunuan Research Sernltlar on the Rule of War fronr Cave 4 (4Q285)'.JS 43 (1992), pp. 85-90; M. Bocknloehl. 'A "Slarn Messrah" rn 1 Q Serekh Mrlhar~uh (4Q285)?'. T~rBtl.13 (1 W2), pp, 155-69; Schiffinm, Rrrlairn~t!f, pp. 344-47; and Abca, 'Mcss~amc Hope'.

"

(:f R . Bauckharn. 'Tlir Mlrsranlc Iritrrpretauon of Isa. 10.34 In the Derd Sea Scmlh, 2 Baruch and the Preachrng ofJohri the Bapust'. 1)SD 2 (1995). pp. 202-16.

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fourth kingdom, 'whose power is harsher and more evil than those which were before it' (39:5). T h e final ruler of that kingdom, i.e., Rome, d l be brought bband before the Messiah, 'who will convict him of all his wicked deeds and will assemble and set before him

aU

the works of his host'. T h e Anointed O n e will then kill the Ronlan emperor (40:l-2)."

A very similar exegesis of Isa. 10:33-11: 10 emerges t k m the Isaiah Peshm (4(2plsa"4Q161)). There we read that Yahweh's destruction of the trees of Lebanon in lsa. 10:3.3-34 portends the defeat of the Kittim at the hands o f Israel (8-10 iii. 1-9). Then after the lenlnla o f Isa. 1 1 : 1-5 there follows:

[The tnterpretanon of the word concerns the Branch] of I>avld whtch wtll qpmut tn the fi[nal days. since w t h the breath of hts lrps he wUexccute] hu [enelmy and God d support htm w ~ t h [the splrrt of clourage [ thjrone of glory, hloly] cmwn and muln- colour[edl vcstn~entc [ ] m h a hand He wtll rule over the pe[ople]s and Magog [ _j htc ^swordwrll jiidge [a111 the pcoples And s for what he says '14e w d not budge by appearanccsj or gtw vedctc on hearsay,' la lnterpretanon whtch [ ] and a c c o d n g to what they teach htm, hc wtll judge, and upon thetr authorrty [ j w t h hmt wtll go out o ~ r c of the prtesu of renown, holdrng m 111s hand clothes (of) (4Qplsaa 8-10

tit 11-25)

Here again, if the reconstructions are accepted, we encounter the messianic title 'the Branch of David', the detail that an enemy will be executed by the llavidic Messiah, the eschatological defeat of the Kittin1 and judgement of the nations, and a significant role for priests. It should be noted that in the immediate context, in the interpretation of Isa. 10:24-27, there is a reference to 'the Prince of the Congregation' (2-4 ii. 15). T h e depiction of the eschatological war here dovetails nicely with that found in 44285. Indeed, the two seem to be of one piece.x

The Qumran sectarians, then, found in Isa. 10:3-3-11: 10 an obvious prophecy of the Davidrc Messiah. This appears to have been true throughout the community's history, for The Rule qf Blessing is a relatively early composition, while the Isaiah Pesher is rather late. Qumran messianism has been subject to divergent interpretations. I'robably the dominant view is that the sectarians looked fonvard to the advent of two principal messianic figures, a royal or L)aviciic Messiah, the Messiah of Israel, and a priestly Messiah, the Messiah o f Aaron, both of whom would be preceded by a prophet who may also have been considered in some sense messianic (1 Q S ix.11; cf. C l l xii.23; xiv. 19;

xx. I). While not all texts explicitly mention two Messiahs, those which at first sight d o not fit this scher~le can, o n reflection, be understood to cohere with a dual messianic idealology. Thus, reference to the [High] Priest in 44285, the Uavimc Messiah's subordination to the priests in 4Qplsa'and the probability

'' Tile mRslaoon crtcd a dut o f A FJ Klijn, '2 ( S y r u ~ A p o c l l y p ~ ot) Baruch'. In O'PI,pp 615-52

" The L w d Pes-ihn perhaps darn 'from the Lst thud of the first century B C E ' So M P Horgan m

J W Charlerworth er 51. r h , Ik &ad .%a ~ lIfrbmu, l ~A m a x und Gwek Inrs, 6B Pclhrmm.

Othn Commnlranr? 'md Rdrlrrtrd I h m n l i (Tubrngerl Mohr Siebeck, 2002). p 35

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ISAIAH W I T H I N JUDAISM OF THE S E C O N D TEMPLE PERIOD

that a blessing o f the priestly Messiah preceded that of the Prince of the Congregation in a now lost portion of IQSb all fit well with an expectation of two Messiahs. This has been the prevalent view in Qumran scholarship and still cornnlands notable support." I find it the nlost compelling. However, there are those who dissent h m this position. For example, there are those who hold that the Qumran corpus taken in its entirety simply does not provide a consistent n~essianism throughout: there was development and there were competing views; some expected one Messiah, others two Messial~s.~' Finally, Martin Abegg thinks that, taken as a whole, the Qumran sectarian texts express the hope for a 13avidic Messiah and only I QS ix. 1 l looks for a priestly Messiah as his confederate.'" T h e Qumranian exegesis of Isa. 10:33- 1 I :10 does not offer a conclusive answer to this question; it can be made to fit all three of the solutions just mentioned. Nonetheless, the coherence of interpretation

Isaiah in the New Testament=STEVE MOYSE

Isaiah in the New Testament

The New Testament and the Scriptures of Israel

Isaiah in the New Testament

Contents

Abbreviations List of Contributors

Index of Quotations and Main Allusions

Abbreviations

ABBREVIATIONS

ST STDJ S U N T SVTI' T D N I '

List of Contributors

Introduction

Chapter 1

Isaiah 10:33-11:10