BY JAVANESE FEMALE CHARACTERS IN OKKY MADASARI’S THE YEARS OF THE

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

Istiadah, Asni Furaida, Dwi Rana Nabillah

MULTIPLE OPPRESSION SUFFERED

BY JAVANESE FEMALE CHARACTERS IN OKKY MADASARI’S THE YEARS OF THE

VOICELESS

Istiadah, Asni Furaida, Dwi Rana Nabillah

ƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹ǡƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹ǡƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹

ƒ‹Žǣ‹•–‹Š—ƒ‹‘”ƒ̷„•‹Ǥ—‹ǦƒŽƒ‰Ǥƒ…Ǥ‹†

Abstract: Š‹••–—†›ƒƒŽ›œ‡•–Š‡‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ‘’’”‡••‹‘‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†

„›ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡™‘‡‹–Š‡‘˜‡ŽThe Years of the Voiceless„››ƒ†ƒ•ƒ”‹Ǥ

Š‹• •–—†› —•‡• ”‹•Š ƒ”‹‘ ‘—‰̵• ‘’’”‡••‹‘ –Š‡‘”› –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ

‘’’”‡••‹‘ ƒ† ‹„‡”Ž› ”‡•Šƒ™̵• ‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› –Š‡‘”› –‘ ’ƒ› ‘”‡

ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡‡š‹•–‡…‡‘ˆ‘’’”‡••‹‘•–Šƒ–’”‡†‘‹ƒ–‡‹™‘‡̵•Ž‹˜‡•‹

–Š‡ ‡™ ‘”†‡” ‡”ƒǤ Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ˆ”‘ –Š”‡‡

‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ‡†‹„‘ǡ—ƒ”‹ǡƒŠƒ›—ǡ——Œ—ǡƒ††ƒ”‹‡š’‡”‹‡…‡

‘’’”‡••‹‘ ‹ ƒ› ™ƒ›•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’‘™‡”Ž‡••‡••ǡ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ

‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•ǡ ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ – ‹–‡”•‡…–• ™‹–Š ‰‡†‡”ǡ …Žƒ••ǡ

•–ƒ–‡ǡƒ†•‘…‹‡–›‘’’”‡••‹‘Ǥ—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ˆ‘”‘–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒ”‡–‘…‘–‹—‡

–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š„›ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡ƒ‰‡…›‘ˆ™‘‡™Š‘ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘˜‡”›’”‘‹‡–‹

–Š‡‘˜‡Žǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›—ƒ”‹’s characterǤ

Keywords: Oppression, Female Oppression, Intersectionality, Indonesian New Order Era, the Years of the Voiceless.

INTRODUCTION

‡‘’Ž‡‡‡†–‘ˆ‹‰Š–ƒ†‡”ƒ†‹…ƒ–‡‹–‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ‡˜‡”•–‘’’‡†‡™•

ƒ„‘—–™‘‡‘’’”‡••‹‘‹†‘‡•‹ƒǤ……‘”†‹‰–‘”‹•Šƒ”‹‘‘—‰ǡ–Š‡”‡

ƒ”‡ ˆ‹˜‡ ˆƒ…‡• ‘ˆ ‘’’”‡••‹‘ǡ ƒ‡Ž› ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’‘™‡”Ž‡••‡••ǡ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ

‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•ǡ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡ǡƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•Š‘…‹‰‡™•‘ˆ™‘‡

‘’’”‡••‹‘…ƒ„‡•‡‡ˆ”‘–Š‡–‹–Ž‡Indonesian Women Suffering ‘Epidemic’ of Domestic Violence, Activist Warn ‹ Š‡ —ƒ”†‹ƒ ™‡„•‹–‡ †ƒ–‡† ‘ ͳͺ^–Š —Ž›

ʹͲͳͻǤŠ‹•‡™•”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–ƒƒ‹ƒƒ”–ƒ•Žƒ•Š‡†Š‹•™‹ˆ‡̵•–Š”‘ƒ–ƒˆ–‡”

•Š‡”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡•‡š™‹–ŠŠ‹ǤŠ‹•‹…‹†‡–™ƒ•™‹–‡••‡†„›–Š‡‹”…Š‹Ž†”‡

ƒ‰‡†•‡˜‡ƒ†ˆ‘—”–‡‡Ǥ ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡™‹ˆ‡•—”˜‹˜‡†–Š‡ƒ––ƒ…ƒˆ–‡”•Š‡™ƒ•

on Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

MULTIPLE OPPRESSION SUFFERED

BY JAVANESE FEMALE CHARACTERS IN OKKY MADASARI’S THE YEARS OF THE

VOICELESS

Istiadah, Asni Furaida, Dwi Rana Nabillah

ƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹ǡƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹ǡƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹

ƒ‹Žǣ‹•–‹Š—ƒ‹‘”ƒ̷„•‹Ǥ—‹ǦƒŽƒ‰Ǥƒ…Ǥ‹†

Abstract: Š‹••–—†›ƒƒŽ›œ‡•–Š‡‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ‘’’”‡••‹‘‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†

„›ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡™‘‡‹–Š‡‘˜‡ŽThe Years of the Voiceless„››ƒ†ƒ•ƒ”‹Ǥ

Š‹• •–—†› —•‡• ”‹•Š ƒ”‹‘ ‘—‰̵• ‘’’”‡••‹‘ –Š‡‘”› –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ

‘’’”‡••‹‘ ƒ† ‹„‡”Ž› ”‡•Šƒ™̵• ‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› –Š‡‘”› –‘ ’ƒ› ‘”‡

ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡‡š‹•–‡…‡‘ˆ‘’’”‡••‹‘•–Šƒ–’”‡†‘‹ƒ–‡‹™‘‡̵•Ž‹˜‡•‹

–Š‡ ‡™ ‘”†‡” ‡”ƒǤ Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ˆ”‘ –Š”‡‡

‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ‡†‹„‘ǡ—ƒ”‹ǡƒŠƒ›—ǡ——Œ—ǡƒ††ƒ”‹‡š’‡”‹‡…‡

‘’’”‡••‹‘ ‹ ƒ› ™ƒ›•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’‘™‡”Ž‡••‡••ǡ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ

‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•ǡ ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ – ‹–‡”•‡…–• ™‹–Š ‰‡†‡”ǡ …Žƒ••ǡ

•–ƒ–‡ǡƒ†•‘…‹‡–›‘’’”‡••‹‘Ǥ—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ˆ‘”‘–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒ”‡–‘…‘–‹—‡

–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š„›ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡ƒ‰‡…›‘ˆ™‘‡™Š‘ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘˜‡”›’”‘‹‡–‹

–Š‡‘˜‡Žǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›—ƒ”‹’s characterǤ

Keywords: Oppression, Female Oppression, Intersectionality, Indonesian New Order Era, the Years of the Voiceless.

INTRODUCTION

‡‘’Ž‡‡‡†–‘ˆ‹‰Š–ƒ†‡”ƒ†‹…ƒ–‡‹–‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ‡˜‡”•–‘’’‡†‡™•

ƒ„‘—–™‘‡‘’’”‡••‹‘‹†‘‡•‹ƒǤ……‘”†‹‰–‘”‹•Šƒ”‹‘‘—‰ǡ–Š‡”‡

ƒ”‡ ˆ‹˜‡ ˆƒ…‡• ‘ˆ ‘’’”‡••‹‘ǡ ƒ‡Ž› ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’‘™‡”Ž‡••‡••ǡ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ

‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•ǡ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡ǡƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•Š‘…‹‰‡™•‘ˆ™‘‡

‘’’”‡••‹‘…ƒ„‡•‡‡ˆ”‘–Š‡–‹–Ž‡Indonesian Women Suffering ‘Epidemic’ of Domestic Violence, Activist Warn ‹ Š‡ —ƒ”†‹ƒ ™‡„•‹–‡ †ƒ–‡† ‘ ͳͺ^–Š —Ž›

ʹͲͳͻǤŠ‹•‡™•”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–ƒƒ‹ƒƒ”–ƒ•Žƒ•Š‡†Š‹•™‹ˆ‡̵•–Š”‘ƒ–ƒˆ–‡”

•Š‡”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡•‡š™‹–ŠŠ‹ǤŠ‹•‹…‹†‡–™ƒ•™‹–‡••‡†„›–Š‡‹”…Š‹Ž†”‡

ƒ‰‡†•‡˜‡ƒ†ˆ‘—”–‡‡Ǥ ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡™‹ˆ‡•—”˜‹˜‡†–Š‡ƒ––ƒ…ƒˆ–‡”•Š‡™ƒ•

ˆ‘—† „› –Š‡ ‡‹‰Š„‘” ƒ† –ƒ‡ –‘ –Š‡ Š‘•’‹–ƒŽǤ Š‹• ‘’’”‡••‹‘ …ƒ „‡

‹…Ž—†‡†‹˜‹‘Ž‡…‡™Š‹…Š‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹˜‡ˆƒ…‡•‘ˆ‘’’”‡••‹‘–Š‡‘”›„›”‹•Š

ƒ”‹‘‘—‰Ǥ

‘–Š‡” ”‡’‘”–‡–‹‘‡† –Šƒ–ƒ ™‹ˆ‡ǡƒ‘–Š‡” ‘ˆ –Š”‡‡ …Š‹Ž†”‡ ˆ”‘

‡•– ƒ˜ƒǡ ƒ––ƒ…‡† Š‡” Š—•„ƒ† ™‹–Š ƒ ƒš‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ Š‡ †‡ƒ†‡† Š‹• •‡š

”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ––—”‡†‘—––Šƒ––Š‡™‹ˆ‡Šƒ†’‘•–’ƒ”–—†‡’”‡••‹‘ƒˆ–‡”–™‘‘–Š•

‘ˆ‰‹˜‹‰„‹”–Š–‘Š‡”…Š‹Ž†ǤŠ‹•‘’’”‡••‹‘‹…Ž—†‡†‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡Š—•„ƒ†

‡š’Ž‘‹–•Š‹•™‹ˆ‡–‘Š‹•„‡‡ˆ‹–™‹–Š‘—–•‡‡‹‰Š‡”…‘†‹–‹‘Ǣ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ•Š‡Šƒ†

’‘•–’ƒ”–—†‡’”‡••‹‘Ǥ‘–Š‡”‡†‹ƒ‡–‹on that violence against women in Indonesia is systemic. The government is not doing enough to unravel it: rights activists ‹ ƒƒ”–ƒ Ž‘„‡ ™‡„•‹–‡ †ƒ–‡† ‘ ͸^–Š ƒ”…Š ʹͲʹͲ ™”‹––‡ „› ƒ”ƒ

ƒ”…Š‡Ž‹ •–ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ …‘‹••‹‘ ˆ‘” ™‘‡̵• ƒ—ƒŽ ”‡’‘”– ‹

ʹͲͳͻ”‡…‘”†‡†ƒͳͶΨ‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹…ƒ•‡•‘ˆ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–™‘‡–‘ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ

ͶͲ͸Ǥͳ͹ͺ …ƒ•‡•Ǥ Š‹• †ƒœ‹‰ ‡™• ‹• ‘ Ž‘‰‡” ‘”†‹ƒ”› ‹ –Š‡ ‡™• ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ǡ

ƒ† ‹– Šƒ’’‡‡† ƒŽŽ ‘˜‡” †‘‡•‹ƒ̵• ”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ – …‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ ƒŽƒ” ˆ‘” ƒŽŽǡ

‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ›‘‡™Š‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•‹‰‡†‡”‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†Œ—•–‹…‡‹†‘‡•‹ƒǤ‘

–Šƒ–‹•™Š›–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”ƒ––‡’––‘”ƒ‹•‡…‘•…‹‘—•‡••–Šƒ–‘’’”‡••‹‘–‘™ƒ”†

™‘‡‹• ”‡ƒŽ ƒ† ‹…Ž—†‡† ‹ ƒ› •–”—…–—”‡• ‹ Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ‰‡†‡”ǡ …Žƒ••ǡ

’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽǡƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽǤ

’’”‡••‹‘†‘‡•‘–ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ•‹–‹•ǡƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡–ƒ‡‹–ˆ‘”‰”ƒ–‡†ǡ „—–

‘’’”‡••‹‘ ”‡’”‡•‡–• ̵‹‡“—‹–›̵ ƒ† ‹• •–”—…–—”‡†Ǥ ’’”‡••‹‘ ‹• …”‡ƒ–‡† „›

–Š‘•‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‘”‰”‘—’•™Š‘ˆ‡‡Ž–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‘”‡’‘™‡”ǡƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ™‡ƒŽ–Šǡ

‰”‡‡†ǡ‡–…Ǥǡ•‘–Š‡›–Š‹–Š‡›…ƒ†‘‹ƒ–‡‘–Š‡”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‘”‰”‘—’•™Š‘ƒ”‡

™‡ƒ‡”Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ ‘’’”‡••‹‘ „‡ˆƒŽŽ• –Š‡ ‹‘”‹–› ‘” Ž‡••

’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ† ‰”‘—’ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ™‘‡ǡ Žƒ… ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ •‹ƒ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ

†‹•ƒ„Ž‡†’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ’‘‘”’‡‘’Ž‡ǡƒ–‹˜‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǡŽ‡•„‹ƒ•ǡ‰ƒ›•ǡ‡–…Ǥ‘‡ƒ”‡–Š‡

‘•– ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ –ƒ”‰‡– ‘ˆ ƒŽŽǤ ‘ ”‡•‹•– –Šƒ– ‘’’”‡••‹‘ǡ ™‘‡ ‡‡† –‘ ‰‡–

‡’‘™‡”‡–Ǥ

‘‡̵• ‡’‘™‡”‡– ‹ †‘‡•‹ƒ Šƒ• „‡‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡† •‹…‡

”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ •–”—…–‹‘ —„‡” ͳͻ ‹ ʹͲͲͲǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ —–‹Ž ‘™ǡ ™‘‡ǡ

‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ ™‘‡ǡ ƒ”‡ •–‹ŽŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‹‰ —Ž–‹Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ

‘’’”‡••‹‘•–ƒ”–‹‰ˆ”‘„‡‹‰Ž‡ˆ–„‡Š‹†‹‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡…‘‘›ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡƒ†

•‘…‹‘Ǧ…—Ž–—”‡ȋ‘Ž‹ǡʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ’’”‡••‹‘•—ˆˆ‡”‡†„›™‘‡‹•™‹†‡Ž›”ƒ‹•‡†‹

Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ™‘”•Ǥ ‘‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ƒ‡ –Š‡‹” ™‘”• ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ •–”—‰‰Ž‡

™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› …ƒ˜‘‹…‡ –Š‡‹” ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘’’”‡••‡† ’‡‘’Ž‡ –Š‡› †‡ˆ‡†

‘”‡ˆ”‡‡Ž›–Šƒ‹–Š‡’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽƒ”‡ƒȋ ƒ”—ǡʹͲͳͷȌǤŠ‡‘˜‡Ž"The Years of the Voiceless̶ –ƒŽ• ƒ„‘—– …‘–‡•–ƒ–‹‘• „—‹Ž– –Š”‘—‰Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ

ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ•‘…‹ƒŽǡ…—Ž–—”ƒŽǡƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡‡––Šƒ–‹…Ž—†‡••–”ƒ–‡‰‹…

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

Istiadah, Asni Furaida, Dwi Rana Nabillah

‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ‘”ƒŽŒ—†‰‡–•ǡƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•ǡ‡‘–‹‘•ǡƒ†’‘™‡”…Žƒ‹•‹–‘

ƒ †‹•…‘—”•‡ –Šƒ– ‹’Ž‹‡• ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ …‘•‡“—‡…‡• ȋƒ†‹‰‡”ǡ ʹͲͳͻȌǤ Š—•ǡ –Š‹•

‘˜‡Ž ‹• ƒ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ™‘” ƒ† ƒ •–ƒ–‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”̵• ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ •–ƒ…‡ ™Š‘

™ƒ–• –‘•Š‘™ –Šƒ– ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ ™‘‡ƒ”‡ ˆƒ…‹‰—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘’’”‡••‹‘•”ƒ‰‹‰

ˆ”‘’”‹˜ƒ–‡–‘’—„Ž‹…•’Š‡”‡‘’’”‡••‹‘Ǥ–„—”†‡•ƒ†…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡•™‘‡̵•

Ž‹˜‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰•–ƒ–‡‘’’”‡••‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š•–ƒ–‡ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—•ƒ†’‘Ž‹…‹‡•ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ

‘’’”‡••‹‘‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ†‡ˆƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Š‡‰ƒ’ƒ†‘˜‡Ž–›‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›ƒ”‡–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”™‹ŽŽ‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘

‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ ™‘‡ ™Š‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† ‘’’”‡••‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ

‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› –Š‡‘”› „› ‹„‡”Ž› ”‡•Šƒ™Ǥ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ ™‘‡ ƒ”‡ ”ƒ”‡Ž›

†‹•…—••‡†‹–Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆ‘’’”‡••‹‘ƒ•‹ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡…—Ž–—”‡Ǣ™‘‡ƒ”‡’Žƒ…‡†

•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡–‘‡†—‡–‘•–”‘‰’ƒ–”‹ƒ”…ŠƒŽ…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ

LITERATURE REVIEW

‘ˆƒ”ǡ–Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‡Ž The Years of the Voiceless–‡†•–‘•‡‡–Š”‡‡

–Š‹‰•Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡƒ•–—†›•‡‡•–Š‡ˆ‡ƒŽ‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹–Š‡‘˜‡Žƒ•ƒ˜‹…–‹‘ˆƒ

•‘…‹ƒŽ ‘”†‡” –Šƒ– ‘’’”‡••‡• ™‘‡ ȋƒŠ”ƒǡ ʹͲͳͷǢ ‘˜‹–ƒ•ƒ”‹ǡ ʹͲͳͺǢ ›ƒ•—ǡ ʹͲʹͲȌǤ‡…‘†ǡ‹–‹•ƒ•–—†›Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ–™‘‡̵•‡’‘™‡”‡–ȋ†ƒ›ƒ‹ǡʹͲͳ͸Ǣ

•ƒ”ƒ‹ǡ ʹͲͳ͹Ǣ ƒƒ•ǡ ʹͲͳͻȌǤ Š‹”†ǡ ‹– ‹• ƒ •–—†› ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…– ‘ˆ

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘” Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ȋ—‰”ƒ™‹†Šƒ–‹ǡ ʹͲͳͻǢ ƒ•Š‹”‘Šǡ ʹͲʹͲǢ —”˜‹ƒ•›ƒŠǡ ʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ Š‡”‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‘ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†› ›‡– –Šƒ– Ž‘‘• ƒ– –Š‹• ‘˜‡Ž ‘”‡

…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡Ž› ƒ– Š‘™ ƒ ‘˜‡Ž ‹• —•‡† –‘ …‘†‡•‡ ’—„Ž‹… ‹†‡ƒ• ƒ„‘—–

‹–‡”–™‹‡†’‘™‡”Ǥ

Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‡ŽThe Years of the Voiceless‹•˜‹–ƒŽ–‘•Š‘™–Š‡

’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ ™‘‡™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ –‘ •–”—‰‰Ž‡ ƒ† •—”˜‹˜‡ ƒ‹† —Ž–‹’Ž‡

‘’’”‡••‹‘s in life’s intersection within societ›ǤŠ‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”‹•–‘

…‘’Ž‡‡––Š‡•Š‘”–…‘‹‰•‘ˆ’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š†‹†‘–Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡

…‘’Ž‡š‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ ™‘‡̵• Ž‹˜‡• ‹ –Š‡ —Ž–‹Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ˜‘”–‡š ‘ˆ

‘’’”‡••‹‘ǤŽ‹‡™‹–Š–Šƒ–ǡ–™‘“—‡•–‹‘•™ƒ––‘„‡ƒ•™‡”‡†‹–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ™Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡ˆƒ…‡•‘ˆ‘’’”‡••‹‘‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†„›ˆ‡ƒŽ‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹–Š‡

‘˜‡ŽThe Years of the Voicelessǫ‡…‘†ǡŠ‘™ƒ”‡–Š‡‘’’”‡••‹‘•‘ˆƒ˜ƒ‡•‡

™‘‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‡ŽThe Years of the Voicelessǫ

Š‹•’ƒ’‡”‡’Ž‘›•–Š‡ˆ‹˜‡ˆƒ…‡•‘ˆ‘’’”‡••‹‘„›”‹•Šƒ”‹‘‘—‰̵•

ƒ†‹„‡”Ž›”‡•Šƒ™̵•‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›–Š‡‘”›ǤŠ‡ˆ‹˜‡ˆƒ…‡•‘ˆ‘’’”‡••‹‘

–Š‡‘”› ™‹ŽŽ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‘’’”‡••‹‘ǣ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’‘™‡”Ž‡••‡••ǡ

on Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ‘”ƒŽŒ—†‰‡–•ǡƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•ǡ‡‘–‹‘•ǡƒ†’‘™‡”…Žƒ‹•‹–‘

ƒ †‹•…‘—”•‡ –Šƒ– ‹’Ž‹‡• ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ …‘•‡“—‡…‡• ȋƒ†‹‰‡”ǡ ʹͲͳͻȌǤ Š—•ǡ –Š‹•

‘˜‡Ž ‹• ƒ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ™‘” ƒ† ƒ •–ƒ–‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”̵• ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ •–ƒ…‡ ™Š‘

™ƒ–• –‘•Š‘™ –Šƒ– ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ ™‘‡ƒ”‡ ˆƒ…‹‰—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘’’”‡••‹‘•”ƒ‰‹‰

ˆ”‘’”‹˜ƒ–‡–‘’—„Ž‹…•’Š‡”‡‘’’”‡••‹‘Ǥ–„—”†‡•ƒ†…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡•™‘‡̵•

Ž‹˜‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰•–ƒ–‡‘’’”‡••‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š•–ƒ–‡ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—•ƒ†’‘Ž‹…‹‡•ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ

‘’’”‡••‹‘‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ†‡ˆƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Š‡‰ƒ’ƒ†‘˜‡Ž–›‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›ƒ”‡–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”™‹ŽŽ‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘

‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ ™‘‡ ™Š‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† ‘’’”‡••‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ

‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› –Š‡‘”› „› ‹„‡”Ž› ”‡•Šƒ™Ǥ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ ™‘‡ ƒ”‡ ”ƒ”‡Ž›

†‹•…—••‡†‹–Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆ‘’’”‡••‹‘ƒ•‹ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡…—Ž–—”‡Ǣ™‘‡ƒ”‡’Žƒ…‡†

•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡–‘‡†—‡–‘•–”‘‰’ƒ–”‹ƒ”…ŠƒŽ…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ

LITERATURE REVIEW

‘ˆƒ”ǡ–Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‡Ž The Years of the Voiceless–‡†•–‘•‡‡–Š”‡‡

–Š‹‰•Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡƒ•–—†›•‡‡•–Š‡ˆ‡ƒŽ‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹–Š‡‘˜‡Žƒ•ƒ˜‹…–‹‘ˆƒ

•‘…‹ƒŽ ‘”†‡” –Šƒ– ‘’’”‡••‡• ™‘‡ ȋƒŠ”ƒǡ ʹͲͳͷǢ ‘˜‹–ƒ•ƒ”‹ǡ ʹͲͳͺǢ ›ƒ•—ǡ ʹͲʹͲȌǤ‡…‘†ǡ‹–‹•ƒ•–—†›Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ–™‘‡̵•‡’‘™‡”‡–ȋ†ƒ›ƒ‹ǡʹͲͳ͸Ǣ

•ƒ”ƒ‹ǡ ʹͲͳ͹Ǣ ƒƒ•ǡ ʹͲͳͻȌǤ Š‹”†ǡ ‹– ‹• ƒ •–—†› ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…– ‘ˆ

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘” Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ȋ—‰”ƒ™‹†Šƒ–‹ǡ ʹͲͳͻǢ ƒ•Š‹”‘Šǡ ʹͲʹͲǢ —”˜‹ƒ•›ƒŠǡ ʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ Š‡”‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‘ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†› ›‡– –Šƒ– Ž‘‘• ƒ– –Š‹• ‘˜‡Ž ‘”‡

…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡Ž› ƒ– Š‘™ ƒ ‘˜‡Ž ‹• —•‡† –‘ …‘†‡•‡ ’—„Ž‹… ‹†‡ƒ• ƒ„‘—–

‹–‡”–™‹‡†’‘™‡”Ǥ

Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‡ŽThe Years of the Voiceless‹•˜‹–ƒŽ–‘•Š‘™–Š‡

’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ ™‘‡ ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ –‘ •–”—‰‰Ž‡ ƒ† •—”˜‹˜‡ ƒ‹† —Ž–‹’Ž‡

‘’’”‡••‹‘s in life’s intersection within societ›ǤŠ‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”‹•–‘

…‘’Ž‡‡––Š‡•Š‘”–…‘‹‰•‘ˆ’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š†‹†‘–Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡

…‘’Ž‡š‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ ™‘‡̵• Ž‹˜‡• ‹ –Š‡ —Ž–‹Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ˜‘”–‡š ‘ˆ

‘’’”‡••‹‘ǤŽ‹‡™‹–Š–Šƒ–ǡ–™‘“—‡•–‹‘•™ƒ––‘„‡ƒ•™‡”‡†‹–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ™Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡ˆƒ…‡•‘ˆ‘’’”‡••‹‘‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†„›ˆ‡ƒŽ‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹–Š‡

‘˜‡ŽThe Years of the Voicelessǫ‡…‘†ǡŠ‘™ƒ”‡–Š‡‘’’”‡••‹‘•‘ˆƒ˜ƒ‡•‡

™‘‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‡ŽThe Years of the Voicelessǫ

Š‹•’ƒ’‡”‡’Ž‘›•–Š‡ˆ‹˜‡ˆƒ…‡•‘ˆ‘’’”‡••‹‘„›”‹•Šƒ”‹‘‘—‰̵•

ƒ†‹„‡”Ž›”‡•Šƒ™̵•‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›–Š‡‘”›ǤŠ‡ˆ‹˜‡ˆƒ…‡•‘ˆ‘’’”‡••‹‘

–Š‡‘”› ™‹ŽŽ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‘’’”‡••‹‘ǣ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’‘™‡”Ž‡••‡••ǡ

ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•ǡ ƒ† ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡ ȋ„‘–Š ’Š›•‹…ƒŽǡ

’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡ•‡š—ƒŽǡƒ†‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽȌǤ…‘’ƒ”‹•‘ǡ‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›–Š‡‘”›

™‹ŽŽ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ ™‘‡ ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† ˆ‹˜‡

ˆƒ…‡• ‘ˆ ‘’’”‡••‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‡ŽǤ Š‡ …‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ˆ‹˜‡ ‹†• ‘ˆ

‘’’”‡••‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ‹•…‘•‹†‡”‡† ˆ‹– –‘ †‹••‡…– ƒ†ˆ‹† –Š‡ „‡•–

ƒ•™‡”–‘–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘„Ž‡‹–Š‡‘˜‡ŽThe Years of the VoicelessǤ

METHOD

Data Collection and Analysis

Š‹• •–—†› ‹• Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› …”‹–‹…‹• –Šƒ– …‘…‡”• †‡ˆ‹‹‰ǡ …Žƒ••‹ˆ›‹‰ǡ

ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ǡƒ†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰–Š‡™‘”•‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋ„”ƒ•ǡͳͻͺͳ‹‹‹ǡʹͲͳͺȌǤ

Š‡†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›‹•‰‘‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–‡’•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ǡˆ‹”•–ǡ

”‡ƒ†‹‰–Š‡‘˜‡ŽThe Years of the Voiceless—•‹‰–Š‡…Ž‘•‡”‡ƒ†‹‰‡–Š‘†ǤŠ‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ‡‡† –‘ ”‡ƒ† –Š‡ „‘‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ –‹‡• –‘ ƒ‡ •—”‡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘

‹••‹‰ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ •—…Š ƒ• ’Ž‘–ǡ •‡––‹‰ǡ –Š‡‡ǡ ‡–…Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘…‡•• ƒ‹• –‘

—†‡”•–ƒ† ‘”‡ ƒ„‘—– ‹–”‹•‹… ƒ† ‡š–”‹•‹… ‡Ž‡‡–•Ǥ ‡…‘†ǡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡

‘˜‡Ž ˆ‘…—•‡• ‘Ž› ‘ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹˜‡ ˆƒ…‡• ‘ˆ ‘’’”‡••‹‘ ƒ†

‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ ”—”ƒŽ ™‘‡Ǥ  –Š‹• ’”‘…‡••ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•

…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‰–Š‡‡˜‹†‡…‡”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‘•‡ƒ––‡”•ǤŠ‡‡š–•–‡’‹•ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ƒ†

‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡ™Š‹…Š™‹ŽŽ”‡˜‡ƒŽ–Š‡ƒ•™‡”•–‘–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ

FINDINGS

Five Faces of Oppression

Š‡ ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž The Years of the Voiceless ™Š‘

‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† ‘’’”‡••‹‘ ƒ”‡ ‹„‘ǡ —ƒ”‹ǡ ƒŠƒ›—ǡ — —Œ—ǡ ƒ† †ƒ”‹Ǥ

Š‡›‰‘–ˆ‹˜‡ˆƒ…‡•‘ˆ‘’’”‡••‹‘ƒ•‹„‡Ž‘™ǣ

ͳǤš’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘

š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘•–Ž› …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– „› –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •–ƒˆˆ ‘ –Š‡ ‹‰Ž‡–

’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘……—”• –‘ —ƒ”‹ „‡…ƒ—•‡ •Š‡ ‹• ƒ ‡™ ™‡ƒŽ–Š›

’‡”•‘ ‹ –Š‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ —ƒ”‹ ‰‡–• ”‹…Š †—‡ –‘ Š‡” Œ‘„ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• …‘•‹†‡”‡†

‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘•Žƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†ƒ‡•’‡‘’Ž‡•—ˆˆ‡”Ǥ—ƒ”‹̵•

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

Istiadah, Asni Furaida, Dwi Rana Nabillah

‡™Œ‘„‘ˆŽ‡†‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡‘‡›•–ƒ”–‡†™Š‡Š‡”‡‹‰Š„‘”‡‡†•‘‡›–‘

•‡†Š‡”…Š‹Ž†–‘–Š‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽǤ—ƒ”‹†‹†‘–‹–‡†–‘„‡…‘‡ƒŽ‘ƒ•Šƒ”ǡ

ƒ†–Š‹•…‘†‹–‹‘‹•—•‡†„›–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•–ƒˆˆ‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡƒ•‹‰ˆ‘”

•‡…—”‹–›‘‡›ǤŠ‹••‡…—”‹–›‘‡›ǡ–Š‡›•ƒ›‹•ˆ‘”—ƒ”‹̵•ˆƒ‹Ž›‘™•ƒ‡

ƒ†•ƒˆ‡–›Ǥ

‡…—”‹–›‘‡›„‡…‘‡•‘‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ„Žƒ…ƒ‹Ž‹‰—•‡†„›–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›

•–ƒˆˆ „‡…ƒ—•‡ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡™ ‘”†‡” ‡”ƒǡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •–ƒˆˆ ‹• ‰‹˜‡ ˆ—ŽŽ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› –‘

ƒƒ‰‡•‘…‹‡–›Ǥˆ•‘…‹‡–›†‹†‘–‘„‡›–Š‡ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡™‘—Ž†„‡Žƒ„‡Ž‡†ƒ•ǡ

ƒ†‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•–ƒˆˆ™‹ŽŽ‡ƒ•‹Ž›ˆ‹†–Š‡ǡ’—––Š‡‹’”‹•‘ǡ‘”‹ŽŽ–Š‡ƒ–‘…‡Ǥ

–…ƒ„‡•‡‡ˆ”‘–Š‡“—‘–ƒ–‹‘„‡Ž‘™Ǣ

‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹–Š‡…ƒ‘—ˆŽƒ‰‡—‹ˆ‘”•…ƒ‡—’–‘—•Ǥ‡™ƒ•–ƒŽŽ

and skinny, and his boots seemed too big for him. “How’s it going, ma’am?” he asked Mother. It’s going well, sir. I’m in luck.”,

“Well, luck doesn’t come by itself, you know… You have to look for it.”,

“Yes, sir.”,

“Ifyou get lucky here, that means it’s the state that helped you. Right?”,

“Well the luck comes through here from Gusti.”,

“But it’s also the soldiers who helped you get lucky, ma’am. All of this is

’‘••‹„Ž‡

because of us.” He took one of Mother’s pots. “My ™‹ˆ‡‡‡†•ƒ’‘–Ž‹‡

this ma’am.”,

̶—”‡–Š‹‰Ǥ–̵•ͷǤͲͲͲǡ„—–›‘—…ƒ’ƒ›‹͵Ͳ‹•–ƒŽŽ‡–•Ǥ̶ǡ

“How can you charge me like the others, ma’am? Look at my uniform, look at this gun.”,

̶Šǡ ‹–̵• ‘– Ž‹‡ –Šƒ–ǡ •‹”Ǥ ̵ Œ—•– ƒ –”ƒ†‡”Ǥ †‘̵– ƒ‡ –Šƒ– —…Š

’”‘ˆ‹–Ǥ̶ǡ

“Ah, you really don’t know how it works!”ȋ’ǤͷͺȌ

•‡–‹‘‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ•‡…—”‹–›‘‡›‹•–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ„Žƒ…ƒ‹Ž‹‰„›–Š‡

‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •–ƒˆˆǤ Š‡› ’”‡•• ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‡ ‘ˆ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ –Š‡ •‡…—”‹–› ˆ‘”

’‡‘’Ž‡ Ž‹‡ —ƒ”‹Ǥ Š‡ …ƒ‘– ”‡ˆ—•‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •–ƒˆˆ ™‹ŽŽ –‡””‘” ‘”

Žƒ„‡Ž—ƒ”‹ƒ•Ǥ‘–Šƒ–‹•™Š›—ƒ”‹‹•’”‡••‡†–‘‰‹˜‡‘‡›‘…‡‹

–™‘™‡‡•–‘–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•–ƒˆˆǤ–•Š‘™‡†‘Ǣ

̶ƒ̵ƒǡ›‘—̵˜‡„‡‡•‡ŽŽ‹‰Š‡”‡ǡ•‘‘—”…‘ƒ†‡”•ƒ›•–Šƒ–›‘—Šƒ˜‡

–‘ ’ƒ› ƒ•‡…—”‹–› ˆ‡‡ǡ̶ Š‡ •ƒ‹†Ǥ ‡ Šƒ† –™‘‘–Š‡”—‹ˆ‘”‡†‡ ™‹–Š

Š‹Ǥ

“Security fee for what, sir?” Mother asked, in a fearful tone that was very different from her usual trader’s banter.

on Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

‡™Œ‘„‘ˆŽ‡†‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡‘‡›•–ƒ”–‡†™Š‡Š‡”‡‹‰Š„‘”‡‡†•‘‡›–‘

•‡†Š‡”…Š‹Ž†–‘–Š‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽǤ—ƒ”‹†‹†‘–‹–‡†–‘„‡…‘‡ƒŽ‘ƒ•Šƒ”ǡ

ƒ†–Š‹•…‘†‹–‹‘‹•—•‡†„›–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•–ƒˆˆ‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡƒ•‹‰ˆ‘”

•‡…—”‹–›‘‡›ǤŠ‹••‡…—”‹–›‘‡›ǡ–Š‡›•ƒ›‹•ˆ‘”—ƒ”‹̵•ˆƒ‹Ž›‘™•ƒ‡

ƒ†•ƒˆ‡–›Ǥ

‡…—”‹–›‘‡›„‡…‘‡•‘‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ„Žƒ…ƒ‹Ž‹‰—•‡†„›–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›

•–ƒˆˆ „‡…ƒ—•‡ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡™ ‘”†‡” ‡”ƒǡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •–ƒˆˆ ‹• ‰‹˜‡ ˆ—ŽŽ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› –‘

ƒƒ‰‡•‘…‹‡–›Ǥˆ•‘…‹‡–›†‹†‘–‘„‡›–Š‡ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡™‘—Ž†„‡Žƒ„‡Ž‡†ƒ•ǡ

ƒ†‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•–ƒˆˆ™‹ŽŽ‡ƒ•‹Ž›ˆ‹†–Š‡ǡ’—––Š‡‹’”‹•‘ǡ‘”‹ŽŽ–Š‡ƒ–‘…‡Ǥ

–…ƒ„‡•‡‡ˆ”‘–Š‡“—‘–ƒ–‹‘„‡Ž‘™Ǣ

‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹–Š‡…ƒ‘—ˆŽƒ‰‡—‹ˆ‘”•…ƒ‡—’–‘—•Ǥ‡™ƒ•–ƒŽŽ

and skinny, and his boots seemed too big for him. “How’s it going, ma’am?” he asked Mother. It’s going well, sir. I’m in luck.”,

“Well, luck doesn’t come by itself, you know… You have to look for it.”,

“Yes, sir.”,

“Ifyou get lucky here, that means it’s the state that helped you. Right?”,

“Well the luck comes through here from Gusti.”,

“But it’s also the soldiers who helped you get lucky, ma’am. All of this is

’‘••‹„Ž‡

because of us.” He took one of Mother’s pots. “My ™‹ˆ‡‡‡†•ƒ’‘–Ž‹‡

this ma’am.”,

̶—”‡–Š‹‰Ǥ–̵•ͷǤͲͲͲǡ„—–›‘—…ƒ’ƒ›‹͵Ͳ‹•–ƒŽŽ‡–•Ǥ̶ǡ

“How can you charge me like the others, ma’am? Look at my uniform, look at this gun.”,

̶Šǡ ‹–̵• ‘– Ž‹‡ –Šƒ–ǡ •‹”Ǥ ̵ Œ—•– ƒ –”ƒ†‡”Ǥ †‘̵– ƒ‡ –Šƒ– —…Š

’”‘ˆ‹–Ǥ̶ǡ

“Ah, you really don’t know how it works!”ȋ’ǤͷͺȌ

•‡–‹‘‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ•‡…—”‹–›‘‡›‹•–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ„Žƒ…ƒ‹Ž‹‰„›–Š‡

‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •–ƒˆˆǤ Š‡› ’”‡•• ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‡ ‘ˆ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ –Š‡ •‡…—”‹–› ˆ‘”

’‡‘’Ž‡ Ž‹‡ —ƒ”‹Ǥ Š‡ …ƒ‘– ”‡ˆ—•‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •–ƒˆˆ ™‹ŽŽ –‡””‘” ‘”

Žƒ„‡Ž—ƒ”‹ƒ•Ǥ‘–Šƒ–‹•™Š›—ƒ”‹‹•’”‡••‡†–‘‰‹˜‡‘‡›‘…‡‹

–™‘™‡‡•–‘–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•–ƒˆˆǤ–•Š‘™‡†‘Ǣ

̶ƒ̵ƒǡ›‘—̵˜‡„‡‡•‡ŽŽ‹‰Š‡”‡ǡ•‘‘—”…‘ƒ†‡”•ƒ›•–Šƒ–›‘—Šƒ˜‡

–‘ ’ƒ› ƒ•‡…—”‹–› ˆ‡‡ǡ̶ Š‡ •ƒ‹†Ǥ ‡ Šƒ† –™‘‘–Š‡”—‹ˆ‘”‡†‡™‹–Š

Š‹Ǥ

“Security fee for what, sir?” Mother asked, in a fearful tone that was very different from her usual trader’s banter.

“Well, for the security in here. It’s thanks to our security arrangements that you’ve

„‡‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –o do brisk business here. We’re the ones taking care of all security. So you make a profit, but what do we get?” one of the other

•‘Ž†‹‡”••ƒ‹†Ǥ

“Yes, sir. Sorry, my wife here doesn’t understand. Please understand, we’re both illiterate. So how much do we have to pay, sir?”.

“How about this: Instead of paying the fee, you just give us whatever you haven’t sold. That works out better, right? You won’t have to give us any money.” The soldiers took Mother’s merchandise. There were four

„—…‡–•ƒ†•‹š’‘–•ǡƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹œ‡†ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘–‘‘–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰

half sack of rice. My parents stayed and didn’t do anything. (p.60)

…‡—ƒ”‹ƒ‰”‡‡•–‘‰‹˜‡–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•–ƒˆˆ•‡…—”‹–›‘‡›ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ

‡‡’ †‘‹‰ –Šƒ–Ǥ Š‡› ™‹ŽŽ …‘‡ ‘˜‡” –‘Sumarni’s house on ƒ‰”‡‡† –‹‡

™Š‹…Š‹•‘…‡‹–™‘™‡‡•ǤŠ‡•‡…—”‹–›‘‡›…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†„›–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•–ƒˆˆ

™‹ŽŽ „‡—•‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” „‡‡ˆ‹–Ǥ Š‡‘‡› ™‹ŽŽ‰‘–‘ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •–ƒˆˆ̵•‘™

’‘…‡–ǡ‘––‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ

Š‡›…‘‡–‘–Š‡Š‘—•‡‘ˆ–‡ǡ‡˜‡”›–™‘™‡‡•‘‘†ƒ›Ǥ‘‡–‹‡•

–Š‡›…‘‡ƒ–‘–Š‡”–‹‡•–‘‘ǤŠ‡›̵ŽŽ•ƒ›–Š‡›Œ—•–Šƒ’’‡‡†–‘„‡‹–Š‡

ƒ”‡ƒǡ‘”–Š‡›™ƒ–‡†–‘†”‘’„›Ǥ—–‘–Š‡”‘™•™Šƒ–•Š‡Šƒ•–‘†‘

‡ƒ…Š–‹‡–Š‡›…‘‡Ǥ–̵•‘Ž›‡˜‡”ƒ„‘—––Š‡‘‡›Ǥȋ’ǤͶͻȌ

–ˆ‹”•–ǡ—ƒ”‹”‡ˆ—•‡•–‘’ƒ›ˆ‘”•‡…—”‹–›‘‡›ǡ„—–•Š‡™‹ŽŽ”‡…‡‹˜‡

•‡˜‡”ƒŽ™ƒ”‹‰•™Š‡•Š‡‡‡’•†‘‹‰–Šƒ–ǤŠ‡™ƒ”‹‰•ƒ”‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ

Š‡ƒ†˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡˜‹•‹–ǡ—‘™’‡‘’Ž‡–‘–‡””‘”—ƒ”‹ǡ–Š”‡ƒ––‘‰‹˜‡—ƒ”‹

ˆ‹‡ǡ ƒ† Žƒ„‡Ž Š‡” ƒ† Š‡” ˆƒ‹Ž› ƒ• Ǥ ‘ •Š‡ †‘‡• ‘– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ› …Š‘‹…‡

‡š…‡’––‘’ƒ›–Š‡•‡…—”‹–›‘‡›–‘‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡Š‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•–ƒˆˆǤŠ‡

‘’’”‡••‹‘•Š‘™‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’ŠǢ

“You can say whatever you like, but those are the facts. Now it’s up to you whether you need security or not.”,

̶Šƒ–†‘›‘—‡ƒ̵•‡…—”‹–›ǫŠƒ˜‡̵–†‘‡ƒ›–Š‹‰™”‘‰ǤŠƒ˜‡‘

‡‡‹‡•Ǥ

Š‡‘‡›Ž‡†‹•›‘™ǡ†‘̵–”‘„’‡‘’Ž‡ˆ‘”‹–Ǥ††‘̵–ˆ‘”…‡

’‡‘’Ž‡–‘„‘””‘™ˆ”‘‡Ǣ–Š‡›…‘‡‘–Š‡‹”‘™Ǥ‘™ƒƒ‹‰

–Š‹‰•†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡ǫ̶‘–Š‡”…‘—Ž†̵–Š‹†‡Š‡”‡šƒ•’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡

‡™–Š‡•‡‡‘Ž›…ƒ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘‡›Ǥ—–ˆ‘”Š‡”ǡ‡˜‡”›…‡–•Š‡

Šƒ†™ƒ•–Š‡’”‘†—…–‘ˆŠƒ”†™‘”ǡƒ†•Š‘—Ž†‘Ž›„‡•’‡–‘–Š‹‰•

–Šƒ–•Š‡ˆ‡Ž–™‡”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥȋ’Ǥ͸͸Ȍ

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

Istiadah, Asni Furaida, Dwi Rana Nabillah ʹǤ‘™‡”Ž‡••‡••

Š‡ ’‘™‡”Ž‡••‡•• ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† „› –Š‡ ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ƒ† –Š‡

™Š‘Ž‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹–Š‡‘˜‡ŽThe Years of the Voiceless‹••‡‡™Š‡–Š‡›†‘

‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ…Šƒ…‡–‘…Š‘‘•‡™Šƒ–’ƒ”–›–Š‡›™ƒ––‘…Š‘‘•‡‹–Š‡‡Ž‡…–‹‘Ǥ

Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •–ƒˆˆǡ ƒ• –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ ƒ•‡† –Š‡ –‘ ˜‘–‡

’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”’ƒ”–›ƒ†ƒ–Š”‡ƒ–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•‹–‹ˆ–Š‡›†‘‘–‘„‡›‹–ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽˆƒ…‡ …‘•‡“—‡…‡•Ǥ ‡”‡ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •–ƒˆˆ ƒ…– ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ ‘‡ǡ ‘ ‘‡ …ƒ

‘’’‘•‡–Š‡Ǥˆ–Š‡›‘’’‘•‡–Š‡ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ„‡’—–‹Œƒ‹Ž‘”Žƒ„‡Žƒ•Ǥ‡”‡ǡ

–Š‡ Žƒ„‡Ž ‘ˆ ‹• ˆ‡ƒ”‡† „› –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹ˆ ›‘— ƒ”‡ Žƒ„‡Ž‡† ƒ• ǡ

•‘…‹‡–›™‹ŽŽ‘–ƒ……‡’–›‘—ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ–Š‹‘ˆ›‘—ƒ•ƒ‘—–…ƒ•–Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡™‹ŽŽ‘–

Š‹”‡›‘—‘”Š‡Ž’›‘—ƒ–ƒŽŽǤ‘—™‹ŽŽ•—”˜‹˜‡„›„‡…‘‹‰ƒ–”ƒ’ǡƒ†›‘—”

™Š‘Ž‡ˆƒ‹Ž›™‹ŽŽ•—ˆˆ‡”–Š‡•ƒ‡ǡ‡˜‡›‘—”…Š‹Ž†ƒ†‰”ƒ†…Š‹Ž†Ǥ

Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•–ƒˆˆ‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•„‡ŠƒŽˆ™‹ŽŽ‰‹˜‡ƒƒ”‘›‘—”

…ƒ”† •‘ –Šƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘™ –Šƒ– ›‘— ƒ”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– „‡…ƒ—•‡ ›‘— ™‡”‡

Žƒ„‡Ž‡†ƒ•Ǥ‘—‡‡†–‘”‡’‘”––‘–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆˆ‹…‡‘…‡ƒ™‡‡ƒ†‹–™‹ŽŽ

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™›‘—ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ›‘—”Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ

“Well there we are, ma’am. Kang, everything’s fine now. Have you had a chance to vote yet? Well come on, you can go now. Don’t forget, it’s the one with the picture of a banyan tree. You’re not PKI, right?”

›’ƒ”‡–•‘††‡†ǤŠ‡›‰‘–—’ƒ†™‡––‘–Š‡˜‘–‹‰„‘‘–Š•ǤŠ‡

Ž‹‡•Šƒ†–Š‹‡†‘—–ƒ•‘–Š‡”™ƒ‹–‡†Š‡”–—”Ǥ•ƒ™Š‡”Ž‘‘„ƒ…ƒ–

–Š‡•‘Ž†‹‡”•™Š‘Šƒ†–ƒ‡Š‡”‡”…Šƒ†‹•‡ǤŠ‡›™‡”‡–ƒŽ‹‰ƒ†

Žƒ—‰Š‹‰Ǥȋ’Ǥ͸ͳȌ

͵Ǥ—Ž–—”ƒŽ’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•

—ƒ”‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† …—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•Ǥ Š‡ ‰‘– ‹– ˆ”‘ –Š‡

‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡƒ˜ƒ‡•‡…—Ž–—”‡ƒ†Š‡”†ƒ—‰Š–‡”ǡƒŠƒ›—ǤŠ‡‰‘––Š‡…—Ž–—”ƒŽ

‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– „‡…ƒ—•‡ •Š‡ —•– ‰‹˜‡ Š‡” ˜‘–‡ –‘ –Š‡

›‡ŽŽ‘™’ƒ”–›ƒ†…Š‘‘•‡–Š‡‡š‹•–‡…‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ˆ‘”Š‡”Œ—•–Ž‹‡–Š‡‘–Š‡”

…‹–‹œ‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•ˆ”‘Š‡”ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡…—Ž–—”‡‹•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ

Š‡” •—„‹••‹‘ –‘ Š‡” Š—•„ƒ†Ǥ  ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ …—Ž–—”‡ǡ ƒ ™‹ˆ‡ •Š‘—Ž† •—„‹–

™Š‘ŽŽ›–‘ƒŠ—•„ƒ†ǤŠ‡…ƒ‘–ƒ”‰—‡Š‡”Š—•„ƒ†Ǣ‡˜‡™Š‡Š‡”Š—•„ƒ†

…Š‡ƒ–•‘Š‡”ǡƒ™‹ˆ‡—•–”‡ƒ‹Ž‘›ƒŽƒ††‡˜‘–‡†Ǥ

Š‡”‡™‡”‡‘‘”‡’ƒ”–‹‡•™‹–Šƒ‡•‹”ƒ„‹…ǤŠ‡›Šƒ†—‹–‡†ƒ

•‹‰Ž‡ ’ƒ”–› ™‹–Š ƒ •–ƒ” ˆ‘” ƒ Ž‘‰‘Ǥ † –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„ƒ‰ƒ

’‡‘’Ž‡ Šƒ† ƒŽ•‘ ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž› ‡”‰‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‡™ ’ƒ”–› ‘™ Šƒ† ƒ „—ŽŽ̵•

Š‡ƒ†Ž‘‰‘‘ƒ”‡†„ƒ…‰”‘—†Ǥ—–‡‹–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‘•‡™ƒ•‘—”’ƒ”–›ǡ–Š‡

‘‡–Šƒ––Š‡•‹‰Ž‡–˜‘–‡”•™‡”‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘˜‘–‡ˆ‘”Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡™‡™‡”‡

on Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

ʹǤ‘™‡”Ž‡••‡••

Š‡ ’‘™‡”Ž‡••‡•• ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† „› –Š‡ ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ƒ† –Š‡

™Š‘Ž‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹–Š‡‘˜‡ŽThe Years of the Voiceless‹••‡‡™Š‡–Š‡›†‘

‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ…Šƒ…‡–‘…Š‘‘•‡™Šƒ–’ƒ”–›–Š‡›™ƒ––‘…Š‘‘•‡‹–Š‡‡Ž‡…–‹‘Ǥ

Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •–ƒˆˆǡ ƒ• –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ ƒ•‡† –Š‡ –‘ ˜‘–‡

’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”’ƒ”–›ƒ†ƒ–Š”‡ƒ–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•‹–‹ˆ–Š‡›†‘‘–‘„‡›‹–ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽˆƒ…‡ …‘•‡“—‡…‡•Ǥ ‡”‡ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •–ƒˆˆ ƒ…– ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ ‘‡ǡ ‘ ‘‡ …ƒ

‘’’‘•‡–Š‡Ǥˆ–Š‡›‘’’‘•‡–Š‡ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ„‡’—–‹Œƒ‹Ž‘”Žƒ„‡Žƒ•Ǥ‡”‡ǡ

–Š‡ Žƒ„‡Ž ‘ˆ ‹• ˆ‡ƒ”‡† „› –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹ˆ ›‘— ƒ”‡ Žƒ„‡Ž‡† ƒ• ǡ

•‘…‹‡–›™‹ŽŽ‘–ƒ……‡’–›‘—ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ–Š‹‘ˆ›‘—ƒ•ƒ‘—–…ƒ•–Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡™‹ŽŽ‘–

Š‹”‡›‘—‘”Š‡Ž’›‘—ƒ–ƒŽŽǤ‘—™‹ŽŽ•—”˜‹˜‡„›„‡…‘‹‰ƒ–”ƒ’ǡƒ†›‘—”

™Š‘Ž‡ˆƒ‹Ž›™‹ŽŽ•—ˆˆ‡”–Š‡•ƒ‡ǡ‡˜‡›‘—”…Š‹Ž†ƒ†‰”ƒ†…Š‹Ž†Ǥ

Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•–ƒˆˆ‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•„‡ŠƒŽˆ™‹ŽŽ‰‹˜‡ƒƒ”‘›‘—”

…ƒ”† •‘ –Šƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘™ –Šƒ– ›‘— ƒ”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– „‡…ƒ—•‡ ›‘— ™‡”‡

Žƒ„‡Ž‡†ƒ•Ǥ‘—‡‡†–‘”‡’‘”––‘–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆˆ‹…‡‘…‡ƒ™‡‡ƒ†‹–™‹ŽŽ

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™›‘—ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ›‘—”Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ

“Well there we are, ma’am. Kang, everything’s fine now. Have you had a chance to vote yet? Well come on, you can go now. Don’t forget, it’s the one with the picture of a banyan tree. You’re not PKI, right?”

›’ƒ”‡–•‘††‡†ǤŠ‡›‰‘–—’ƒ†™‡––‘–Š‡˜‘–‹‰„‘‘–Š•ǤŠ‡

Ž‹‡•Šƒ†–Š‹‡†‘—–ƒ•‘–Š‡”™ƒ‹–‡†Š‡”–—”Ǥ•ƒ™Š‡”Ž‘‘„ƒ…ƒ–

–Š‡•‘Ž†‹‡”•™Š‘Šƒ†–ƒ‡Š‡”‡”…Šƒ†‹•‡ǤŠ‡›™‡”‡–ƒŽ‹‰ƒ†

Žƒ—‰Š‹‰Ǥȋ’Ǥ͸ͳȌ

͵Ǥ—Ž–—”ƒŽ’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•

—ƒ”‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† …—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•Ǥ Š‡ ‰‘– ‹– ˆ”‘ –Š‡

‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡƒ˜ƒ‡•‡…—Ž–—”‡ƒ†Š‡”†ƒ—‰Š–‡”ǡƒŠƒ›—ǤŠ‡‰‘––Š‡…—Ž–—”ƒŽ

‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– „‡…ƒ—•‡ •Š‡ —•– ‰‹˜‡ Š‡” ˜‘–‡ –‘ –Š‡

›‡ŽŽ‘™’ƒ”–›ƒ†…Š‘‘•‡–Š‡‡š‹•–‡…‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ˆ‘”Š‡”Œ—•–Ž‹‡–Š‡‘–Š‡”

…‹–‹œ‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•ˆ”‘Š‡”ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡…—Ž–—”‡‹•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ

Š‡” •—„‹••‹‘ –‘ Š‡” Š—•„ƒ†Ǥ  ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ …—Ž–—”‡ǡ ƒ ™‹ˆ‡ •Š‘—Ž† •—„‹–

™Š‘ŽŽ›–‘ƒŠ—•„ƒ†ǤŠ‡…ƒ‘–ƒ”‰—‡Š‡”Š—•„ƒ†Ǣ‡˜‡™Š‡Š‡”Š—•„ƒ†

…Š‡ƒ–•‘Š‡”ǡƒ™‹ˆ‡—•–”‡ƒ‹Ž‘›ƒŽƒ††‡˜‘–‡†Ǥ

Š‡”‡™‡”‡‘‘”‡’ƒ”–‹‡•™‹–Šƒ‡•‹”ƒ„‹…ǤŠ‡›Šƒ†—‹–‡†ƒ

•‹‰Ž‡ ’ƒ”–› ™‹–Š ƒ •–ƒ” ˆ‘” ƒ Ž‘‰‘Ǥ † –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„ƒ‰ƒ

’‡‘’Ž‡ Šƒ† ƒŽ•‘ ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž› ‡”‰‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‡™ ’ƒ”–› ‘™ Šƒ† ƒ „—ŽŽ̵•

Š‡ƒ†Ž‘‰‘‘ƒ”‡†„ƒ…‰”‘—†Ǥ—–‡‹–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‘•‡™ƒ•‘—”’ƒ”–›ǡ–Š‡

‘‡–Šƒ––Š‡•‹‰Ž‡–˜‘–‡”•™‡”‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘˜‘–‡ˆ‘”Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡™‡™‡”‡

’ƒ–”‹‘–• ƒ† ™‡ •—’’‘”–‡† –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ ™‡ ƒŽŽ •—’’‘”–‡† –Š‡

›‡ŽŽ‘™’ƒ”–›Ǥ‡™‘—Ž†’—…Š–Š‡Ž‘‰‘™‹–Š„ƒ›ƒ–”‡‡Ǥȋ’Ǥ͹͵Ǧ͹ͶȌ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ˜‘–‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ›‡ŽŽ‘™ ’ƒ”–› „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ™ƒ”† …Š‹‡ˆ ƒ†

—‹ˆ‘”‡†‡™Š‘‰—ƒ”†‡†–Š‡˜‘–‹‰„‘‘–Š••ƒ‹†™‡—•–†‘Ǥˆ–‡”

’—…Š‹‰ –Š‡ ’ƒ’‡”ǡ ‰ƒ˜‡ ‹– –‘ –Š‡ •‘Ž†‹‡”•ǡ ’—––‹‰ ‹– ‹–‘ ƒ „‘šǤ

ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ‹… —’ ƒ ˆ—••ǡ Œ—•– ™‡– ƒŽ‘‰Ǥ Š‡ †‹•–”‹…– …Š‹‡ˆ ™ƒ•

–‡ŽŽ‹‰—•–‘˜‘–‡ǡƒ†Ž‹‡–Š‡‘–Š‡”•ǡ™‘—Ž††‘ƒ•Š‡•ƒ‹†Ǥȋ’ǤͻͻȌ

̶Šƒ–̵• ›‘—” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ —ǫ̶ ‘Š ƒ›ƒ†̵• “—‡•–‹‘ •–ƒ”–Ž‡† ‡Ǥ ‡

–ƒŽ‡†‡˜‡”›‹‰Š–•‹…‡‡Œƒ̵•†‡ƒ–ŠǤ‘‘‡…ƒ‡–‘™ƒ–…Š–Š‡ǡ•‘

‘Šƒ›ƒ†‹†‹†‘–‡‡†–‘Š‹†‡‹Š‹•”‘‘ƒŽŽ‹‰Š–Ǥ—–™‡‡˜‡”–ƒŽ

ƒ„‘—–ƒ›–Š‹‰–Š‹••‡”‹‘—•Ǥ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǫŠƒ–™ƒ•›”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǫ

“It’s supposed to be Islam, Koh. Just like everyone else.”

̶̵Š”‹•–‹ƒǤ–•ƒ›••‘‘›…ƒ”†Ǥ‹‡–Š‡‘–Š‡”•Ǥ̶ȋ’Ǥͳ͸ͻȌ

”‘ ‹„‘ǡ —ƒ”‹ ‰‘– –Š‡ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹• ™Š‡ •Š‡ ™ƒ•

›‘—‰Ǥ‘ǡ‹„‘ƒ••—ƒ”‹–‘ƒ……‡’–‡Œƒǡ™Š‘’”‘’‘•‡†Š‡”–‘ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡

…—”•‡Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡‹ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡…—Ž–—”‡ǡ™‘‡•Š‘—Ž†‘–”‡ˆ—•‡ƒ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ™Š‹…Š …‘‡ –‘ –Š‡ǡ ‹ˆ ‘– ‹– ™‹ŽŽ „‡…‘‡ ƒ …—”•‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ™‘‡ …ƒ‘– ƒ””›

ƒ›‘‡‹Š‡”™Š‘Ž‡Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ‘ǡ–‘ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡…—”•‡ǡ—ƒ”‹†‹†‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ…Š‘‹…‡

‡š…‡’––‘ƒ……‡’–—–‡Œƒ̵•’”‘’‘•ƒŽǤ

‹––Ž‡ †‹† ‘™ǡ –Š‘—‰Šǡ –Šƒ– Ž† ƒ ‘–‘ Šƒ† –‘Ž† ‹„‘ ƒ„‘—–

‡Œƒ™ƒ–‹‰–‘ƒ””›‡ǤŠƒ–‹‰Š–ǡ„‡Š‹†–Š‡Š‘—•‡ǡƒ•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†—’

›•‹Ž‡–’”ƒ›‡”ǡ•‹„‘™Š‹•’ered to me, “Nduk, a girl must have a husband and children. If a man proposes to you, you can’t refuse. You could be cursed and become an old maid” (p.44)

‘–Š‡” …—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹• ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž ‹• ƒŠƒ›— –Š‹• –Šƒ– Š‡”

‘–Š‡”‹•ƒ•‹‡”ǤŠ‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ†‡ˆ‘‘†‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰‘–Š‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…’‡”‹‘†ˆ‘”

–Š‡ ƒ…‡•–”ƒŽ •’‹”‹–•Ǥ ƒŠƒ›— Šƒ–‡• –Š‹•ƒ…–‹˜‹–› ™Š‹…Šƒ†‡Š‡”‘–Š‡” ‹• ƒ

•‹‡” ‹ Š‡” ‡›‡•Ǥ ƒŠƒ›— –Š‹• Š‡” ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ– ™ƒ› „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹ ƒ •…Š‘‘Žǡ

ƒŠƒ›— ‹• –ƒ—‰Š– „› –Š‡ •Žƒ‹… ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ •‘ ™Šƒ– —ƒ”‹ †‹† ‹• ‘–

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ •Žƒ‹… ’”‹…‹’Ž‡•Ǥ  •Žƒǡ –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ– ‘† ‹• ‘Ž› ŽŽƒŠ ǡ

™Š‹Ž‡ —ƒ”‹ †‘‡• ‘– ‘™ ŽŽƒŠ Ǥ  —ƒ”‹̵• ™Š‘Ž‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ ‹„‘

‡˜‡” –ƒ—‰Š– Š‡” ƒ„‘—– ŽŽƒŠ Ǥ ‹„‘ ‹• ‘Ž› –ƒ—‰Š– Š‡” –‘ ’”ƒ› –‘

ƒ…‡•–”ƒŽ•’‹”‹–Ǥ

‡–‘–Š‡”Šƒ˜‡Š‡”•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ…–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡”‹…‡…‘‡•ƒ†‰”‹ŽŽ‡†‡ƒ–Ǥ

—–†‘̵–™ƒ––‘•‡‡‹–Ǥ˜‡”›ˆ‹„‡”‘ˆ›„‡‹‰”‡˜‘Ž–•ƒ–„‡‹‰‡ƒ”

•—…Šˆ—‘ŽŽ›ƒ†•‹ƒ†‹•ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰‹––‘‰‘‘Ǥ‘„‡‹–Ǥ‡–—•„‡Šƒ’’›

„› ‘– •‡‡‹‰ ‡ƒ…Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‡– —• ”‡ƒ‹ ˆƒ” ƒ’ƒ”– ˆ‘” ‘—” ‘™

Šƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ ‡”‡ǡ ‹ –Š‹• …‹–›ǡ ̵˜‡ ˆ‘—† ™Šƒ– ̵ Ž‘‘‹‰ ˆ‘”Ǥ

˜‡”›–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ‹• ”‹‰Š– ƒ† –Šƒ– ƒ‡• •‡•‡Ǥ ‘†‡”ǡ ‘– ˆ‘‘Ž‹•ŠǤ

‘†Ž›ǡ‘–†‡˜‹ŽǦ™‘”•Š‹’‹‰Ǥȋ’ǤͳʹͺȌ

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

Istiadah, Asni Furaida, Dwi Rana Nabillah ͶǤ‹‘Ž‡…‡

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”‹†•‘ˆ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡‹–Š‡‘˜‡ŽThe Years of the Voiceless

‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† „› ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•ǣ ‹„‘ǡ —ƒ”‹ǡ ƒŠƒ›—ǡ — —Œ— ƒ†

†ƒ”‹Ǣƒ‡Ž›’Š›•‹…ƒŽǡ’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡ•‡š—ƒŽǡ ƒ†‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡•ǤŠ‡

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–ƒ„Ž‡•Š‘™•‡ƒ…Š†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘ˆ‘—”‹†•‘ˆ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡Ǥ ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤŠ‡ƒ–ƒ‘‹‘Ž‡…‡

‘Ǥ Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ––‡”ƒ…‡• ‘†‹‰

ͳ —ƒ”‹

̶‘ǡ—ǡŠ‡ƒ”›‘—̵”‡‘–Œ—•–•‡ŽŽ‹‰˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ†

Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†‹–‡•ƒ›‘”‡Ǥ‘—̵”‡‘™ƒ

‘‡›Ž‡†‡”ǡƒ”‡›‘—ǫ̶—ƒ†‹•ƒ‹†Ǥ

“Oh. I’m still trading, chief. I don’t lend a lot.”.

“Hahaha…! Whether it’s a little or a lot, it’s still

‘‡›Ǧlending. You’re a moneylender, a loan shark! It’s people like you that make life difficult for others.” “Hold on, now chief. I’m just trying to help

’‡‘’Ž‡ǤŠ‡–Š‡›‡‡†‘‡›ǡ‰‹˜‡‹––‘–Š‡Ǥˆ

–Š‡›‡‡†ƒpan, I sell them a pan.”

“Yeah, right… Don’t try to wriggle out of this one!

You’ve made a lot of enemies now, and that makes you an enemy of the state too” (p.66)

“You noǦgood, shameless moneylender. You’re a loan shark, a bloodsucker. You think I can’t r‡’ƒ›

my debt? Don’t underestimate me, Yu. I’m an official. I get paid by the state every month. You’re just a loan shark who makes others suffer.” (p.83)

•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…

ƒŽ

“Oh Teja, you ungrateful man. Here I am struggling to earn money, and he’s out havingˆ—™‹–Š‘–Š‡”

women.”

‘–Š‡”™ƒ•‘Ž‘‰‡””ƒ‰‹‰ƒ–‘”ƒŠǤ‘™•Š‡

™ƒ•…—”•‹‰‘—–ˆƒ–Š‡”Ǥ—–‘‘‡‡˜‡‡™

™Š‡”‡Š‡™ƒ•Ǥ‡Œƒ–Š‡Žƒœ›Ǥ‡Œƒ™Š‘•Ž‡‡’•Ž‹‡ƒ

„—ˆˆƒŽ‘Ǥ‡Œƒ™Š‘‘Ž›…ƒ”‡•ƒ„‘—–Š‹•‡ŽˆǤ‡Œƒ

™Š‘‹•‘™•Šƒ…‡†—’™‹–Š•‘‡‘–Š‡”™‘ƒǤǤǤ ȋ’ǤͶͻȌ

…‘‘‹…ƒŽ

ʹ ƒŠƒ›—

Š‡–™‘•‘Ž†‹‡”•™‡”‡‘™—•‹‰–Š‡‹”‰—•Ǥ‘ǡ

–Š‡›™‡”‡̵–•Š‘‘–‹‰Ǥ•–‡ƒ†ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡Š‹––‹‰

”‹ƒ†ƒ™‹–Š–Š‡‹””‹ˆŽ‡„—––•ǡ…ƒ–…Š‹‰–Š‡

‹–Š‡ˆƒ…‡ǡ–Š‡„ƒ…ǡ–Š‡•–‘ƒ…ŠǤ…‘—Ž†̵–•–ƒ†‹–

ƒ›‘”‡Ǥ

“Stop it… stop it!”,

Thud… I felt my cheek burn up and sting. I had

Š›•‹…ƒŽ

on Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

ͶǤ‹‘Ž‡…‡

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”‹†•‘ˆ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡‹–Š‡‘˜‡ŽThe Years of the Voiceless

‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† „› ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•ǣ ‹„‘ǡ —ƒ”‹ǡ ƒŠƒ›—ǡ — —Œ— ƒ†

†ƒ”‹Ǣƒ‡Ž›’Š›•‹…ƒŽǡ’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡ•‡š—ƒŽǡ ƒ†‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡•ǤŠ‡

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–ƒ„Ž‡•Š‘™•‡ƒ…Š†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘ˆ‘—”‹†•‘ˆ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡Ǥ ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤŠ‡ƒ–ƒ‘‹‘Ž‡…‡

‘Ǥ Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ––‡”ƒ…‡• ‘†‹‰

ͳ —ƒ”‹

̶‘ǡ—ǡŠ‡ƒ”›‘—̵”‡‘–Œ—•–•‡ŽŽ‹‰˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ†

Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†‹–‡•ƒ›‘”‡Ǥ‘—̵”‡‘™ƒ

‘‡›Ž‡†‡”ǡƒ”‡›‘—ǫ̶—ƒ†‹•ƒ‹†Ǥ

“Oh. I’m still trading, chief. I don’t lend a lot.”.

“Hahaha…! Whether it’s a little or a lot, it’s still

‘‡›Ǧlending. You’re a moneylender, a loan shark! It’s people like you that make life difficult for others.” “Hold on, now chief. I’m just trying to help

’‡‘’Ž‡ǤŠ‡–Š‡›‡‡†‘‡›ǡ‰‹˜‡‹––‘–Š‡Ǥˆ

–Š‡›‡‡†ƒpan, I sell them a pan.”

“Yeah, right… Don’t try to wriggle out of this one!

You’ve made a lot of enemies now, and that makes you an enemy of the state too” (p.66)

“You noǦgood, shameless moneylender. You’re a loan shark, a bloodsucker. You think I can’t r‡’ƒ›

my debt? Don’t underestimate me, Yu. I’m an official. I get paid by the state every month. You’re just a loan shark who makes others suffer.” (p.83)

•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…

ƒŽ

“Oh Teja, you ungrateful man. Here I am struggling to earn money, and he’s out havingˆ—™‹–Š‘–Š‡”

women.”

‘–Š‡”™ƒ•‘Ž‘‰‡””ƒ‰‹‰ƒ–‘”ƒŠǤ‘™•Š‡

™ƒ•…—”•‹‰‘—–ˆƒ–Š‡”Ǥ—–‘‘‡‡˜‡‡™

™Š‡”‡Š‡™ƒ•Ǥ‡Œƒ–Š‡Žƒœ›Ǥ‡Œƒ™Š‘•Ž‡‡’•Ž‹‡ƒ

„—ˆˆƒŽ‘Ǥ‡Œƒ™Š‘‘Ž›…ƒ”‡•ƒ„‘—–Š‹•‡ŽˆǤ‡Œƒ

™Š‘‹•‘™•Šƒ…‡†—’™‹–Š•‘‡‘–Š‡”™‘ƒǤǤǤ ȋ’ǤͶͻȌ

…‘‘‹…ƒŽ

ʹ ƒŠƒ›—

Š‡–™‘•‘Ž†‹‡”•™‡”‡‘™—•‹‰–Š‡‹”‰—•Ǥ‘ǡ

–Š‡›™‡”‡̵–•Š‘‘–‹‰Ǥ•–‡ƒ†ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡Š‹––‹‰

”‹ƒ†ƒ™‹–Š–Š‡‹””‹ˆŽ‡„—––•ǡ…ƒ–…Š‹‰–Š‡

‹–Š‡ˆƒ…‡ǡ–Š‡„ƒ…ǡ–Š‡•–‘ƒ…ŠǤ…‘—Ž†̵–•–ƒ†‹–

ƒ›‘”‡Ǥ

“Stop it… stop it!”,

Thud… I felt my cheek burn up and sting. I had

Š›•‹…ƒŽ

…ƒ—‰Š–ƒ”‹ˆŽ‡„—––‹–Š‡ˆƒ…‡ǤŠ‡”‡•‘Ž†‹‡”•

•–‘’’‡†Ǥ”‹ƒ†ƒ™‡”‡„‘–Š…—”Ž‡†—’‘–Š‡

‰”‘—†Ǥȋ’ǤͳͶͲ–ͳͶͳȌ

™ƒ••—”‡–Šƒ–”ǤƒŒ‹™‘—Ž†’‘—”‘—–ƒŽŽŠ‹•

†‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡–ƒ†ƒ‰‡”‹…Žƒ••–Š‡‡š–†ƒ›Ǥ‡

†‹†̵–Œ—•––ƒŽƒ„‘—–•‹‡”„—–‰ƒ˜‡ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡„›

…ƒŽŽ‹‰›ƒ‡ǤŽŽ–Š‡…Š‹Ž†”‡‹–Š‡•…Š‘‘Ž

™‘—Ž†‘™Ǥ̶ƒŠƒ›—̵•‘–Š‡”‹•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒ

Ž‘ƒ•Šƒ”ǤŠ‡Ž‡†•‘‡›–‘’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†…Šƒ”‰‡•

–Š‡–‡’‡”…‡–‹–‡”‡•–ǤŠ‡’”‡›•‘–Š‘•‡’‘‘”

’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ̶ȋ’ǤͺͶȌ

•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…

ƒŽ

•‡‡›‘—”‡›‡••–”ƒ‹™Š‡–ƒŽƒ„‘—––Š‡’”‹•‘Ǥ

Š‡›‘—…‘˜‡”›‘—”ˆƒ…‡™Š‡–ƒŽƒ„‘—––Š‡

•‘Ž†‹‡”•Ǥ‘—•…”‡ƒ™Š‡–‡ŽŽ›‘—™ƒ•”ƒ’‡†

ƒ†–‘”–—”‡†ǤŠ‡›‘—Žƒ—‰Š™Š‡–‡ŽŽ›‘—ƒ„‘—–

Š‘™‰‘‘†‹–™ƒ•ƒ‹‰‘—–‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡

‹‰Š–„‡‡ƒ–Šƒ•›•’‡…Ž‡†™‹–Š•–ƒ”•™‹–Šƒƒ

–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ‰‡ƒ•›ˆƒ–Š‡”Ǥȋ’ǤͳͲȌ

‡š—ƒŽ

͵ †ƒ”‹

“It hurts, miss.”

“What hurts, Nduk? What is it?” I asked as I tried not to think the worst. “It” hurt. Was “it” what I

–Š‘—‰Š–•Š‡‡ƒ–ǤŽŽƒŠǡ™Šƒ–‘”‡–”‘—„Ž‡‹•

–Š‹•ǫ

“My thing... My thing... it got poked with a finger...”

“It” was what I thought. Ndari was still crying. I held her tighter. “Who, Nduk? Who poked you?”

“Uncle...” (p.222)

‡š—ƒŽ

Ͷ ›„‘Ž

Šƒ˜‡ƒŠƒœ›‡‘”›‘ˆŠ‹„‡ƒ–‹‰Š‡”„‡…ƒ—•‡

she had a fever and couldn’t go to the market. If she didn’t go, we wouldn’t have anything to eat. And all

Š‡†‹†™ƒ•Œ—•–™ƒ‹–‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘‘†Ǥ‡™ƒ•Ž‹‡ƒ

…”ƒœ‡††‘‰ǤŽ›ƒ…”ƒœ‡††‘‰™‘—Ž†„‹–‡Š‹••‹…

™‹ˆ‡Ǥ™ƒ•–‡””‹ˆ‹‡†„ƒ…–Š‡ǤŠ‹†„‡Š‹†ƒ†‘‘”

ƒ†…”‹‡†Ǥ‡Ž‡ˆ–ƒˆ–‡”„‡ƒ–‹‰Š‡”ǡƒ†Š‡‡˜‡”

”‡–—”‡†Ǥȋ’Ǥͳ͸Ȍ

Š›•‹…ƒŽ

ͷ ——Œ—

›Š—•„ƒ†ǡ‹ǤǤ‡Šƒ•…Š‡ƒ–‡†‘‡™‹–Š

Ž‡†Š‡Ǥ–̵•„‡‡ƒŽ‘‰–‹‡ǡ‹Ǥ—–Œ—•–•Š—–—’Ǥ

†‘̵–™ƒ––‘ƒ‡ƒˆ—••Ǣ†‘̵–™ƒ––‘‰‡–‹–‘

–”‘—„Ž‡Ǥ—–̵‘–•–”‘‰ǡ‹Ǥ›Š‡ƒ”–‹••Ž‹…‡†

into pieces… Bu Jujuk is back to her world, a world

ˆ—ŽŽ‘ˆ‘„‡†‹‡…‡ƒ†ˆ‡ƒ”ȋ’ǤͶ͸ǦͶ͹Ȍ

•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…

ƒŽ

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

Istiadah, Asni Furaida, Dwi Rana Nabillah

 –Š‡ “—‘–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ ‹– ‹• ’”‘˜‡ –Šƒ– ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡ …ƒ –ƒ‡ ƒ›

ˆ‘”•Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡ ‹• ‘– ‘Ž› ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡ

•‡š—ƒŽǡƒ†‡…‘‘‹…Ǥ

ͷǤƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘

Š‡ Žƒ•– ˆ‹˜‡ ˆƒ…‡• ‘ˆ ‘’’”‡••‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž ‹• ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡‘‡ƒ‹‹‰Ž‡–˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡–Šƒ–†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š™‘‡ƒ†‡̵•Œ‘„Ǥ

–Š‹•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ™‘‡ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘†‘–Š‡‡ƒ•›Œ‘„ǡ™Š‹…Š†‘‡•‘–‡‡†ƒ›

•–”‡‰–ŠǤ—–„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•ǡ™‘‡ƒ”‡’ƒ‹†™‹–Šˆ‘‘†ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‡ƒ”‡’ƒ‹†

™‹–Š‘‡›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”•‡”˜‹…‡ȀŒ‘„Ǥ–‹•˜‡”›—…‘‘ˆ‘”ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡™‘‡–‘

™‘” ƒ•kuli ȋƒ ’‘”–‡”Ȍǡ „—– —ƒ”‹̵• •–—„„‘”‡•• ˆ‹ƒŽŽ› …ƒ „”‡ƒ –Š‡

ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡…—Ž–—”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǥ‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–‹•ilokȀ•–”ƒ‰‡™Š‡™‘‡Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ

ƒ̵• Œ‘„ǡ „—– Žƒ–‡” ‘ǡ ‹– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ …‘‘ǡ ƒ† ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‹ŽŽ ƒ……‡’– ‹–Ǥ ›

„”‡ƒ‹‰ –Š‹• ‘Ž† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ —ƒ”‹ …ƒ Ž‡˜‡Ž —’ Š‡” Ž‹ˆ‡̵• ’”‘•’‡”‹–›Ǥ – ‹•

•Š‘™‡†„›–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ„‡Ž‘™Ǣ

“Ni, you must be kidding. There’s no such thing as a female porter. You’re

Œ—•–‘–•–”‘‰‡‘—‰ŠǤ ‘”‰‡–ƒ„‘—–‹–Ǥ‘‡•Š‘—Ž†•–‹…–‘‡ƒ•›Œ‘„•ǡ like peeling cassavas” (p.͵ͲȌ

didn’t talk about the bra with‹„‘ǤŒ—•––‘Ž†Š‡”–Šƒ–™ƒ––‘Š‡Ž’

Š‡”–‘’‡‡Ž–Š‡…ƒ••ƒ˜ƒ•ƒ†Š‘’‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ‡ƒŽ‹––Ž‡‘‡›ǤŠ‡–‘Ž†‡

wouldn’t get any money. That was the custom at the market. The women

™‡”‡’ƒ‹†™‹–Šˆ‘‘†ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‡™‡”‡’ƒ‹†‹…ƒ•ŠǤȋ’ǤʹͲȌ

Javanese Women Experiencing Oppression in Intersectionality Perspective

 ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ …—Ž–—”‡ǡ –Š‡ †‡•–‹› ‘ˆ ™‘‡ ‹•masak ȋ…‘‘‹‰Ȍǡmacak ȋ†”‡••‹‰—’Ȍƒ†manakȋ‰‹˜‹‰„‹”–ŠȌǤŠ‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆ–”—‡™‘‡‹ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡

‹• ƒŽ™ƒ›• ”‡Žƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” „‘†› ƒ† ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‹• …‘…‡’– ‹• †‡•…‡– ˆ”‘

‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹– ‹• ‹‰”ƒ‹‡†Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‹ ›‹ ƒ”–ƒ–‹

–‡ƒ…Š‹‰•ˆ‘”Š‡”†ƒ—‰Š–‡”ƒ…ƒ‰ƒ’–‹ƒ„‘—–kias lima jari tanganȋ‡–ƒ’Š‘”

‘ˆˆ‹˜‡ˆ‹‰‡”•ȌǤŠ‹•–‡ƒ…Š‹‰–‡†•–‘™‡ƒ‡™‘‡’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ

Š‡…‘–‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ƒ”‡Ǣˆ‹”•–ǡŠ—„‡ƒ•Pol Ing TyasǤ•ƒ

™‹ˆ‡ǡ‘‡—•–•—””‡†‡”‡–‹”‡Ž›–‘Š‡”Š—•„ƒ†ǤŠƒ––Š‡Š—•„ƒ†™ƒ–•ǡ‹–

—•– „‡ ‘„‡›‡†Ǥ ‡…‘†ǡ ……—•‡” ȋ’‘‹–‡”Ȍ ‡ƒ• ‡˜‡” †ƒ”‡ –‘ „”‡ƒ –Š‡

tudhung kakung ȋŠ—•„ƒ†̵• ‹•–”—…–‹‘•ȌǤ Š‡ Š—•„ƒ†̵• ‹•–”—…–‹‘• •Š‘—Ž†

‘– „‡ “—‡•–‹‘‡†Ǥ Š‹”†ǡ –Š‡ •—’‡”‹‘” ȋ‹††Ž‡ ˆ‹‰‡”Ȍ ‡ƒ• –Š‡ ™‹ˆ‡ —•–

on Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

 –Š‡ “—‘–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ ‹– ‹• ’”‘˜‡ –Šƒ– ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡ …ƒ –ƒ‡ ƒ›

ˆ‘”•Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡ ‹• ‘– ‘Ž› ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡ

•‡š—ƒŽǡƒ†‡…‘‘‹…Ǥ

ͷǤƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘

Š‡ Žƒ•– ˆ‹˜‡ ˆƒ…‡• ‘ˆ ‘’’”‡••‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž ‹• ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Š‡”‡‹•’Š‡‘‡ƒ‹‹‰Ž‡–˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡–Šƒ–†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š™‘‡ƒ†‡̵•Œ‘„Ǥ

–Š‹•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ™‘‡ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘†‘–Š‡‡ƒ•›Œ‘„ǡ™Š‹…Š†‘‡•‘–‡‡†ƒ›

•–”‡‰–ŠǤ—–„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•ǡ™‘‡ƒ”‡’ƒ‹†™‹–Šˆ‘‘†ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‡ƒ”‡’ƒ‹†

™‹–Š‘‡›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”•‡”˜‹…‡ȀŒ‘„Ǥ–‹•˜‡”›—…‘‘ˆ‘”ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡™‘‡–‘

™‘” ƒ•kuli ȋƒ ’‘”–‡”Ȍǡ „—– —ƒ”‹̵• •–—„„‘”‡•• ˆ‹ƒŽŽ› …ƒ „”‡ƒ –Š‡

ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡…—Ž–—”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǥ‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–‹•ilokȀ•–”ƒ‰‡™Š‡™‘‡Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ

ƒ̵• Œ‘„ǡ „—– Žƒ–‡” ‘ǡ ‹– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ …‘‘ǡ ƒ† ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‹ŽŽ ƒ……‡’– ‹–Ǥ ›

„”‡ƒ‹‰ –Š‹• ‘Ž† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ —ƒ”‹ …ƒ Ž‡˜‡Ž —’ Š‡” Ž‹ˆ‡̵• ’”‘•’‡”‹–›Ǥ – ‹•

•Š‘™‡†„›–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ„‡Ž‘™Ǣ

“Ni, you must be kidding. There’s no such thing as a female porter. You’re

Œ—•–‘–•–”‘‰‡‘—‰ŠǤ ‘”‰‡–ƒ„‘—–‹–Ǥ‘‡•Š‘—Ž†•–‹…–‘‡ƒ•›Œ‘„•ǡ like peeling cassavas” (p.͵ͲȌ

didn’t talk about the bra with‹„‘ǤŒ—•––‘Ž†Š‡”–Šƒ–™ƒ––‘Š‡Ž’

Š‡”–‘’‡‡Ž–Š‡…ƒ••ƒ˜ƒ•ƒ†Š‘’‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ‡ƒŽ‹––Ž‡‘‡›ǤŠ‡–‘Ž†‡

wouldn’t get any money. That was the custom at the market. The women

™‡”‡’ƒ‹†™‹–Šˆ‘‘†ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‡™‡”‡’ƒ‹†‹…ƒ•ŠǤȋ’ǤʹͲȌ

Javanese Women Experiencing Oppression in Intersectionality Perspective

 ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ …—Ž–—”‡ǡ –Š‡ †‡•–‹› ‘ˆ ™‘‡ ‹•masak ȋ…‘‘‹‰Ȍǡmacak ȋ†”‡••‹‰—’Ȍƒ†manakȋ‰‹˜‹‰„‹”–ŠȌǤŠ‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆ–”—‡™‘‡‹ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡

‹• ƒŽ™ƒ›• ”‡Žƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” „‘†› ƒ† ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‹• …‘…‡’– ‹• †‡•…‡– ˆ”‘

‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹– ‹• ‹‰”ƒ‹‡†Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‹ ›‹ ƒ”–ƒ–‹

–‡ƒ…Š‹‰•ˆ‘”Š‡”†ƒ—‰Š–‡”ƒ…ƒ‰ƒ’–‹ƒ„‘—–kias lima jari tanganȋ‡–ƒ’Š‘”

‘ˆˆ‹˜‡ˆ‹‰‡”•ȌǤŠ‹•–‡ƒ…Š‹‰–‡†•–‘™‡ƒ‡™‘‡’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ

Š‡…‘–‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ƒ”‡Ǣˆ‹”•–ǡŠ—„‡ƒ•Pol Ing TyasǤ•ƒ

™‹ˆ‡ǡ‘‡—•–•—””‡†‡”‡–‹”‡Ž›–‘Š‡”Š—•„ƒ†ǤŠƒ––Š‡Š—•„ƒ†™ƒ–•ǡ‹–

—•– „‡ ‘„‡›‡†Ǥ ‡…‘†ǡ ……—•‡” ȋ’‘‹–‡”Ȍ ‡ƒ• ‡˜‡” †ƒ”‡ –‘ „”‡ƒ –Š‡

tudhung kakung ȋŠ—•„ƒ†̵• ‹•–”—…–‹‘•ȌǤ Š‡ Š—•„ƒ†̵• ‹•–”—…–‹‘• •Š‘—Ž†

‘– „‡ “—‡•–‹‘‡†Ǥ Š‹”†ǡ –Š‡ •—’‡”‹‘” ȋ‹††Ž‡ ˆ‹‰‡”Ȍ ‡ƒ• –Š‡ ™‹ˆ‡ —•–

ƒŽ™ƒ›•˜‡‡”ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡Š—•„ƒ†̵•†‹‰‹–›Ǥ ‘—”–Šǡ”‹‰ˆ‹‰‡”‡ƒ•

‡‡’‹‰™‹ˆ‡̵•ˆƒ…‡•™‡‡–‹•‡”˜‹‰Š‡”Š—•„ƒ†ƒ†™Š‡–Š‡Š—•„ƒ†™ƒ–•

•‘‡–Š‹‰Ǥ ‹ˆ–ŠǡJejenthikȋ’‹›ˆ‹‰‡”Ȍ‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡™‹ˆ‡‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•athak- ithikan ȋ•‹ŽŽ‡†ƒ†•‡•‡Ȍ‹ƒ›™‘”•‡”˜‹‰–Š‡Š—•„ƒ†Ǥ™‹ˆ‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡

ˆƒ•–ƒ†‰‡–Ž‡ȋ—•ƒ–‘ǡ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͲȌǤ

Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆ„‡‹‰–”—‡ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡™‘‡ƒŽ•‘”‡…‘”†‡†‹ƒ›ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡

ƒ…‹‡– Ž‡––‡”•ǡ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ ƒ…‹‡– „‘‘•ǡ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ ƒ…‹‡– Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ™‘”•ǡ

ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡’—’’‡–•–‘”›ǡ‘”‡˜‡ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡‘†‡”Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›™‘”•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹•

Serat Panitisastra. In this letter, women’s wo”–Š ‹• •‡‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘

”‡’”‘†—…‡‘ˆˆ•’”‹‰Ǥ‘‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ†‘”‡†‹ˆ–Š‡›…ƒ‰‹˜‡„‹”–Š–‘ƒ•‘ǡ™Š‹Ž‡

–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†—•‡Ž‡••‹ˆ–Š‡›…ƒ‘–„‡ƒ”ƒ›…Š‹Ž†Ǥ–‹•‹ƒ……‘”†ƒ…‡

™‹–Š–Š‡“—‘–‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ

sepining garwa tan darbeȀsuta sepi satuhul/…./

ƒ™‹ˆ‡‹•‡’–›‹ˆ•Š‡†‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡…Š‹Ž†”‡Ǣ•Š‡‹•”‡ƒŽŽ›‡’–›/…/

lamun mungguhing wanudya yen alakiȀoleha anal lanangȀkang akendel nanging away kadiȀ kekendelaning singa susutaȀ amung sapisan kendele/…//

• ˆ‘” ƒ ™‘ƒȀ ‹ˆ •Š‡ ‹• ƒ””‹‡†Ȁ •Š‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ƒ” ƒ •‘Ȁ ”ƒ˜‡ „—–

•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡Ž‹‡Ȁ–Š‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒˆ‡ƒŽ‡–‹‰‡”–‘‰‹˜‡„‹”–ŠȀ–Š‡›‘Ž›

‰‹˜‡„‹”–Š‘…‡ȀȀ

ȋ—†‡™ƒ‹—•ƒ–‘ǡ‡–ƒŽǢʹͲͲͲǣͶͲ–ͶͳȌ

‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡…—Ž–—”‡™‹–Šƒ™‘ƒ‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ–Š‡›—•–„‡ˆƒ…‹‰

‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ ”‡•Šƒ™ †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ‹–‘ –Š”‡‡ǣ •–”—…–—”ƒŽǡ

’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽǡ ƒ† ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǤ ‹”•–ǡ ”‡•Šƒ™ ȋͳͻͻͳȌ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– ƒ

•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›‹•ƒ’Žƒ…‡™Š‡”‡™‘‡ˆƒ…‡ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ‘’’”‡••‹‘

‹ –Š‡‹” Ž‹˜‡•ǡ •–ƒ”–‹‰ ˆ”‘ ’‘˜‡”–› –‘ ™‘”̵• ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ ‡…‘†ǡ ”‡•Šƒ™

ȋͳͻͻͳȌ •–ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ ‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› Šƒ’’‡• ™Š‡ ™‘‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…–

™‹–Š‹ ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ ƒ‰‡†ƒǤ † –Š‹”†ǡ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ ‡ƒ•

™‘‡ „‡…‘‡ ƒ ‹‘”‹–›ǡ ƒ† ™‘‡ ‹••—‡• ƒ”‡ ‘– •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ȋ”‡•Šƒ™

ͳͻͻͳȌǤ

–‡”•‡…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž The Years of the Voiceless •–ƒ”–•™‹–Š‹„‘Ǥ Š‡…‘…‡’–‹‘•‘ˆƒ˜ƒ‡•‡™‘‡ƒ„‘˜‡‰‹˜‡ƒ

†‘‹‘ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ ™Š‹…Š ’‡”’‡–—ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ ™‘‡ •—„‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹

•‘…‹‡–›Ǥ ƒ˜ƒ‡•‡ ™‘‡ –Š‡ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‹• •–‡”‡‘–›’‡ ‘ˆ •—„‹••‹˜‡ Š—ƒ ‹

ˆ”‘– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Š—•„ƒ†•Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž"The Years of the Voiceless̶ǡ ‹„‘ǡ

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•‡”˜‡ Š‡” Š—•„ƒ† ”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡•• ‘ˆ Š‡” …‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ ‡”‡ǡ ‹„‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡• ƒ

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