By
Bayu Timothy Nugrahadi 11604013
BACHELOR’S DEGREE in
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No.15 Alam
Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 - Indonesia
January 2021
Revision after Thesis Defense on 19th January 2021
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
Bayu Timothy Nugrahadi
_____________________________________________
Student Date
Approved by:
Dr.-Ing. Diah Indriani Widiputri S.T., M.Sc.
_____________________________________________
Thesis Advisor Date
Dr. Irvan Setiadi Kartawiria S.T., M.Sc.
_____________________________________________
Thesis Co-Advisor Date
Dr. Dipl.-Ing Samuel P. Kusumocahyo
_____________________________________________
Dean Date
ABSTRACT
EFFECT OF WATER HYACINTH EXTRACT ADDITION TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF CORROSION MEDIA FOR VARIOUS METALS
By
Bayu Timothy Nugrahadi
Dr.-Ing Diah Indriani Widiputri S.T., M.Sc Dr. Irvan Setiadi Kartawiria S.T., M.Sc
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Metal materials are widely used in many different industries such as for building materials and industrial equipment. Recent researches started to develop green inhibitors to avoid toxic synthetic inhibitors to improve the metal’s strength from extensive exposure of corrosive media. From various organic materials, water hyacinth is one of them. The main focus of this work was to test the effect of the WH extract inhibitor in an extended period for iron, aluminum and stainless-steel. Previous researches have tested the inhibition efficiency of WH extract with gum arabic addition for 48 hours of immersion in corrosive media. Extended period of immersion could alter the efficiency in regards to the antioxidant activity. After 7 days of immersion, the highest efficiency for WH extract is 69.23% in tap water, 81.37% in saltwater, and 27.40% in vinegar (acetic acid) for iron while increasing the resistance by 0.3 ohm. Stainless-steel and aluminum suffered a very small to negligible weight loss with an increase of 0.1~2 ohm in electrical resistance for both. The addition of gum arabic successfully increased the efficiency for iron up to 99% and an increase of resistance by 1 ohm even after 7 days, 99.57% for stainless-steel and 100% for aluminum without any change in resistance.
Keywords: Water Hyacinth, Metals, Corrosion, Inhibitor, Antioxidant Activity, Phenolic Content, Corrosion Rate.
© Copyright 2021 by Bayu Timothy Nugrahadi
All rights reserved
DEDICATION
I dedicate this work to my advisor, friends and family, and in honor to my late mother,
for always supporting me in good and bad times.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to thank God for his blessing, that I may reach this point of my study in Swiss German University only with his grace. The time He has planned for me is not without reason, and to make me grateful for everything.
My sincere gratitude for Ms. Diah for patiently guiding me in my thesis work towards the end. And to my co-advisor, Sir Irvan as well for his many vital inputs during my research.
To Kak Rizal, Kak Sisil and Kak Tabligh who have assisted me in acquiring and using the laboratory equipment even during the pandemic, I offer my profound appreciation.
I would also offer my regards to my colleagues in Life Sciences and Technology, whom I cannot mention one by one but had blessed me with joy and given me so many assistances that I may come to this point.
My last and deepest gratitude to my father and my brother, and to my loving mother who had passed away during my time in Germany. Without the endless support of my family, I would have not reached my goals and not become the person that I am now.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2
ABSTRACT ... 3
DEDICATION ... 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 7
LIST OF FIGURES ... 10
LIST OF TABLES ... 13
1 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ... 14
1.1 Background ... 14
1.2 Research Objectives ... 15
1.3 Significance of Study ... 16
1.4 Research Questions ... 16
2 CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW ... 17
2.1 Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) ... 17
2.2 Phytochemicals ... 18
2.2.1 Types of Phytochemicals ... 19
2.2.2 Phytochemicals in Water Hyacinth ... 20
2.3 Extraction of Water Hyacinth ... 22
2.4 Corrosion ... 23
2.5 Corrosion Inhibitor ... 25
2.5.1 Types of Corrosion Inhibitor ... 26
2.5.2 Corrosion Monitoring ... 27
2.5.3 Green Corrosion Inhibitor ... 28
2.6 Equipment Coating ... 29
2.6.1 Coating Production / Formulation ... 30
2.6.2 Standard Regulation for Coatings ... 30
2.6.3 Application of Coatings ... 31
3 CHAPTER 3 - RESEARCH METHOD ... 32
3.1 Venue and Time ... 32
3.2 Materials and Equipment ... 32
3.2.2 Equipment ... 33
3.3 Experimental Design ... 33
3.4 Design of Literature Study ... 34
3.5 Experimental Procedure ... 35
3.5.1 Preliminary Treatment ... 35
3.5.2 Extraction and Analysis of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity 35 3.5.3 Formulation of Coating ... 35
3.5.4 Corrosion Monitoring and Rate Measurement ... 36
3.5.5 Analytical Measurement of Anti-Corrosion Value ... 37
3.5.6 Preparation of Water Hyacinth Extract ... 38
3.5.7 Preparation of Metal Samples ... 40
3.5.8 Preparation of Corrosive Media ... 41
4 CHAPTER 4 - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 43
4.1 Literature Study ... 43
4.1.1 Metal Materials in Industries ... 43
4.1.2 Corrosion Prone Industrial Equipment ... 46
4.1.3 Corrosion Protection Methods ... 48
4.1.4 Effect of Gum Arabic addition on Inhibition Efficiency ... 50
4.1.5 Antioxidant Activity in Green Inhibitors ... 53
4.1.6 Antioxidant Stability of Water Hyacinth Extract ... 55
4.1.7 Corrosion Effects on Electroconductivity ... 56
4.1.8 Corrosivity of Media ... 57
4.1.9 Conclusion of Literature Study ... 59
4.2 Corrosion of Metals in Various Media (Without Inhibitor) ... 61
4.2.1 Weight Reduction of Metals ... 62
4.2.2 Corrosion Rate Without Inhibitor ... 66
4.2.3 Electrical Conductivity Value Without Inhibitor ... 69
4.2.4 Visual Observation of Metals Without Inhibitor ... 71
4.3 Effects of Water Hyacinth Addition to Corrosion Rate of Various Metals ... 73
4.3.1 Inhibitor Effect to Metals in Different Media ... 73
4.3.2 Overall Observation for WH Extract Addition ... 81
4.4 Effect of Gum Arabic Addition On Various Metals ... 81
4.4.1 Effect on Metals in Different Media ... 81
4.4.2 Effect of GA Addition to the Visual Condition of Metals ... 95
5 CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ... 101
5.1 Conclusion ... 101
5.2 Recommendation ... 102
GLOSSARY ... 103
REFERENCES ... 104
APPENDICES ... 110
CURRICULUM VITAE ... 122
Figure 2-1 Eichhornia crassipes ... 17
Figure 2-2 Types of Phytochemicals ... 19
Figure 2-3 Corrosion mechanism ... 23
Figure 3-1 Experimental design for WH extract application ... 33
Figure 3-2 Literature study design for WH extract effect ... 34
Figure 3-3 Initial condition of (from the left) aluminum, stainless-steel, and iron plate ... 41
Figure 4-1 Yearly average production of iron, aluminum and steel in various countries.. 43
Figure 4-3 Experiment setup condition on author's home ... 61
Figure 4-4 Aluminum weight loss without inhibitor ... 62
Figure 4-5 Aluminum percentage weight loss without inhibitor ... 63
Figure 4-6 Stainless-steel weight loss without inhibitor ... 64
Figure 4-7 Stainless-Steel percentage weight loss without inhibitor ... 64
Figure 4-8 Iron weight loss without inhibitor ... 65
Figure 4-9 Iron percentage weight loss without inhibitor ... 65
Figure 4-10 Visual observation of aluminum plate sets after immersion in (from the left) tap water, saltwater and vinegar ... 71
Figure 4-11 Visual observation of stainless-steel plate sets after immersion in (from the left) tap water, saltwater and vinegar ... 72
Figure 4-12 Visual observation of iron plate sets after immersion in (from the left) tap watee, saltwater and vinegar ... 73
Figure 4-13 Weight loss of aluminum after WH extract addition ... 74
Figure 4-14 Aluminum percentage weight loss with WH ... 74
Figure 4-15 Weight loss of stainless-steel after WH extract addition ... 75
Figure 4-16 Stainless-steel percentage weight loss with WH ... 75
Figure 4-17 Weight loss of iron plates after WH extract addition ... 76
Figure 4-18 Iron percentage weight loss with WH ... 76
Figure 4-19 Visual observation of aluminum plates after 7 days x 24 hours immersion with WH extract addition (from the left) in tap water, saltwater and vinegar ... 79
Figure 4-20 Visual observation of stainless-steel plates after 7 days x 24 hours immersion
with WH extract addition (from the left) in tap water, saltwater and vinegar ... 80
Figure 4-21 Visual observation of iron plates after 7 days x 24 hours immersion with WH extract addition (from the left) in tap water, saltwater and vinegar ... 80
Figure 4-22 Weight loss of aluminum in GA 20% ... 82
Figure 4-23 Weight loss of aluminum in GA 22% ... 82
Figure 4-24 Weight loss of aluminum in GA-25% ... 83
Figure 4-25 Aluminum percentage weight loss in GA 20% ... 83
Figure 4-26 Aluminum percentage weight loss in GA 22% ... 84
Figure 4-27 Aluminum percentage weight loss in GA 25% ... 84
Figure 4-28 Weight loss of stainless-steel in GA 20% ... 86
Figure 4-29 Weight loss of stainless-steel in GA 22% ... 87
Figure 4-30 Weight loss of Stainless-steel in GA 25% ... 87
Figure 4-31 Stainless-steel percentage weight loss in GA 20% ... 88
Figure 4-32 Stainless-Steel percentage weight loss in GA 22% ... 88
Figure 4-33 Stainless-Steel percentage weight loss in GA 25% ... 89
Figure 4-34 Weight loss of iron in GA 20% ... 91
Figure 4-35 Weight loss of iron in GA 22% ... 91
Figure 4-36 Weight loss of iron in GA 25% ... 92
Figure 4-37 Iron percentage weight loss with GA 20%... 92
Figure 4-38 Iron percentage weight loss in GA 22%... 93
Figure 4-39 Iron percentage weight loss in GA 25%... 93
Figure 4-40 Visual condition of aluminum plate sets after immersion in saltwater with a GA concentration of (from the left) 20%, 22% and 25% ... 95
Figure 4-41Visual condition of stainless-steel plate sets after immersion in saltwater with a GA concentration of (from the left) 20%, 22% and 25%... 95
Figure 4-42 Visual condition of iron plate sets after immersion in saltwater with a GA concentration of (from the left) 20%, 22% and 25% ... 96
Figure 4-43 Visual condition of aluminum plate sets after immersion in vinegar with a GA concentration of (from the left) 20%, 22% and 25% ... 97
GA concentration of (from the left) 20%, 22% and 25% ... 97 Figure 4-45 Visual condition of iron plate sets after immersion in vinegar with a GA concentration of (from the left) 20%, 22% and 25% ... 98 Figure 4-46 Forming of a gelatinous layer called iron oxidizing bacteria layer ... 99
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3-1 Corrosion resistance parameter for materials ... 38
Table 3-2 Weight of water hyacinth sample before and after drying ... 39
Table 4-1 Summary of corrosion prone equipment ... 48
Table 4-2 Summary of corrosion protection methods ... 50
Table 4-3 Summary of gum arabic effect to corrosion ... 52
Table 4-4 Summary of antioxidant activity of green inhibitors ... 54
Table 4-5 Planned materials of metal types, media and inhbitor ratio ... 60
Table 4-7 Corrosion rate of aluminum, stainless-steel and iron without inhibitor ... 66
Table 4-8 Initial conductivity of aluminum, stainless-steel and iron ... 70
Table 4-9 Conductivity of aluminum, stainless-steel and iron after 7 days x 24 hours immersion in various media without inhibitor ... 70
Table 4-10 Corrosion rate of aluminum, stainless-steel and iron after WH extract addition ... 77
Table 4-11 Inhibitor efficiency of metals after WH extract addition ... 77
Table 4-12 Conductivity of metals after WH extract addition... 79
Table 4-13 Final parameters of aluminum immersed in saltwater and vinegar with GA addition ... 85
Table 4-14 Final parameters of stainless-steel in saltwater and vinegar with GA addition ... 89
Table 4-15 Final paremeters of iron immersed in saltwater and vinegar with GA addition ... 94
