The Department of Biology at the University of Andalas is dedicated to educating Indonesian biologists in the study and conservation of Indonesia's biodiversity and natural history. Indonesia's decision to withhold flu virus samples from the World Health Organization: implications for international law.
Acknowledgement
In 2014, a photographer captured a leopard eating a leaf monkey in Gunung Halimun National Park, where 10 prey species were identified by faecal analysis (Sakaguchi et al., 2003). In the Gunung Malabar Protected Forest, Sunda flying lemur (Petaurista petaurista), Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) and Javan gibbon (Hylobates Moloch) were identified from faeces using DNA extraction and analysis (Ario, 2017 unpublished) .
Kebiasaan makan macan tutul jawa Panthera pardus melas di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun, Indonesia. Survei pemantauan dan macan tutul jawa Panthera pardus melas di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun, Indonesia.
Introduction
We deployed 15 Xenon-flash digital camera traps (DTC-565) to conduct our surveys between June and December 2015. The survey locations in an oil palm plantation landscape in Solok Selatan, West Sumatra, Indonesia, and the positions of the camera traps.
Results and Discussion
We then compared Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) values (sic. Anderson et al., 1998; Anderson and Burnham 1999) and compared the relative support of evidence among potential models. The fine-toothed palm civet is strongly nocturnal (Duckworth et al., 2008), while the masked palm civet is nocturnal with occasional diurnal activity (Duckworth et al., 2008b). For example, the common palm civet is generally omnivorous; preys on rodents and other small vertebrates, insects and molluscs, and also consumes large amounts of fruit (Duckworth et al., 2008b).
All the pictures that Wilting et al. 2010) recorded palm civets banded in forest with dense canopy cover. Although fragmentation leads to the isolation of plant and animal species (Mitchell et al., 2015), it may also benefit a certain number of small carnivorous species. Known predators of slow lorises include orangutans (Pongo abelii) (Utami and van Hoof, 1997; Hardus et al., 2012), peregrine falcons (Nisaetus cirrhatus) (Hagey et al. 2007), marbled cats (Pardofelies ) and Nadler, 2003) and pythons (Python reticulatus) (Wiens and Zitzmann, 1999).
Despite being protected by Indonesian laws, slow lorises have been among the most traded primate species for more than two decades (Nijman et al., 2015).
Results
On August 8, 2012, a male Sunda slow loris was released from a habituation cage in Batutegi Forest. On April 2, 2012, a female Sunda slow loris was released from the habituation cage in Batutegi Forest. On November 10, 2014, a male Sunda lorikeet was released from a habituation cage in Batutegi Forest.
On 5 December 2014, a Javan slow loris was released from its acclimatization cage at Mount Sawal Nature Reserve. On May 16, 2015, a female Javan slow loris was released from the acclimatization cage at Mount Sawal Nature Reserve. On 18 September 2017, a male Sunda slow loris was released from its habituation cage in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park in Sumatra.
On August 29, 2017, a male Sunda slow loris was released from its habituation cage in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park.
Discussion
Although never confirmed, it has been suggested that the waran lizard was ancestral to the reintroduced dwarf slow loris in Vietnam (Kenyon et al., 2014). Leopard cats are known to have highly adaptive feeding behavior (Xiong et al., 2016), and only one case of primate (Semnopithecus obscura) predation by leopard cats has been documented (Grassman, 2000). In both cases, the slow lorises were still in habitation cages on Mount Sawal awaiting release.
Nevertheless, one case of a leopard eating a potto (Perodicticus potto), a similar small and nocturnal Strepsirrhine primate, has been recorded in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Hart et al., 1996). In an unconfirmed case, remains found at the scene and lethal wounds were typical of birds of prey (Hardey et al., 2006). Compared to reptiles, felines, and other primates, examples of female predators preying on nocturnal primates are fairly common (Burnham et al., 2012).
The predation of a slow loris by a variable hawk eagle has been previously reported (Hardey et al., 2006).
Acknowledgment
Although the case in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park was not witnessed directly, the evidence that the collar was placed in a changeable hawk's nest was considered conclusive. Leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis movements and diet in a seasonal evergreen forest in south-central Thailand. Home ranges, spatial movements and habitat associations of the Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta) in Corella, Bohol.
Diet and habitat selection of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis borneoensis) in an agricultural landscape in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Behavior and habitat use of the Bengal slow loris Nycticebus bengalensis in the dry dipterocarp forests of Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia. Deforestation of tropical forests poses one of the biggest threats to biodiversity and nature conservation.
While one of the most biodiverse and ecologically complex countries in the world, Indonesia offers one of particular relevance.
Diversity of carnivorous mammals in Batutegi Nature Reserve, Lampung, Sumatra
The Sunda skunk (Mydaus Javanesis) was the most frequently recorded small carnivore, accounting for 35.53% of total carnivore catches. However, no evidence was found for the clouded leopard, which is believed to be the second most common animal species found in Sumatra (McCarthy et al., 2015; Pusparini et al., 2014). An important result of this study was the recording of the critically endangered (IUCN, 2008) Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) in this fragmented forest area.
Photographic captures of the same male Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) in 2014 (left) and 2017 (right) respectively. Supporting our findings is the lack of evidence for the flat-headed cat in the nearest national park, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (McCarthy, 2015 and Wilting et al., 2012). This study serves as an important reminder of the need for conservation initiatives for terrestrial carnivores in the BNR.
Our study provides evidence of the presence of globally threatened carnivore species that need better protection and effective management of BNR.
Acknowledgements
Assessment of the distribution and habitat use of four species of fescue in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Density and habitat use of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) in three commercial forest reserves in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Wildlife translocation is defined as the intentional movement of wildlife between populations mediated by humans (Tenhumberg et al., 2004).
Translocation is a common management intervention used to mitigate carnivore-human conflicts (Griffith et al., 1989; Linnell et al., 1997; Massei et al., 2010). In the late 1980s, 90% of wildlife translocations were carried out for hunting purposes and only 7% for conservation (Griffith et al., 1989). This paper describes the process of translocation of Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrensis) from Banda Aceh to Bandar Lampung and release in Tambling Wildlife Nature Reserve, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park.
Keywords: Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, human-tiger conflict, migration, Sumatran tiger, Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation.
Lessons learned from the tiger translocation and release in Tambling, Lampung, Indonesia
Previous tiger translocation activities, for example Goodrich and Miquelle (2005) and Basak et al. 2015) did not mention the mode of transport, but tigers were most likely transported overland. MEF, Private Sector, Indonesian Air Force and Navy, Head of National Park, Banda Aceh and Bandar Lampung Airport Authorities, Regional Office of Ministry of Forestry (Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam) in Lampung Province and Aceh Province (Nangroe Aceh Darussalam), Safari Park manager – together with a vet and tiger keeper. Before the tigers were transported from Banda Aceh to Bandar Lampung, a rehabilitation enclosure was built at the release site in Tambling.
Based on the assessment of the team's tiger experts, two male tigers recovered to full health within 27 days, whereas for the remaining three, the recovery was longer than the observation period, and thus the data were not reported here. Sumatran tiger habitat is generally considered to be forested areas with high densities of large ungulate prey, with minimal human disturbance (Mitchell and Hebblewhite, 2012; Wikramanayake et al., 2004). When prey density is too low, tigers will resort to attacking livestock and, in rare cases, humans (Reza et al., 2002).
None of these questions were readily answered at the time of the project, and the selection of individuals for release, number and area was based on the team's combined field and captive expertise.
Conclusion
Of the three unreleased tigers, one male (9 years old) was kept in captivity because he was a cannibal in the past. Extended battery life for long-term monitoring will be essential in future translocation projects (Fischer and Lindenmayer, 2000), which will also provide information on the long-term survival of released tigers. I am also grateful to Tonny Soeharton who gave me the opportunity to be part of the translocation team.
The Asian region supports a total of 80 species in the order Carnivora, and the intact lowland forests support 15–25 species, especially in sites of extensive closed-canopy forests (Corlett, 2007). In many sites this diversity exceeds that of the Neotropics supporting carnivore communities ranging from 15 recorded in the western Amazon and <15 in Central America. Despite this diversity, the lack of data on the various small carnivores and the guilds they function in is widespread.
10 years later - The diversity and activity of small carnivores in the peat swamp forest of Sebangau, Indonesian Borneo.
10 years on - The diversity and activity of small carnivores of the Sebangau peat-swamp forest, Indonesian Borneo
A previous article on these species from Sebangau (Cheyne et al., 2010) focused on some of the small carnivores found in this area and highlighted that the activity patterns of the small carnivores in Sebangau show activity patterns similar to those reported elsewhere . We note the implicit caveats in modeling as discussed during this modeling process (Kramer-Schadt et al., 2013). The Borneo Nature Foundation and Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), University of Oxford initiated the Sebangau Felid Project in May 2008 (Adul et al., 2015; Cheyne et al., 2010; Cheyne and MacDonald, 2011).
Sunda Otter Civet Cynogale bennettii Y High Cheyne et al., 2010; Cheyne et al., 2016 Asiatic small-clawed otter Aonyx cinerea J Not assessed N/A. Short-tailed mongoose Herpestes brachyurus Y Medium Duckworth et al., 2016 Small-toothed palm civet Arctogalidia trivirgata Y Medium Duckworth et al., 2016. The yellow-throated marten is primarily diurnal (Duckworth, 1997; Grassman Jr et al., 2005), a behavior pattern that is supported by data from Sebangau.
Eight out of 10 photographs of the otter civet were nocturnal, consistent with data from Sarawak (Sebastian, 2005), although the same author also suggests that it is occasionally diurnal (Sebastian, 2005).
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