Research Article
1
Journalists’ Preferences in Covering Health Crisis in Indonesia
2
Achmad Herman,1 Stepanus Bo’do,2 Erdiyansyah,3 and Suharnanik4 3
1,2 Communication Study Program, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political 4
Sciences, Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia.
5
3 Public Administration Study Program, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of 6
Social and Political Sciences, Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia.
7
4 Sociology Study Program, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political 8
Sciences, Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
9
Abstract
10
Information technology changes mass media change with the emergence of online-based 11
media. Technology makes the progress of information about health crisis issues spread more 12
quickly to the public. Online media activity is determined by journalists in reporting, writing, 13
and criticizing news. This study aims to identify and analyze journalists’ preference in 14
reporting the health crisis in Indonesia. It used a qualitative method and the data were 15
collected through semi-structured interviews. The respondent was journalists in Indonesia 16
who report the health crisis. It involved 54 journalists as respondents. The results showed that 17
the journalists’ preference based on their function was on encouragement in collecting 18
accurate data, positive news, and educating with opinion news, straight news, features news, 19
and investigative reports. It raises weaknesses, particularly for opinion news and features 20
news. Besides, journalists do not always go into the field in covering health crises. It means 21
that journalists only encourage accurate, positive, and educative reporting, but not all 22
journalists do the same.
23
1. Introduction
24
The emergence of the internet affects journalism and the activities of news producers [1]
25
resulting in rapid and significant changes [2], [3]. The emergence of digital technology and 26
social media has led to changes in the newsroom [4]. Journalism studies can create a danger 27
as they make readers hardly argue about the autonomy of journalism [5] in covering news.
28
Concerning this issue, journalists have different preferences in reporting. Journalists’
29
preferences cover political news such as general elections, crime or law issues such as 30
corruption, religious issues, and others. Meanwhile, for the media, health issues are 31
considered attractive if they show a conflict of interest or causing death. Health news that 32
causes death often becomes the main topic reported by the media [6].
33
Journalists' explicit references to the health industry are limited [7], while health news 34
has become a major topic for media and communications scholars [8] and currently, health 35
news become the main topic in reporting, especially those that cause health problems or even 36
death [6], including abortion [3] concerning legalizing abortion concerning religion, morals, 37
and law [9]. At a glance, online media are sometimes only utilized to find health information 38
[10] or smoking issues and the impact on the industry and human life [11]. Journalists 39
consider these health issues are more interesting to cover than malaria, dengue fever, 40
malnutrition, and others.
41
Journalism practices are under pressure of commercialism as news organizations aim to 42
maximize the number of readers, listeners, or viewers by using new popular practices that 43
often not suitable with public preferences [12]. Journalists are trapped in reporting 44
information by fully following the preferences and habits of readers and editorial judgments 45
to prevent the readers move to other sources [5].
46
The emergence of the internet interferes with the beliefs that underlie the practice of 47
journalism [2]. The role of journalists decreases with a dramatic online expansion in 48
providing information [13]. Providing information to the public is important, especially 49
during a crisis. Communication to the public performed by journalists is necessary during a 50
health crisis because journalists have a vital role in providing information and educating 7.53 51
billion people in the world [14]. The role of journalists in providing public information 52
through media is important and affects people's understanding. News from certain media can 53
provide important and effective information for the public in facing health issues [6] as media 54
become the main source of information for the public during a crisis or disaster [15].
55
Currently, journalists focus more on a business perspective [16]. The current condition 56
shows that the journalists in Indonesia focus more on business and many issues only create 57
panic and do not educate the public. It is in contrast with the journalists' code of ethics and it 58
affects the reporting, especially in reporting health crisis. A journalist's task as a provider of 59
information during a health crisis is full of risks. However, journalists have to provide 60
reliable and educative information to the public.
61
The vital role of journalists is less visible in reporting the health crisis in Indonesia. The 62
large number of inaccurate reporting makes the crisis even more difficult to resolve as a lot of 63
media reporting in Indonesia is less objective, for example, opinion and feature news. One of 64
the significant differences between Western and Indonesian journalists is the relatively strong 65
subjectivity in terms of professional ethics [17]. Journalists should adhere to the principles of 66
the code of ethics and run their functions. During a health crisis, the function of journalists is 67
divided into three [18], reporting accurate news to the public, medical professionals, and 68
policymakers; acts as an intermediary for the public and decision-makers and health and 69
science experts; and monitoring the government that is responsible for the public health 70
response. To produce quality health reporting, journalists have to work based on their 71
function.
72
The difference between facts and theories creates gaps in media reporting of the health 73
crisis in Indonesia. Generally, studies related to journalists and reporting of crises or disasters 74
show sharp criticism of reporting patterns and ethics that highlight dramatization and exploit 75
disaster victims both in narrative and audio-visual [19]. It can be seen from the online media 76
reporting that uses many clickbait. As a result, the public receives inaccurate reports, 77
especially health issues during the crisis. To produce objective reporting, journalists have to 78
determine preferences based on the accuracy and suitability of data.
79
This condition due to the journalists’ preference in reporting. Journalists' preference 80
factors in reporting on health crises are important. Media write and report a reality 81
construction directly witnessed by a journalist in the field. Therefore, this study is to reveal 82
news or information written by journalists related to the health crisis as each journalist or 83
media has a different interpretation of reality which is sometimes based on consideration of 84
ideology, business, or editorial policy. As a public sphere, media also have a certain writing 85
style in determining news content worth to be informed. In reporting crises, journalists of 86
print, electronic, and online media, adhere to the Journalistic Code of Ethics [20]. The media 87
have to avoid news content that triggers panic and need to present more educational content 88
to prevent the spread of the virus. This study is expected to contribute more references for 89
journalists in increasing their knowledge and understanding in covering and reporting health 90
crises.
91
2. Literature Review
92
Journalists function as intermediaries between the government and society during a crisis 93
[21]. In a disaster or crisis, the community has a high level of anxiety and distrust of official 94
information reported by the media [22]. Journalists are needed to provide accurate 95
information to the public. They have a vital role to convey information to the public [23]. The 96
media’s response time to crisis affects public trust in a health crisis [24]. Journalists' 97
preferences in crisis affect public responses in which perceptions, risks, and preparedness 98
depend on the public in following the journalist's direction [25].
99
Journalism and public health are interrelated as news information can be seen from 100
news framing [26]. For example, research findings on H1N1 reporting in 2009 were 101
predominantly framed by journalists causing panic and fear [27]. Emergency or crisis require 102
journalists to build good communication with health experts [28] even though they have 103
made reports on health crises for a long time [29]. Increasing discussions with experts in each 104
field can increase the credibility of a journalist [30] as the public considers that journalists 105
know the field [31]. In delivering health news, journalists are required to obtain information 106
from academic and medical experts to help explain and contextualize complex and technical 107
health problems [7]. Health journalists have the potential to become mobilization actors of 108
public perceptions and government partners enable the public more aware of health-related 109
issues [32].
110
Besides health workers, journalists are also at the forefront of the health crisis [33].
111
Currently, health becomes the main news topic [8]. Journalists have a responsibility and 112
report news without resource and time supports [34]. Globally, media operations have 113
changed so that journalists have to adapt themselves to face the health crisis [35]. A previous 114
study showed a shift in the role of journalists in covering the health crisis [33]. The role 115
changes from public mobilization actor to risk classification and from a supervisor to a more 116
cooperative role.
117
3. Materials and Methods
118
This study analyzes the journalists’ preferences in covering news during the health crisis in 119
Indonesia. This qualitative study looked at the particular prominence of journalists' 120
preferences in covering news about health crises. The population was all journalists covering 121
the health crisis in Indonesia. The sample was selected using the random sampling technique 122
meaning that all journalists have the opportunity to be selected as samples. The criteria of the 123
sample were Indonesian journalists aged over 21 years with at least 3 years of experience.
124
Journalists were invited to take part in the interviews concerning their preferences in 125
covering the health crisis in Indonesia. This study involved 54 samples. The interviews were 126
conducted through face-to-face and phone call or WhatsApp call. It was supported by 127
government official data obtained from websites, media, and international journals that are 128
relevant to this study. The survey was conducted from March to August 2020 during the 129
health crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia.
130
The data were collected through observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation.
131
The observation concerned the phenomenon of health crisis reporting by journalists in 132
Indonesia. Interviews were conducted with the journalists who responded to the invitation 133
(via email and telephone or WhatsApp). The documentation covered processed valid data 134
from various reliable sources. The semi-structured in-depth interview used a single guideline.
135
Then, the obtained data were analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing 136
conclusions.
137
4. Results and Discussion
138
4.1. Results 139
The results of this study cover the characteristics of the respondents obtained from the semi- 140
structured interviews. The characteristics of respondents include sex, educational level, and 141
professionalism as journalists (see Figure 1).
142
143
Figure 1: Characteristics of respondents.
144
The characteristics of the respondents were obtained from the interview data. It was 145
dominated by male respondents with the educational level of scholars. There are 14 out of the 146
total respondent who are certified. All respondents are active journalists in various media in 147
Indonesia so that the accuracy of the data can be guaranteed. The results of the interview can 148
be seen in the following table (see Table 1).
149
Table 1: The conclusion of the results of the interview.
150
No. Key questions Conclusion of the Result of the Interview 1. The role of journalists in reporting
during the crisis
The roles of journalist cover encouraging the public to follow government direction for the benefit of all parties; factual data (valid) and educational information; reporting positive events; reporting the progress of the crisis;
reporting without causing panic; educative reporting; fully reporting educative information; reporting recovery cases; and providing balanced information.
2. Type of reporting during the crisis Preventing crisis; impact/danger of ignoring the crisis; raising solidarity; creating solutions and hopes for a common awareness; encouraging to work together;
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Certified not certified Senior High School Bachelor Master Doctoral Male Female
ProfessionalΕducational levelSex
Characteristic
14
40 16
31 6
1
48 6
54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
N Frequency
inspirational stories of people who have survived the crisis; encouraging the public to face the crisis together; and economic crisis prevention and management
3. Type of reported news during the crisis
Opinion, straight news, feature news, investigative reports
4. Determination of sources in reporting during the crisis
Public figure, government, observer, academics, religious leaders, scientists, doctors, hospitals, and victims' families 5. The covering process in the field by
journalists in reporting during the crisis in Indonesia
Sufficient and less frequent
Source: primary data.
151
The results of the interviews in general are seen from the number of statements stated 152
by all respondents. The proposed research question is based on the function of journalists 153
during a health crisis which includes accurate news reporting (the form of reporting, types of 154
news), as an intermediary (the role of journalists, determination of sources), and as a 155
supervisor (the reporting process by journalists) in reporting during the crisis in Indonesia.
156
The result of this study was obtained from semi-structured interviews with 54 respondents 157
from all over Indonesia. The responses to each question were concluded and discussed (Table 158
1).
159
The results showed that in covering health news, journalists show their role by 160
encouraging the public through reporting in various media to follow the government's appeal.
161
During the crisis, journalists report facts about the health crisis and provide educative 162
information for the public by prioritizing the progress of the crisis without causing panic.
163
They present educative information, recovery information, impacts of the health crisis, and 164
balanced information that not only present positive news but also negative news about the 165
risks during the crisis. Journalists have a very helpful role in controlling crisis, but the 166
misused of the role can cause panic, particularly when presenting non-educative information, 167
and only prioritizes benefits for the media.
168
Based on the results of interviews, the form of reporting during the crisis in Indonesia 169
was dominated by educative news, particularly related to crisis prevention by reporting the 170
impact/danger of the crisis and building solidarity. The form of news covered creating 171
solutions and hopes for a common awareness, encouraging the public to face the crisis 172
together; inspirational stories of people who have survived the crisis; encouraging the public 173
to face the crisis together; and economic crisis prevention and management.
174
Besides the form of reporting, this study revealed the types of news frequently 175
presented by journalists including opinion, strategic news, feature news, and investigative 176
reporting. Journalists took sources for reporting during the health crisis in Indonesia from 177
public figures, government, observers, academics, religious leaders, scientists, doctors, 178
hospitals, and victims' families. Further, the results of the interview showed that not all 179
journalists go directly to the field to get the sources. It indicates that the information reported 180
by journalists during the health crisis in Indonesia is not fully based on facts as some 181
journalists do not take information directly from the field.
182
4.2. Discussion 183
The news about the health crisis in Indonesia has caused many problems so far. Media 184
coverage is considered unbalanced causing the public to panic. The media keep up with each 185
progress of the health crisis in Indonesia with stories, endless news headlines, and continuous 186
status updates during the crisis. Journalists have to face some challenges during the health 187
crisis and media play roles in controlling the issue [36]. The reporting of health crisis cases in 188
Indonesia and the world changes rapidly so that journalists and media have to update their 189
data. The amount of information makes it difficult for the public to trust the media as they 190
provide different views and opinions regarding health crises, particularly in Indonesia.
191
Journalists and the media have vital roles in following the progress of the health crisis 192
with reliable information and clarification of facts to be trusted sources for the public. Indeed, 193
mass media, particularly online media have a great and varied role during a crisis as they can 194
report information fast. News on health affects people's knowledge, attitudes, and behavior 195
[34]. Mass media conveys information based on applicable journalistic and journalism 196
principles [36].
197
The public needs news or information about health, so journalists have to present news 198
based on the code of ethics [6]. The results of this study indicated that "the roles of journalists 199
in reporting the health crisis in Indonesia cover encouraging the public to follow government 200
direction; factual data (valid) and educational information; reporting positive events;
201
reporting the progress of the crisis; reporting without causing panic; educative reporting;
202
fully reporting educative information; reporting recovery cases; and providing balanced 203
information.
204
The news reported by journalists contained the government's appeal to remain 205
disciplined and educate the public. The reporting used accurate data from the government.
206
Journalists report the positive progress of the issue such as recovery cases that do not cause 207
panic. The main objective of journalists during the health crisis is to help optimize public 208
health goals and reduce risk as well as panic [37].
209
Journalists have some roles in reporting in the modern era, namely as carriers of truth 210
source, production employees who have to adapt to market mechanisms, and news marketers 211
[38]. Besides, journalists in each media should have a balanced understanding and 212
performance [18]. Journalists have to share positive information to build public awareness 213
and discipline. The results of the study showed that the form of reporting is in accordance 214
with the code of ethics covering news on preventing crisis; impact/danger of ignoring the 215
crisis; raising solidarity; creating solutions and hopes for a common awareness; encouraging 216
to work together; inspirational stories of people who have survived the crisis; encouraging the 217
public to face the crisis together; and economic crisis prevention and management.
218
The types of information or news cover opinions, straight news, features news, and 219
investigative reports. Journalists report opinions from various sources in the form of opinion 220
reporting. They also report straight news quickly containing headlines or important or 221
informative information. Features news are indirect news that are processed to make news 222
more interesting. One type of news with the poor effect that is often used by Indonesian 223
journalists is opinion. The opinion news can cause misunderstandings in the community, 224
especially opinions about the health crisis. Opinion can direct readers to have new thoughts in 225
which sometimes these thoughts are not in accordance with the facts [39].
226
Opinion news has caused panic in the community during the health crisis in Indonesia.
227
Currently, this country needs journalists to present investigation news. It means that 228
journalists have to present valid/accurate data, examine the information obtained, and take 229
relevant sources. If interviews, reporting, or observations in the field cannot be done 230
normally, they can cause issues in carrying out investigations [40].
231
Various groups think that journalists in Indonesia have created and reported negative 232
information to the public during the crisis with a lot of non-educative news which seems 233
frightening [41]. Such news can cause panic as mass media including online media too 234
exaggerate the health crisis and reports information with the unsuitable title. It causes readers 235
to nervous and panic. The combination of attracting titles, un-educative news content, and the 236
lack of literacy culture in Indonesian society causes panic [42].
237
Besides publishing opinions, Indonesian journalists also publish straight news and 238
feature news. However, it can cause problems as sometimes they provide inaccurate 239
information, especially features news. Features news often displays irrelevant health news 240
with exaggerated headlines. Media often associate the pandemic or health crisis with political 241
and ethnic, religious, racial, and intergroup (SARA) issues. Even, during this pandemic, some 242
media take advantage of using issues that attacked or discriminate against one another [42].
243
The results of this study also showed that in the process of reporting news during a 244
health crisis, journalists do not always go to the field to collect data. It means that journalists 245
only reporting news based on their opinion without taking field data. Thus, the roles of 246
journalists are often under the spotlight. Journalists need to be transparent because current 247
public assessments showed that journalists' credibility is low due to fake news and 248
manipulation by the media [43], [44]. Fake news results from the wrong source of 249
information [45]. During a health crisis, they can be a threat to public health [46].
250
This fact affects the quality of data produced by journalists. Then, it has led journalists 251
to take a shortcut by packaging news without considering the facts and this has become 252
common practice in various media in Indonesia, including online media. It indicates the low 253
professionalism of journalists as most of them are not yet certified. It is not surprising that 254
some media in Indonesia put sentences that provoke the readers' curiosity in the news 255
headline (clickbait) and the title is slightly different from its content [42].
256
Concerning the criteria of news writing, journalists have to avoid using titles that are 257
only to attract people's attention or clickbait. Journalists need to avoid using uncommon 258
medical terms which are not generally understood. Meanwhile, concerning the criteria for the 259
prominence of certain themes, journalists need to avoid publishing content that triggers 260
public panic, avoid using adjectives that can increase anxiety in society or associating the 261
virus with certain citizens indicating racist or xenophobic tones, and avoid triggering stigma 262
against certain groups [47].
263
Journalists and the media have to present relevant news on prevention and efforts to 264
prevent panic [48]. The media in Indonesia does not do finer framing and they only use 265
clickbait titles about the health crisis that risks public understanding [49]. It can make things 266
worse and even cause the public gets panic. The panic causes difficulties in accessing general 267
medical devices, high prices due to high demand, the stockpiling of consumable materials, 268
and so on.
269
Besides, the reporting during the health crisis in Indonesia, there is an accusation that 270
both media and the government caused panic and then each of them also made the 271
clarification. On the other hand, there is a statement that the government provides 272
inconsistent information [50], but there is a clarification that the government has never 273
covered up data and information related to the health crisis in Indonesia [51]. The field 274
showed non-transparent and inconsistent data from the government which caused panic in the 275
society [52], [53]. It indicates that reporting on the health crisis in Indonesia is inconsistent 276
and violates the code of ethics, especially for journalists and the media. However, media 277
errors in reporting are caused by inconsistent and non-transparent government data in 278
providing information to the public as most of the data reported by journalists came from the 279
government.
280
Theoretically, this study contributes to journalistic practice in the field, particularly 281
during the health crisis. Journalists, government, and society are intertwined in this health 282
crisis. Journalists have to look for valid information to publish reporting. Journalists have 283
various preferences in writing health news, especially looking for experts in the health sector 284
as references or sources in reporting to avoid reporting opinions that can cause panic.
285
Meanwhile, the government as a policymaker needs to pay attention to various aspects, both 286
in terms of information conveyed to the public and collaboration between the government 287
and the media. Finally, the public must be smart in observing the situation, filtering 288
information obtained from the media, and avoid being provoked by clickbait which is used by 289
the media to attract readers' interest.
290
5. Conclusions
291
The health crisis has made health workers and journalists the key actors in handling and 292
educating the public. Journalists have various preferences in covering the health crisis in 293
Indonesia. Based on the role, the preferences can be seen from valid, positive, and educative 294
news reporting. In getting news, journalists work based on their nature as reporters, writers, 295
and critics. Meanwhile, based on their function, journalists function to encourage reporting 296
valid news or information, as an intermediary between the community, government, and 297
medical personnel or experts, and as government supervisors through reporting the health 298
crisis in Indonesia.
299
The role of journalists in reporting is expected to contribute to helping governments to 300
provide understanding to the public regarding the health crisis. Besides contributing to 301
journalistic practices in the field, especially during the health crisis, journalists do not only 302
report the health crisis on the health aspect, but also the implications on economics, politics, 303
law, education, and other fields. Based on the results of this study, journalists have certain 304
preferences based on the value and feasibility of the news to see the interesting events to 305
report. Not all events are worthy of being news, but worthy news is news that has value for 306
journalists and media.
307
The present studies provide more references for journalists' preferences in covering 308
health news during a health crisis as studies focusing on this topic are still limited so far.
309
However, this study has limitations in terms of the coverage of the respondents/participants.
310
This study focuses on all journalists without classifying them based on their respective fields.
311
Future studies are expected to classify the respondent based on their field and further expand 312
the preferences of journalists in all aspects of life, such as economics, politics, law, culture, 313
education, and others.
314 315
6. Data Availability
316
All databases in this study have been included in the reference and supporting data for this 317
study can be provided by the author with a reasonable request.
318
7. Conflicts of Interest
319
The author states that there is no conflict of interest in the publication of this paper.
320
8. Acknowledgments
321
The author highly appreciates all journalists who are willing to become 322
respondents/participants of this study. The author also appreciates Tadulako University 323
through the International Publication and Collaborative Center (IPCC) for its financial 324
supports for international publications.
325
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