JURNAL ILMIAH Judul Karya Ilmiah (Artikel) : Effect of

(1)

LEMBAR

HASIL PENILAIAN SEJAWAT SEBIDANG ATAU PEER REVIEW KARYA ILMIAH : JURNAL ILMIAH

Judul Karya Ilmiah (Artikel) : Effect of Fuels on the Physicochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide, Synthesized using Solution Combustion Method

Jumlah Penulis : 6 Orang Penulis ke : 1

Nama Penulis : Yayuk Astuti*, Darul Amri, Didik S. Widodo, Hendri Widiyandari, Ratna Balgis, Takashi

Ogi Identitas Jurnal Ilmiah

a. Nama Jurnal : International journal of technology

b. Nomor ISSN : 2087-2100

c. Volume, No, Bulan, Tahun

: 11, 1, Januari, 2020

d. Penerbit : Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia e. DOI artikel (jika ada) : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v11i1.3342 f. Alamat web jurnal : http://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/3342

g. Indexing : Scopus, Ebsco, DOAJ

Kategori Publikasi Jurnal Ilmiah : Jurnal Ilmiah Internasional / Internasional Bereputasi (beri pada kategori yang tepat) Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional Terakreditasi

Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional/Nasional Terindeks di DOAJ, CABI Hasil Penilaian Peer Review :

Komponen Yang Dinilai

Nilai Maksimal Jurnal Ilmiah = 40 Nilai Akhir

Yang Diperoleh Internasional

Bereputasi Internasional Nasional Terakreditasi

Nasional Tidak Terakreditasi

Nasional Terindeks DOAJ dll.

a. Kelengkapan unsur isi buku

(10%) 4 4

b. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman

pembahasan (30%) 12 11

c. Kecukupan dan kemutahiran data/informasi dan metodologi (30%)

12 12

d. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas

penerbit (30%) 12 11

Total = (100%) 40 38

Kontribusi Pengusul (Penulis Anggota)

Komentar Peer Review:

a. Kelengkapan dan kesesuaian unsur: Lengkap dan sesuai dengan yang dipersyaratkan jurnal internasional.

Artikel yang dimuat, dibahas dan disusun secara lengkap

b. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan: Ruang lingkup tentang pembuatan bismuth oksida dan aplikasinya sebagai fotokatalis. Data yang disajikan dibahas dengan detil dan lengkap, disertai referensi pendukung

c. Kecukupan dan kemutahiran data/informasi dan metodologi: Kualitas dan kuantitas pustaka baik, Metodologi disajikan detil sehingga bisa diulang peneliti lain

d. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas penerbit: Kualitas terbitan baik, ada beberapa gambar yang kurang jelas.

e. Indikasi Plagiasi: tidak ada

f. Kesesuaian bidang ilmu: sesuai bidang kimia

Semarang, Reviewer 1

Drs. Gunawan, M.Si., Ph.D NIP. 196408251991031001 Unit kerja :

Departemen Kimia FSM Undip Jabatan Fungsional:

Lektor Kepala



60%x38 =22,8

(2)

LEMBAR

Jumlah Penulis : 6 Orang Penulis ke : 1

Nama Penulis : Yayuk Astuti, Darul Amri, Didik S. Widodo, Hendri Widiyandari, Takashi Balgis,

Ratna Ogi Identitas Jurnal Ilmiah

c. Volume, No, Bulan, Tahun : 11, 1, Januari, 2020

g. Indexing : Scopus, Ebsco, DOAJ

Kategori Publikasi Jurnal Ilmiah : Jurnal Ilmiah Internasional / Internasional Bereputasi (beri pada kategori yang tepat) Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional Terakreditasi

Nilai Maksimal Jurnal Ilmiah = 40

Nilai Akhir Yang Diperoleh Internasional

Bereputasi Internasional Nasional Terakreditasi

Nasional Tidak Terakreditasi

Nasional Terindeks DOAJ dll.

a. Kelengkapan unsur isi buku

(10%) 4 4

b. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan (30%)

12 11

c. Kecukupan dan

kemutahiran data/informasi dan metodologi (30%)

12 11

d. Kelengkapan unsur dan

kualitas penerbit (30%) 12 12

Total = (100%) 40 38

Kontribusi Pengusul

(Penulis Anggota) 60%x40=24 60%x38=22.8

Komentar Peer Review:

a. Kelengkapan dan kesesuaian unsur: Artikel telah sesuai dengan template, unsur artikel lengkap

b. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan: Ruang lingkup adalah sintesis senyawa anorganik, pembahasan mendalam dan cukup detail.

c. Kecukupan dan kemutahiran data/informasi dan metodologi:

Data yang disajikan memadai dan berkualitas baik. 11 dari 25 referensi merupakan referensi terkini.

d. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas penerbit: Penerbit Fakultas Teknik Univcersitas Indonesia, kualitas penerbit baik dan telah terindeks scopus.

e. Indikasi Plagiasi: Tidak ada

f. Kesesuaian bidang ilmu: sesuai bidang kimia

Semarang, Reviewer 2



Lektor Kepala Jabatan Fungsional:

Departemen Kimia FSM Undip Unit kerja :

NIP. 197007021996031004

Dr.M.Cholid Djunaedi, S.Si, M.Si.

(3)

LEMBAR

Judul Karya Ilmiah (Artikel) : Effect of Fuels on the Physicochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide, Synthesized using Solution Combustion Method

Nama Penulis : Yayuk Astuti, Darul Amri, Didik S. Widodo, Hendri Widiyandari,

Ratna Balgis, Takashi

Ogi Identitas Jurnal Ilmiah

d. Penerbit : Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia e. DOI artikel (jika ada) : https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v11i1.3342 f. Alamat web jurnal : http://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/3342

g. Indexing : Scopus, Ebsco, DOAJ

Nilai Reviewer

Nilai Rata-rata Reviewer I Reviewer II

a. Kelengkapan unsur isi buku (10%)

4 4 4

b. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan

(30%) 11 11

11 c. Kecukupan dan kemutahiran data/informasi

dan metodologi (30%) 12 11

11,5 d. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas penerbit

(30%) 11 12

11,5

Total = (100%) 38 38 38

Kontribusi Pengusul (Penulis 1) 60%x38=22,8

Semarang, April 2020 Reviewer 2

Dr. M. Cholid Djunaedi,. S.Si., M.Si.

NIP. 197007021996031004 Unit kerja :

Departemen Kimia FSM Undip

Reviewer 1

Departemen Kimia FSM Undip



(4)

LEMBAR

Nama Penulis : Yayuk Astuti, Darul Amri, Didik S. Widodo, Hendri Widiyandari,

Ratna Balgis, Takashi

Ogi Identitas Jurnal Ilmiah

g. Indexing : Scopus, Ebsco, DOAJ

Nilai Maksimal Jurnal Ilmiah

Nilai Akhir Yang Diperoleh Internasional /

Internasional Bereputasi **

a. Kelengkapan unsur isi buku (10%) 4 4

b. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan (30%)

12 11

c. Kecukupan dan kemutahiran

data/informasi dan metodologi (30%)

12 11,5

d. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas penerbit (30%)

12 11,5

Total = (100%) 40 38

Kontribusi Pengusul (Penulis 1) 60%x38=22,8

Semarang, April 2020 Reviewer 2

Dr. M. Cholid Djunaedi,. S.Si., M.Si.

NIP. 197007021996031004 Unit kerja :

Departemen Kimia FSM Undip

Reviewer 1

Departemen Kimia FSM Undip 40



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International Journal of Technology

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Publisher: Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia ISSN: 2086-9614

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Engineering: General Engineering Business, Management and Accounting: Strategy and Management Business, Management and Accounting: Management of Technology and Innovation

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Astuti, Yayuk

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Bismuth Oxides; Photocatalytic Activity; Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 10 documents

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Conference Paper • Open Access

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Photocatalytic Performance of Bismuth Oxide Prepared by Citric Acid-Fueled Solution Combustion on Decolorisation of Organic Dye Molecules

Astuti, Y. Anggraeni, D. Darmawan, A.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

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Eﬀect of fuels on the physicochemical properties and photocatalytic activity of bismuth oxide, synthesized using solution combustion method (Article)

(Open Access)

, , , , ,

Chemistry Department, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedharto, S. H., Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java, 50275, Indonesia

Department of Physics, University of Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir Sutami No.36A, Jebres, Surakarta, Central Java, 57126, Indonesia

Department of Chemical Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan

Abstract

The potential of bismuth oxide (Bi O ) as a photocatalyst, due to its a wide band gap (2.3-3.3 eV), was successfully synthesized using the solution combustion method with several fuels: urea, glycine, and citric acid. The synthesis was started by dissolving bismuth nitrate pentahydrate in nitric acid and then adding the fuel. The solution formed was heated for 8 h at 300°C. After heating, calcination was carried out for 4 h at 700°C. The resulting three products were in a yellow powder form. Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectra of the samples confirmed that Bi2O3 had formed, as indicated by the functional groups of Bi-O-Bi observed at approximately 830-850 cm-1 and Bi-O at 1380 cm-1. X- ray diffractograms indicated that Bi O synthesized using urea and glycine fuels was present in the mixed phases of α- Bi O at 2θ of 27.7, 33.3, 27.2 and β-Bi O at 2θ of 30.5, 41.8, 45.5, based on the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) database 41-1449 and 27-0050, respectively. However, Bi O produced by citric acid fuel comprised only α-Bi O . Furthermore, different fuels produced different crystallite product sizes; urea generated the smallest crystallite, followed by glycine and citric acid. Additionally, the photocatalytic activity on the degradation of methyl orange of Bi O synthesized using urea fuel exhibited better photocatalytic activity than the other products, with degradation rate constants of 4.38x10 s , 3.38x10 s , 2.33x10 s for bismuth oxide synthesized by urea, glycine, and citric acid, respectively. © Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia.

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Author keywords

Bismuth oxide (Bi O ) Photocatalyst Photocatalytic activity Solution combustion

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International Journal of Technology

Volume 11, Issue 1, January 2020, Pages 26-36

Astuti, Y.

^a 

Amri, D.

^a

Widodo, D.S.

^a

Widiyandari, H.

^b

Balgis, R.

^c

Ogi, T.

^c 

a

b

c



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2 3

2 3 2 3

2 3

-5 -1 -5 -1 -5 -1



Bismuth Oxides | Photocatalytic Activity | Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

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Substances

⤢

N OH O

O

⤢

HO HO

O O OH

OH

O

2 3

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Inﬂuence of NH4OH concentration in synthesis of bismuth oxide to

physicochemical properties and photocatalytic activity in methyl orange degradation

Astuti, Y. Ningsih, H. Arneli

The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on the Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide Astuti, Y. Andianingrum, R.

Arnelli, A.

Hydrazine and urea fueled- solution combustion method for bi2o3 synthesis: Characterization of physicochemical properties and photocatalytic activity Astuti, Y. Elesta, P.P. Widodo, D.S.

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10/21/2020 Journal Issue

https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/issue/61 1/23

JOURNAL ISSUE

29 Jan 2020

Volume 11, Number 1

Managing Artificial Intelligence Technology for Added Value (https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/3889)

Mohammed Ali Berawi Publication Date (Online):

Jan 29, 2020

(9)

10/20/2020 Editorial Team

https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/people 1/4

EDITORIAL TEAM

Editor in Chief

1. Dr. Mohammed Ali Berawi, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

Managing Editor

1. Dr. Nyoman Suwartha, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

Members

1. Prof. Dr. Akhmad Herman Yuwono , Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia 2. Dr. Anwar Usman, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam 3. Dr. Cecilia Vale, University of Porto, Portugal

4. Dr. Eko Adhi Setiawan, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia 5. Eny Kusrini, Ph.D, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

6. Prof. Dr. Esah Hamzah, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

7. Dr. Giuseppe Lo Papa, Teagasc Rural Economy Research Centre, Ireland 8. Prof. Dr. Hamzah Abdul Rahman, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia

9. Dr. Hendri Dwi Saptioratri, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

10. Dr. Hng Huey Hoon, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore , Singapore 11. Prof. Dr. Isti Surjandari, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

12. Dr. Johannes Widodo, National University of Singapore, Singapore 13. Prof. Dr. Jong-Taek Oh, Chonnam National University, Korea, Republic of 14. Dr. Lee Wilson, University of Saskatchewan, Canada

15. Dr. Muhamad Asvial, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

16. Dr. Muhammad Arif Budiyanto, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia 17. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Idiris Saleh, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia 18. Dr. Muhammad Suryanegara, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia 19. Prof. Dr. Nandy Putra, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

20. Dr. Nofrijon Sofyan, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

21. Prof. Paramita Atmodiwiryo, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia 22. Prof. Dr. Prof. Bambang Sugiarto, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia 23. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Dedi Priadi, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia 24. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Hideaki Ohgaki, Kyoto University, Japan 25. Prof. Dr. Raimundo Delgado, University of Porto, Portugal 26. Dr. Reza Kia, Islamic Azad University, Iran (Islamic Republic of)

27. Dr. Roy Woodhead, Digital Innovation, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, United Kingdom

28. Prof. Rui Calcada, University of Porto, Portugal 29. Dr. Ruki Harwahyu, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

30. Dr. Sam P. Sinha, Scientific Research & Development, United States

(10)

Effect of Fuels on the Physicochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide, Synthesized using Solution Combustion Method

(https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/3342)

Yayuk Astuti, Darul Amri, Didik S. Widodo, Hendri Widiyandari, Ratna Balgis, Takashi Ogi

Publication Date (Online):

Jan 29, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v11i1.3342 (https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v11i1.3342)

Pages : 26-36

(11)

Quality Analysis of Chili Treated with Aqueous Ozone Treatment and Improved

Transportation and Handling Technology (https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/3213)

S Joni Munarso, Sari Intan Kailaku, Abdullah bin Arif, Agus Budiyanto, Ira Mulyawanti, Kirana Sanggrami Sasmitaloka, Nurdi Setyawan, Kun Tanti Dewandari, Siti Mariana Widayanti

Publication Date (Online):

Jan 29, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v11i1.3213 (https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v11i1.3213)

Pages : 37-47

(12)

10/21/2020 Creation of Biocidal Coatings using the Stabilization of Silver Nanoparticles in Aqueous Acrylic Dispersions

https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/3346#references 1/3

Vol 11, No 1 (2020) > Chemical Engineering

Creation of Biocidal Coatings using the Stabilization of Silver Nanoparticles in Aqueous Acrylic Dispersions

V.V. Strokova Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, 46, Kostyukova Street, Belgorod, 308012, Russia P.S. Baskakov Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, 46, Kostyukova Street, Belgorod, 308012, Russia A.M. Ayzenshtadt Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, 17, Severnaya Dvina Emb., Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia V.V. Nelyubova Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, 46, Kostyukova Street, Belgorod, 308012, Russia

 Email to Corresponding Author (mailto:[email protected])

Abstract

This article proposes a method for silver nanoparticle (AgNP) stabilization in polymer coatings obtained from aqueous acrylic dispersions. The main objective of the study was to improve the biocidal properties of coatings using AgNPs due to the preservation of their nanoscale state. Two types of AgNP solutions with fundamentally different stabilization mechanisms were synthesized and compared. Two mechanisms were determined: an aqueous electrostatic mechanism with sodium docusate stabilizer (AOT) and a steric, propylene glycol with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) stabilizer. The results showed that both solutions were unstable and prone to precipitation as early as the first day after synthesis. However, the saturation of the propylene glycol AgNP solution with ammonium hydroxide to pH < 9 allowed the strengthening of the electrostatic factor of aggregative stability, providing optimal conditions for mixing with acrylic dispersions stabilized by anionic surfactants. The obtained AgNPs in the acrylic dispersions stabilized over time, and when they became film-forming, stable AgNPs (~20–30 nm) occurred on the surface. As a result, the developed coatings using AgNPs synthesized in propylene glycol in the presence of non-ionic PVP and modified with ammonium hydroxide, demonstrated a high inactivation of bacteria colony- forming units (CFU) (> 60%) within 60 min of contact compared to aqueous AgNP solutions using anionic surfactants as stabilizers, where the decrease in CFU was around 25%.

Keywords

Acrylic dispersion; Aggregative stability; Biocidity; Coatings; Silver nanoparticles

Introduction

The prevention of biological corrosion that affects almost all existing types of materials, regardless of their composition, method of production, and use, is currently one of the most important problems. An effective way to protect building structures from bio-damages and prevent the evolvement of pathogenic microorganisms in the environment is to form coatings with different compositions on the surface of materials (Tokach and Goncharova, 2016; Bondarenko et al., 2018; Bessmertny et al., 2019;

Elnaggar et al., 2019), among which paint and varnish materials can be identified as the most techno-economically beneficial (Tarasova, 2018).

A significant reduction in the number of toxic impurities in the composition of various paints, in combination with uncontrolled sanitary conditions in production, increases the risk of microbial contamination (Karamah and Sunarko, 2013; El-Sakhawy et al., 2016). The storage of paintwork materials in liquid form leads to the discoloration of surfaces;

changes in rheological characteristics, pH, and coagulation; reduction in molecular weight; destruction of dispersions; and the release of putrid odors and gas. In hardened coatings, it causes visible algae or fungi fouling, the appearance of a green or gray color, and cracking. However, uncontrolled microbial growth can be reduced or prevented using biocides.

Until recently, the list of substances used for these purposes was quite expansive and included a number of mercury compounds and sulfur- and nitrogen-containing cyclic organic compounds (dithiocarbonate, thiophthalamide derivatives, benzimidazole, and trialkyl tin compounds).

The above-mentioned biocides are highly effective, but their actions reduce biological activity not only in the volume of paint, but also in the environment. In fact, they may be attributed to ecocides. As the United Nations Environment Program was implemented, the list of banned carcinogens continues to grow, which ultimately will drive Russian biocides out of the market.

Colloidal solutions of metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are promising, as they can meet most of the requirements of the above-mentioned biocides with sufficient control of stabilization (selection and concentration of surfactants, degree of conversion) and environmental conditions (pH, viscosity, electrolytes) (Wang et al., 2018; Adur et al., 2018;

Deshmukh et al., 2019).

Nowadays, many ways to obtain nanoscale substances with high reactivity and varying degrees of stabilization exist (Yuwono et al., 2010; Aripin et al., 2017; Helmiyati, 2019; Kusdianto et al., 2019).

The preparation of colloidal dispersions of AgNPs via reduction in polyatomic alcohol is a dynamically developing direction. In this method, the solvent acts as a reducing agent in contrast to the traditional methods of borohydride and biochemical synthesis. Diols, such as 1, 2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol) or 1, 2-propanediol (propylene glycol) are usually used as solvents. Polyols are soft reducing agents that can reduce silver ions to a null-valence state. The molecular mass used to stabilize AgNPs is 40,000, and the

Authors Authors and Affiliations

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10/21/2020 Creation of Biocidal Coatings using the Stabilization of Silver Nanoparticles in Aqueous Acrylic Dispersions

https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/3346#references 2/3

molar ratio (R) of its units with the metal lies in the range of 20–40. If R < 1, then the resulting dispersion is unstable. As a result of this reaction, the alcohol is oxidized to the corresponding carbonyl compound, which subsequently reduces the silver to the null-valence state:

CH OH–CHOH–CH ? C H CHO + H O (1) C H CHO + AgNO ? Ag + HNO + 0,5C H COCOC H (2)

Song et al. (2014) proved that the use of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) stabilizers with low molecular weight (M < 29000) leads to aggregative particle instability, resulting in the aggregation of the particles to micron agglomerates. The researchers also found that AgNPs stabilized by PVP with M = 8000 tend to form associates, which indicates that they are not sterically stabilized. However, Chou et al. (2004) discovered that with the introduction of carbonate ions into the system, the aggregation of the nanoparticles can be stopped. Therefore, the reduced steric barrier of PVP with low molecular weight can be compensated by increasing the electrostatic barrier. In controlling both effects, it is possible to achieve nanoparticle stabilization in the composition of the polymer dispersion for the subsequent formation of biocidal coatings.

Conclusion

To achieve the biocidal effect of acrylic-based coatings, it is most efficient to use AgNPs synthesized as a result of polyol synthesis using PVP of relatively low molecular weight (Mw < 10,000). Low molecular weight PVP weakly inhibits the surface of AgNPs, and as a result, their activity is preserved. The addition of ammonium hydroxide to a pH of < 9 enhances the electrostatic aggregate stability factor, providing optimal conditions for mixing with acrylic dispersions stabilized by anionic surfactants. This allows AgNPs to maintain their dimensions (~20–30 nm) until the polymer dispersion is dry and is also found on the surface of formed coatings. As the final result, the aforesaid coatings demonstrate high bacteria CFU inactivation (> 60%) within 60 min of contact compared to aqueous AgNP solutions using anionic surfactants as stabilizers, where the decrease in CFU is around 25%.

Acknowledgement

This research was conducted in the framework of the State Task of the Russian Federation Ministry of Education and Science No. 7.872.2017/4.6. “Development of Principles for the Design of Ecologically Positive Composite Materials with Prolonged Bioresistance”, 2017–2019.

References

Adur, A.J., Nandini, N., Shilpashree Mayachar, K., Ramya, R., Srinath, N., 2018. Bio-synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles using Anaerobically Digested Parthenium Slurry. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 183, pp. 30–34

Aripin, H., Joni, I.M., Mitsudo, S., Sudiana, I.N., Priatna, E., Busaeri, N., Sabchevski, S., 2017. Formation and Particle Growth of TiO in Silica Xerogel Glass Ceramic during a Sintering Process. International Journal of Technology, Volume 8(8), pp. 1507–1515

Bessmertny, V.S., Kochurin, D.V., Bragina, L.L., Varfolomeeva, S.V., 2019. A Block of Thermal Insulation Materials with Protective and Decorative Coatings. Construction Materials and Products, Volume 2(1), pp. 4–10

Bondarenko, N.I., Bondarenko, D.O., Kochurin, D.V., Bragina, L.L., Varfolomeeva, S.V., 2018. Technology of Plasma Metallization of the Wood and Fibrous Board.

Construction Materials and Products, Volume 1(3), pp. 4–10

Chou, K.S., Lai, Y.S., 2004. Effect of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone Molecular Weights on the Formation of Nanosized Silver Colloids. Materials Chemistry and Physics, Volume 83(1), pp. 82–88

Deshmukh, S.P., Patil, S.M., Mullani, S.B., Delekar, S.D., 2019. Silver Nanoparticles as an Effective Disinfectant: A Review. Materials Science and Engineering: C, Volume 97, pp. 954–965

Elnaggar, E.M., Elsokkary, T.M., Shohide, M.A., El-Sabbagh, B.A., Abdel-Gawwad, H.A., 2019. Surface Protection of Concrete by New Protective Coating. Construction and Building Materials, Volume 220, ??. 245–252

El-Sakhawy, M., Awad, H.M., Madkour, H.M.F., El-ziaty A.K., Nassar, M.A., Mohamed, S.A., 2016. Improving the Antimicrobial Activity of Bagasse Packaging Paper Using Organophosphorus Dimmers. International Journal of Technology, Volume 7(6), pp. 932–942

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10/21/2020 Spray Angle Dependence for the Growth of Terrace-truncated Nanocone Structure of Gallium-doped Zinc Oxide by Advanced Spray Pyr…

https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/3068 1/4

Vol 11, No 1 (2020) > Metalurgy and Material Engineering

Spray Angle Dependence for the Growth of Terrace-truncated Nanocone Structure of Gallium- doped Zinc Oxide by Advanced Spray Pyrolysis Deposition Technique

Sameera Attanayake Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan

Masayuki Okuya Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan Kenji Murakami Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan

Abstract

Rough-surfaced nanocone structures are preferred for use as transparent conductive oxides due to their high optical transparency and electrical conductivity. Structural properties of Ga-doped ZnO terrace-truncated nanocones, which were grown by advanced spray pyrolysis deposition technique, vastly changes with the spraying angle. In the present study, the effect of the spray angle on terrace-truncated nanocone structure formation was investigated. Spray pyrolysis deposition technique was used to grow the nanostructure as the growth rate can be controlled easily. The prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Optical and electrical properties were investigated by the UV-visible spectrum and four-probe method. The lowest spray angle of 15º showed homogeneous and hexagonal shaped nanocone structure with an average top diameter of 22.8 nm and an average height of 240 nm. An excellent transparent conductive oxide behavior was obtained from the sample synthesized at the lowest spray angle of 15 with high conductivity of 2.5×10 ? .cm and high transparency of 82% in the visible range.

Keywords

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Ga-doped ZnO; Spray angle; Spray pyrolysis; Terrace-truncated nanocone structure; Transparent conductive oxide material

Introduction

Semiconductor oxides, which have high electrical conductivity as well as high transparency in the visible range, are considered transparent conductive oxide (TCO) materials. They have a wide range of commercial applications such as smart devices, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), light emitting diodes (LEDs), touch panels, etc. (Wu et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2010; Yan et al., 2015). In general, ITO, SnO , Ga O , In O , and CdO are extensively used as TCO materials. Among them, ITO is the most well- established TCO material as it has excellent transparent conducting performances.

However, there is a high demand for new TCO materials due to the scarcity and lower stability of indium in hydrogen plasma. Impurity-doped ZnO is commonly used as an optional TCO material, as an alternative to ITO (Look, 2001; Rao and Kumar, 2010; Bedia et al., 2014; Bramantyo et al., 2019). ZnO is an n-type II-VI semiconductor with unique physical and chemical properties such as direct wide band gap (3.37 eV), large exciting binding energy at room temperature (~60 meV), high thermal stability, and nontoxicity (Yim et al.,2007; Fernández and Gandía, 2012; Moditswe et al., 2016). The conductivity of ZnO is caused by ionization of zinc interstitials and oxygen vacancies.

The carrier formation by ionization of Zn interstitial is the preponderant mechanism for intrinsic ZnO (Yim et al., 2007). To enhance the electrical conductivity and optical transparency, ZnO is doped with impurities such as B, Al, Ga, Sn, Y, Sc, Ti, or Zr (Look, 2001; Yim et al., 2007; Rao and Kumar, 2010; Moditswe et al., 2016). Even though Al and Ga attained the dominant attention as dopants for ZnO, Ga is considered the preferable dopant because of its similarity in both covalent and ionic radii (0.62 Å and 1.26 Å) with that of Zn (0.74 Å and 1.31 Å) (Bedia et al., 2014). Moreover, covalent bond length of Ga–O (1.92 Å) is comparable with the covalent bond length of Zn–O (1.97 Å) with respect to Al–O (2.7 Å) and In-O (2.1 Å) (Le et al., 2010). Because of this, lattice distortion is possessed at a minimal value even ZnO is highly doped with Ga (Look, 2001). Moreover, when comparing with Al, Ga has high electronegativity, high stability to moisture, and lower reactivity and diffusivity (Look, 2001; Fernández and Gandía, 2012). It is considered that doped Ga atoms replace Zn host atoms and expand free electron density, which increases the electrical conductivity. There are many reports on the formation of various kinds of impurity-doped ZnO structures, such as nanorods, nanoflakes, nanobelts, nanoparticles, nanocones, etc. Among them, it is widely accepted that the 1-D nanorod structure is the most suitable layout for dye sensitized solar cell applications because of its high surface-to-volume ratio.

However, some researchers have reported about the importance of ZnO nanocone structure, which could increase the light transparency with respect to nanorods, by reducing the scattering (Lao et al., 2003; Gao et al., 2006; Yin et al., 2012; Li et al., 2015; Han et al., 2018). Various methods have been developed to produce ZnO thin films, such as pulsed laser deposition, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), spray pyrolysis, sputtering, sol-gel, and chemical bath deposition techniques (Hu and Gordon, 1992; Hirata et al., 1996; Chen et al., 1998; Sholehah and Yuwono, 2015). Spray pyrolysis deposition (SPD) technique has several advantages over other methods, such as simplicity, low cost, ability for large area deposition, and high homogeneity (Yadav et al., 2010). One of the most important advantages of SPD technique is its ability to change the growth rate easily.

In this study, we have used the rotational, pulsed, and atomized spray pyrolysis deposition technique (RPASP). This method has numerous advantages over normal spray pyrolysis deposition techniques as we can optimize the device according to the requirements by changing the parameters. This novel device is capable of individually controlling spray time, time interval during each spray, rotation speed, number of rotations, distance between the nozzle tip and glass substrate, and spray angle. In general, the spray angle is considered as a critical factor in spray pyrolysis deposition technique. Bandara et al. (2016) also reported about the importance of spray angle for the growth of fluorine-doped zinc oxide 1-D nanostructures. In this study, we have investigated the effect of spray angle for the growth and properties of terrace-truncated nanocone structure of Ga-doped ZnO by RPASP deposition technique, as no proper study has been reported to the best of our knowledge.

Conclusion

In this study, we investigated the spray angle dependency for the growth of Ga-doped ZnO nanostructure by advanced spray pyrolysis deposition technique. The average top diameter and the nanostructure density of Ga-doped ZnO were 22.8 nm and 195 per µm , 36.9 nm and 230 per µm , 38.3 nm and 138 per µm at spraying angles of 15 , 30 , and 45 , respectively. The physical properties of nanostructures were vastly changed with the spraying angle, as the horizontal and the vertical components of the velocity of vaporized particles were changed. Terrace-truncated nanocone structures were observed by FE-SEM images and the uniform distribution of Ga in ZnO crystal structures were confirmed by EDX mapping. According to the XRD spectra, the growth of nanostructure was favored along the c-axis, which is perpendicular to the FTO glass substrate. The highest optical transmittance of 82% in the visible range was attained by the sample prepared at the lowest spraying angle.

The terrace-truncated nanocone structures support to increase the optical transmittance by reducing the light scattering, as suggested. The optical transmittance was decreased by increasing the spraying angle, due to the formation of structural defects such as nanoplates. The foremost electrical conductivity of 2.5×10 ? cm was observed on the Ga-doped ZnO sample that was synthesized at the lowest spraying angle. The optimum transparent conductive oxide properties of high optical transmittance at the visible range as well as high electrical conductivity were attained by the Ga-doped ZnO nanostructure grown at the lowest spraying angle of 15 .

Acknowledgement

We gratefully acknowledge Prof. Masaru Shimomura, for his great support throughout the research. We also like to show our gratitude to Dr. Hirulak Siriwardena for his support on this research paper.

Supplementary Material

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 Article

 Abstract

 Introduction

 Conclusion

 Acknowlegement

 Supplementary Material

 References Table of Contents

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10/23/2020 Utilizing an Intervention Forecasting Approach to Improve Reefer Container Demand Forecasting Accuracy: A Case Study in Indon…

International Journal of Technology (IJTech) > Vol 11, No 1 (2020)

Utilizing an Intervention Forecasting Approach to Improve Reefer Container Demand Forecasting Accuracy: A Case Study in Indonesia

Sintia Putri Pradita Department of Agro-Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd. Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand

Pornthipa Ongkunaruk Department of Agro-Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd. Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand

Thaweephan Duke Leingpibul

Haworth College of Business, Western Michigan University, 1903 Western Michigan Avenue Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA

Abstract

The demand for reefer containers in Indonesia has been increasing due to both global and regional trade growth; however, logistics providers are still struggling with several related challenges, including a container shortage problem, which is due to ineffective forecasting practices. This study aimed to improve the accuracy of reefer container demand forecasting by introducing an intervention forecasting approach. This approach will help address the demand planning issue of reefer circulation. The intervention forecasting approach combines human insights from the qualitative approach with the mathematical precision of the quantitative approach in iterative sequences. This field study was conducted with an Indonesian third party logistic company in Eastern Indonesia. The training data set was analyzed to provide a pattern of demand as well as some initial forecasting parameters (such as trend and seasonal index). Then, an expert helped identify irregular demand points. The demand data was then adjusted by a sales and marketing manager according to related factors such as natural disasters, oil price increase, promotions. The selected models were then further verified using a testing dataset, and the forecast errors from various models using the raw and adjusted training data sets were compared with those of the testing datasets. The results revealed that the mean average percentage error (MAPE) after adjusting the demand was 5.43% to 6.22%

for the training and 9.55% to 10.33% for the testing dataset, which is lower than that of the traditional forecasting method when there was no intervention. In summary, the adjustment forecast could increase forecast accuracy by 42.39% and 39.42% for 20- and 40-feet containers, respectively.

Keywords

Intervention; Qualitative forecasting method; Reefer containers; Third party logistics providers; Time series forecasting

Introduction

The growth of container use in marine transportation has steadily increased in recent years due to economic development in Asia (Diaz et al., 2011). As the world’s largest archipelagic country, the distribution of agricultural and food products in Indonesia is normally conducted through sea transportation (BPS-Statistics Indonesia, 2018). According to the Indonesia Cold Chain Association, the number of logistics providers in Indonesia is still growing, especially third party logistics providers (3PLs), who provide shipping services with reefer containers (Gandi, 2016). The delivery of food products is carried out from Java to Eastern Indonesia using temperature control to maintain product quality. However, the accumulation and repositioning of empty containers have become major issues for container ports and could be worsened by the growing trade imbalances emerging among trading routes. Having too many emptied containers in certain locations is an indicator of other planning issues in the shipping business (Epstein et al., 2012), the first of which is an imbalance in container demand among different regions. The second problem is multiple sources of uncertainty, such as market conditions, and the third problem relates to the handling and sharing of operations information. These problems affect every third party logistics provider, increasing their operational costs as well as creating a shortage of containers and reducing their income (Pradita and Ongkunaruk, 2019). Previous research on container demand forecasting in the area of reefer containers has been as follows: Wang and Meng (2019) compared three forecasting models for the number of inbound of containers, while Tang et al. (2019) studied container throughput forecasting at Lianyungang Port and Shanghai Port by comparing the Gray model,

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10/23/2020 Utilizing an Intervention Forecasting Approach to Improve Reefer Container Demand Forecasting Accuracy: A Case Study in Indon…

triple exponential smoothing model, multiple linear regression model, and backpropagation neural network. Tangkham and Ongkunaruk (2019) suggested the container yard to establish a proper forecasting method for demand for containers in Thailand. In addition, Mo et al. (2018) studied container throughput forecasting using the group method of data handling (GMDH) neural network. They also studied a hybrid forecasting model (SARIMA), support vector regression (SVR), back-propagation (BP) neural network, and genetic programming (GP). There are two major forecasting methods. First, the qualitative forecasting method is analyzed based on the opinions, judgments, and past performance of forecasting experts (Arvan et al., 2019). The factors that influence demands for commercial products are sales promotions, the introduction of a new brand, store reform, and aggressive marketing (Meneghini et al., 2018). The type of qualitative forecasting using an expert adjustment or intervention is more appropriate when demand is highly sensitive to sales promotion (Min, 2008; Trapero et al., 2015; Fildes et al., 2019). Furthermore, online marketing demand prediction based on user/consumer reviews and promotional marketing using bigdata was investigated by Chong et al.

(2017). The higher the forecast accuracy, the more the bullwhip effect is reduced (Jaipuria and Mahapatra, 2014). While qualitative forecasting is only used when the amount of historical data is limited, quantitative forecasting is more commonly used among practitioners. The types of most commonly used quantitative forecasting are time series, regression model (Taylor and Letham, 2018), Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) (Min, 2008; Jaipuria and Mahapatra, 2014; Dhini, 2015), Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) (Farhan and Ong, 2018; Mo et al., 2018), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) (Jaipuria and Mahapatra, 2014; Dhini et al., 2015); and Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) (Lubis et al., 2019). In circumstances of promotion or irrational events, combining qualitative and quantitative methods could be implemented to increase forecast accuracy (Min, 2008; Jaipuria and Mahapatra, 2014; Khamphinit and Ongkunaruk, 2016; Chong et al., 2017). We hypothesized that the intervention forecasting approach would provide better forecasting accuracy than other time series alternatives, such as ARIMA and SRIMA. The primary advantage of the aforementioned techniques (i.e. BP, SVM, ANN) is a high mathematical precision; however, the disadvantages of calculation complexity and intensive data requirements deter practitioners from utilizing these techniques. In contrast, the time series technique requires less data to operate and is intuitively simple, yet it still provides an acceptable level of mathematical precision. Therefore, the time series technique was selected for use in this study. Moreover, the experience level of the forecasters will affect the results of their forecasting: the greater the forecaster's expertise, the greater the adjustment will correctly represent the real insights and improve forecast accuracy (Trapero et al., 2015; Arvan et al., 2019; Fildes et al., 2019). The combination of qualitative forecasting via the adjustment of sales data by experts as well as quantitative forecasting via time series using a software package could increase forecast accuracy by 46.14%, 22.53%, and 56.42% for three kinds of instant noodle products (Khamphinit and Ongkunaruk, 2016). Therefore, the intervention forecast method would perform well within the reefer circulation context, as in the present Indonesian 3PL case.

Conclusion

The findings showed that the MAPE values from the intervention forecasting approaches outperformed the traditional time series approach in this particular case. Specifically, the intervention forecasting approach revealed benefits such as having data adjusted by human insight twice. The first data adjustment acted as “a screening tool” to identify and correct all irregular demand points prior to feeding this “cleaned” data into the quantitative calculation. This step helped avoid the “garbage in/garbage out” phenomenon. The second intervention adjustment from experts acted as a “reality check tool”, which put human’s insights back into the result from the mathematical models. Again, this step was comparable to the seasonality index concept in time series forecasting, which adds a seasonal characteristic back to de-seasonalized forecast demand to represent the reality of each season. While the seasonal index might have static pattern the intervention by expert is more event-specific and more intuitive. Given that the reefer demand forecast is very sensitive to any weekly or even daily events, we can conclude that the combination of human insight from the qualitative method and mathematical precision from the quantitative method helped increase its forecasting accuracy.

Overall, with more reliable forecasting, container procurement officers can then enhance both their circulation efficiency and customer service levels.

In regard to the impact of different product categories, the intervention forecasting method also yielded very similar results for both the 20- and 40-feet containers. For both container sizes, non-adjusted demand exhibited a higher forecast error than the adjusted demand for both sizes. As a result, the adjustment forecast helped increase the forecast accuracy by 42.39% and 39.42% for the 20- and 40-feet containers, respectively.

For implementation purposes, irregular events can be defined as repeatable or non-repeatable. Non-repeatable events can be disregarded as outliers, since they occur accidentally;

however, repeatable events should be investigated further since they might happen again in a cyclical manner or should be included in associated forecasting models (e.g. regression).

For example, natural disasters and subsidized projects from the government impact only impact forecast errors once, since such events tend not to occur in the future; however, irregular events, such as Ramadhan, in this case, will occur again. Thus, these social events should be systematically recognized and integrated into decisions to improve forecasting accuracy.

It is important to note that data limitations existed in this study, such as, for example, a lack of available quantitative data prior to 2016 as well as only having a single expert to provide insights on the qualitative side. In order to gain more power to apply these findings to other cases, repetitive research or longitudinal research is required. In addition, future research could be extended for comparison against other product categories, comparisons of different product life cycles, or comparisons with other forecasting methods, such as ANN or the regression method (Jaipuria and Mahapatra, 2014; Dhini et al., 2015).

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank the company for kindly providing information for this research. Also, we thank the anonymous reviewers who gave significant suggestions to help us improve our manuscript.

Supplementary Material

Filename Description

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10/23/2020 Value Creation and the Pursuit of Multi Factor Productivity Improvement

International Journal of Technology (IJTech) > Vol 11, No 1 (2020)

Value Creation and the Pursuit of Multi Factor Productivity Improvement

Roy Woodhead Business Operation Systems, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, 38 - 40 Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom

Mohammed Ali Berawi Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia

Abstract

This paper links Value

Management to macro- economics to explore transformational innovation. It borrows from economics and the relationship between technological progress and rising living standards for citizens. Central to this is seeing 'technology' in a wider sense than devices.

What makes this paper different is it attempts to link Government spending on capital projects directly to economic growth in an economy. Whilst

macroeconomists use historic data, this paper applies those theories to the conceptual stages of capital-projects to become part of a Government's investment appraisal process. As such, this paper outlines a 'how to' approach that will help Governments prefer Foreign Investments that lead to long-term economic growth. The hope is that this paper will stimulate other researchers to replicate the methodology and in so doing open a new direction for innovation methodologies such as Value Engineering and Value Management that link capital projects to growth in GDP.

Keywords

Capital projects; Economic growth; Government; Innovation; Productivity; Value management

Introduction

The field of Value Management (Woodhead and Male, 2000; Woodhead, 2001; Kaufman and Woodhead, 2006; Male et al., 2007; Berawi et al., 2014;

Teschl, 2018; Visser, 2019) has confined itself to micro-economics. In this paper we extend it to macro-economics to explain how economists understand the role of technological progress as a key determinant of economic growth at the national level (Wiratmadja et al., 2016). This stands on ideas linked to productivity and production functions. However, economists use historic data and given low and even negative productivity statistics in many countries, we argue there needs to be a proactive way to influence economic growth. We start by reviewing established ideas from economists before exploring how we could adopt a more proactive approach that would help Governments not only deliver capital projects that their citizens need, but also in ways that stimulate productivity and a consequential rise in prosperity. We do so by sharing a method that could be used in the conceptual stages of a capital project, alongside established investment appraisal techniques. The hope of this paper is to start new lines of research in the field of Value Management.

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Conclusion

This paper offers a way to solve the Productivity Puzzle by considering capital projects in the conceptual stages and learning how MFP calculations vary during project execution. This could be valuable to Governments as it would help them assess which investments are likely to have more spill over benefits that lift the living standards of its citizens. This approach is in contrast to methods typically used by economists where historic data is investigated with mathematical techniques such as multiple regression.

A positive MFP suggests the new approach is better than the base case in terms of its benefit to economic growth. Understanding approximate contributions a major capital project could have on economic growth enables a Government to make more informed choices about the way their capital projects unlock technological progress and spill over benefits that raise living standards beyond the project itself.

Most capital investment methods (e.g. NPV, IRR, PI etc.) need to demonstrate positive results before investors give an approval to proceed and funds are sanctioned. This is well established. Yet evidence from around the world shows negative productivity exists which means what counts as success from investment appraisal techniques may not actually be successful for the economy and GDP growth.

We accept a need to maintain proven investment appraisal techniques to satisfy the needs of financiers. What we call for is to also make the MFP calculation part of a Government's investment appraisal criteria.

In this paper we made a number of assumptions and omissions (e.g. taxation was omitted) to keep our explanation simple and to show how MFP enables valuable a priori insights. Those insights could be used in capital projects to unlock new levels of prosperity for a nation's citizens as well as meeting the requirements of the usual stakeholders in capital projects.

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