Only the latter two species became established in Hawaii, but exert negligible control on the weed population (Hight et al. 2002). USNM collections of the former United States National Museum, now deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA. The forewing of Caloptilia schinusifolia is predominantly medium brown with small patches of fuscous scales sparsely distributed over most of the forewing and along the costa, and generally has a less iridescent wing color than that of C.
The basal half of the male valve of schinusifolia is more slender (< half the maximum width across the cucullus) than in either rhoifoliella or coruscans (~equal in width), and the vinculum of schinusifolia is proportionately longer and. Medium-sized larvae emerge from this mine and live under a narrow fold of the leaflet margin. The species name is derived from the generic name of the plant host (Schinus) and the Latin folium (leaf).
Caloptilia rhoifoliella is found throughout most of the United States, where it mines the leaves of Rhus and Toxicodendron, and in Bermuda where it has been reported to feed on Schinus. Caloptilia schinusifolia differs from both of the above species in the wing pattern and male genital characters. The basal half of the male valves of schinusifolia is thinner (< half maximum width across pupa) than in rhoifoliella or coruscans (~ equal in width), and the vinculum of schinusifolia is proportionately longer and thinner (< 0, 7 the length of the valve in the last two species).
The Azores specimens also agreed in wing pattern and male genitalia with specimens in the USNM collections, which were collected in the Canary Islands and Medeira and grown from Schinus molle L.
Eucosmophora schinusivora Davis and Wheeler, new species
Males of Eucosmophora schinusivora agree with those of the sideroxylonella group in the possession of the costal lobe on the male valve, and with the diving groups in the absence of scales on the seventh sternite. The forewing pattern of schinusivora is also unique in possessing a pair of dark fuscous, longitudinal fascia converging in front of the apex of the wing (Figs. 5–6). Vinculum short, broadly V-shaped, extending laterally along base of valve; sacculus only slightly developed, length equal to less than half the length of vinculum.
The generic name is derived from the Greek leuros (smooth, polished) and kephale (head), referring to the completely smooth scale head of the adult. Several morphological features place this genus within the subfamily Gracillariinae, including a smoothly scaled head, 4-segmented maxillary palpus, hindwing with base of Rs curved toward Sc, 2 pairs of coremata in males, pupation outside of mine, and resting posture of the adult with the anterior part of the body raised at ~ 45° angle. Leurocephala differs from all known genera in several features, notably by the presence of paired clavicles in the male genitalia and the anterior extension of aedeagus beyond the entry point of the ejaculatory duct.
As discussed in the genus, Leurocephala schinusae differs from all known genera and species of Gracillariidae in several characteristics, notably the presence of paired lobes on the male genitalia and the anterior extension of the aedeagus beyond the entry point of the ductus ejaculatorius, and , in part , from the development of three distinct larval forms. Labrum (Figs. 46-47) generally similar to later instar in outline, moderately bilobed with a median, apical depression; setae much reduced, indistinct. Labium (Figs. 50-51) relatively broad and flat, projecting slightly beyond labrum, with anterior margin broadly rounded; spinner greatly reduced, with only a minute, turret opening on apical-ventral border of labium; labial palpi vestigial, reduced to a pair of narrow, slender setae (Fig. 51).
Paired dorsal and ventral ambulatory callosities present on all thoracic segments and abdominal segments 1–8. Instars feeding apodal tissue (Figs. 56–71). Spinneret (fig. 60, 67) extremely broad and sturdy, triangular shape, ending in a flared, fimbriate rim that encloses the spinneret opening in a shallow depression. Furrows are elongated and extend to the epicranial notch and about half the length of the head capsule; ecdysial line ending at the lateral edges of the epicranial notch.
Labial palpi (Fig. 80) with basal segment ~ 4x length of smaller apical segment and bearing short subapical sensillum; apical segment bearing elongated apical sensillum exceeding length of basal segment. Mature larvae exit the patch through a slit in the light part and spin a silk cocoon on the adaxial surface of the leaves. The species name is derived from the generic name of the host plant (Schinus), med.
Etymology. The species name is derived from the generic name of the host plant (Schinus), with the
Head, ventral view (20µ). 51. Ventral view of antenna and labium; vestigial labial palpus shown by arrow (20µ). Scale length in parentheses). 55. Ventral view of prothorax with paired calluses (20µ). 56. Dorsal-anterior view of head (100µ). 57. Detail of mouthpart in Leurocephala schinusae, penultimate instar, tissue-feeding apodal larva (Figs. 68–71) and penultimate instar, tissue-feeding larva (Figs. 72–75).
80. Detail of spinneret (with silk) and labial palpi in Fig. 83. Detail of stammata in Fig. A piece of cotton soaked in water-sucrose solution, tied with a thread and hung from the upper access hole of the sleeve, formed the adults' food source. However, host specificity tests currently underway at the USDA/ARS/IPRL quarantine facility in Ft Lauderdale show that L.
The morphology of their male valvae is also similar, having a large, slightly curved saccular spine and a distinct comb of 4–5 spines emerging near the base of the costal margin. The genitalia of the two species differ slightly, with the curvature of the lateral margin of the vinculum more concave and the laterocaudal angle somewhat expanded in habecki, compared to the more convex and angle more rounded in M. The most important difference between the two species is indicated by their different barcode sequences CO1 (Fig. 111), which show a divergence of more than 5.6.
Forewing: length 1.8–2.5 mm; mostly dark hairy to black with a slight bluish sheen, usually with 3 short, triangular, white stripes of variable size evenly spaced along the bone and 3 similar, nearly opposite white stripes along the posterior margin; the basal majority of striae sometimes merge into a transverse band; thin, white costal stripe present near subapex at base of fuscous margin; tip of wing white; terminal margin with greyish bases to scales with dark tips. Dark hairy dorsally except for white scales around T7; partly white ventrally with oblique segmental bands of fuscous flank on anterior margins of each segment. Valve with conspicuous row of ~ 4–5 large spines arising near basal third of costal margin and 3–4 smaller spines basal to larger spines; parietal half (cucullus) relatively narrow, widening slightly at base to a distinct, elongate saccular lobe bearing a single parietal spine; moderately long, thin triangular lobe projecting mesally from base of saccular lobe.
The ductus bursae is a very long and slender tube ~ 10 length of the posterior apophyses, which ends at the smaller chamber of the bicuspid corpus bursae. The ductus seminalis is similar in length and diameter to the ductus bursae and ends at the larger chamber of the corpus bursae. Larvae from Florida (Fig. 20) were observed to mine along stems for a total distance of nearly 70 cm.
Lineages of another undescribed species, as indicated by divergent CO1 sequences (Fig. 111), were also discovered on S. In Florida, this species has been reared on Schinus terebinthifolius from Alachua County in northern Florida south to the Florida Keys .
Etymology. This species is named in honor of Dr
During a recent survey for Marmara pests of Citrus in southern Florida using sticky traps baited with the sex pheromone of citrus peel mites, Marmara gulosa Guillén and Davis from California (W. Meyer in little.), numerous adult M. These adults were very similar. to the adults of habecki reared from Schinus strains in their CO1 barcode sequences and male genitalia, but were not included in the type series due to their poor physical condition. Mathews Lott that most moths were reared from the stems of Schinus terebinthifolius.
We would like to thank Young Sohn of the Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution and Diana Marques, Lisbon, Portugal, for line illustrations and Patricia Gentili-Poole of the Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, who assisted with graphics and final preparation. of tiles. Gentili-Poole, assisted by Scott Whittaker of the SEM Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History. Mignon Davis of the Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution recorded specimen data and assisted in specimen curation.
Bishop Museum, Bernarr Kumashiro of the Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Honolulu, and Tracy Johnson of the Pacific Islands Forestry Institute, USDA Forest Service, Volcano, Hawaii for the loan of Coruscans Caloptilia. Parasitoid identifications were generously provided by David Wahl of the Entomological Institute of America for Ichneumonidae, James Whitfield of the University of Illinois and Robert Kula of the USDA/ARS Systematic Entomology Laboratory for Braconidae, and Michael Gates of the USDA/ARS Systematic Entomology Laboratory for Chalcidoides. Stephanie Kirk and Jeremy deWaard from the Ontario Biodiversity Institute were also helpful in preparing specimens for barcoding.
Lauren Helgen of the Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution assisted DRD in preparing the Marmara tree, Figure 111. Systematics, morphology, biology, and host specificity of Neurostrota gunniella (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), an agent for the biological control of Mimosa pigraL. A list of the North American Lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects.
Description of the immature stages of the sap feeder Marmara fraxinicola (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Systematics and biology of a new, polyphagous species of marmara (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) attacking grapefruit in the southwestern United States. Reardon (Ed.), Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States, USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, WV.
