kyushu - Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

M _-741P

KYUSHU

UNIVERSITY

rce Science

nology

Edited by:

Sudarto Notosiswoyo Hideo Nagashima Kikuo N/atsui Budi Sulistianto

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Proceedi The

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Joint

March

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Bandung,

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Proceedings of

The ^Znd lnternational Symposium of Novel Carbon Resource Science

Earth Resource Science and Technology

Joint Symposium

Kyushu University

-

^lnstitut

^Teknologi

^Bandung

March 10

-

^{11, 2009}

lnstitut

Teknologi

Bandung (lTB) Bandung, lndonesia

Edited by:

Sudarto Notosiswoyo

I nstitut Teknologi Bandung, lndonesia

Hideo Nagashima

Kyushu Universi$, Japan

Kikuo Matsui

Kyushu U niversity, J apan

Budi Sulistianto

lnstitut Teknologi Bandung, lndonesia

Proceedings of

The 2no lnternational Symposium

of

^Novel Carbon Resource Science

Earth Resource Science and Technology

Joint Synrposium Kyushu University

-

^{lnstitut Teknologi Bandung}

March, 2009

Technical editors:

Nuhindro P. Widodo (lTB) M. Nur Heriawan (lTB) Akhmad A. Korda (lTB)

International Symposium of Novel Carbon Resource Science (!ud; 2009 : Bandung)

Proceedings international symposium of novel carbon resource sciences : earth resource

science and technolory March 10-11, 2009 ITB Bandung / edited by Sudarto Notosiswoyo...

[et.al.l. ^-

-

Bandung: Fakultas Teknik Pertambangan dan Perminyakan ITB, 2009.

395 hlm. _; 2.3 cm.

ISBN 978-979-8305-30-6

1.

IGrbon--

Kongres.

II.

Sudarto Notosiswoyo.

Printed by:

Faculty ^of Mining and Petmletrm Engineering Institut Teknologi Bandung

JI. Ganesa 10 Bandr:ng 40132 lndonesia

I. Judul.

662.930 6

CONTENTS

PREFACE CONTENTS

KEYNOTE PAPERS

1.

MODELING AND REMEDATION WITH PERMEABLE REACTTVE BARzuERS IN GROUND WATER CONTAMINATED B Y PERC HLOROETFryLENE

Yanqing WU

2.

^{CATALYTIC EFFECTS OF}

^ALKALI

AND

ALI(ALINE

EARTH

METALLIC

SPECIES DURING TTIE GASIFICATION OF BROWN COAL

Chun-Zhu

Li

3.

COAL GASIFICATION AND LIQUEFACTION: A BRIEF REVIEW

Dwiwahju Sasongko

4.

DEVELOPMENT OF ECO.FRIENDLY COAL MINES IN OVERSEAS COUNTRTES CONSIDERING ENVIRONMENTAL IS SUES

Kikuo MATSUI

5.

^TWO MAJOR PROBLEMS OF CO2-ECBM PILOT TEST PROJECT AT YUBAzu, JAPAN

6. ^Low

^RANK

coAL ,'GRADING

^{Kvuro SASAKI}

Bukin Daulay

I.

COAL RESOURCE UTILIZATION

I.I.

UPGRADING OF LOW RANK COAL AND WOODY BIOMASS BY I{YDROTHERMAL TREATMENT

Tsuyoshi HIRAJIMA and Moriyasu NONAKA

1.2.

PRODUCT CHARACTERIZATION OF RAW PEAT AND LOW

QUALITY

^COAL TREATED BY

ALI(ALINE

HYDROTHERMAL: A NOVEL METHOD OF COz CAPTURING AND HYDROGEN GENERATION

Anggoro Tri MURSITO, Tsuyoshi HIRAJIMA and Keiko SASAKI

1.3.

COAL BASED LATERITIC TRON ORE REDUCTION: KINETIC ANALYSIS

Soepriyanto, S. , Nababatr, M., and Pramusanto

1.4.

STUDY OF LOW RANK COAL GASIFICATION PROCESS BY FLUIDIZED BED GASIFICATION

Edy SANWANI, Ikhsan SEPTI.ANSYAH, Arief SUDARSONO, Ismi

HANDAYANI

II. EARTH RESOURCES

2.1.

DIFFERENCES IN THE GEOSTATISTICAL AND GEOLOGICAL

CHARACTEzuSTICS OF COAL SEAMS FROM KUTEI AND SOUTH SUMATRA BASINS _ _INDONESIA

Chairul NAS

2.2.

PETROGRAPHY OF CARBONIZATION IN

THERMALLY

METAMORPHOSED COAL FROM TANJTJNC ENIM AREA, SOUTH SUMATERA BASIN, INDONESI"A

D. Hendra

AMIJAYA

llt

I-1

I- 10

I-18 125

II-1

v

4

6

8

V

II.1 O

1

l9

25

2,3

^SPATIAL CHARACTERIZATION AND GEOLOGICAL MODELING OF

I{ETEROGENEOUS RESOURCE QUALITY IN A MULTILAYER ^{COAL DEPOSTT} Mohamad Nur HERLAWAN and Katsuaki

KOIKE

2,4. MAGING

OF COAL NEAR SUBSURFACE INTRUSION BODY THROUGH SEISMIC TOMOGRAPTIY: A CASE STUDY IN SUBAN BLOCK MUARA ENIM SUMATRA

Bagus Endar B. NURHANDOKO, Budi SULISTYANTO, SYAFRIZAL, Y. WTYANTO, Hussein RUDryANTO, M. Puput ERLAI{GGA, Erwin RIYANTO, Danang KUSUDIHARJO, Fajril AIVIBIA

2.5.

REMOTE GEOLOGICAL MAPPING IN TARHLINAH AREA,

LIBYA

Nureddin M. SAADI and Koichiro WATANABE

III. COAL MINING SCIENGE AND TECHNOLOGY

3.1

APPLICATION OF

A

PLINCH MINING SYSTEM TO INDONESIAN COAL MINES Hirotumi FURUKAIVA,

Kiluo

MATSUI, Takashi SASAOKA and Hideki SHIMADA

3.2

ESTIIvIATION OF ANI OPTIMUM STZE OF BLASTED ROCKS USING POWDER FACTOR

AI{D

DIGGING RATE DATA: A CASE STUDY AT BENGALON PIT A, BENGALON COAL PROJECT, EAST KALMAI.{TA}.I, INDONESIA

Ganda M. SIMANGUNSONG, Obes B.H. SILALAHI, Suseno KRAMADIBRATA, and Beni RASJID

3.3

SOFT ROCK BEHAVIOUR WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COAL BEARING STRATA

Suseno KRAMADIBRATA, Singgih SAPTONO, Yudhidya WICAKSANA, Simon H PRASETYO

3,4

DEFORMATION MONITORING AT LOW-WALL SLOPE OF COAL OPEN PIT IN PT.

ADARO, INDONESIA

Budi SULISTIANTO, Suseno KRAMADIBRATA, Ridho K WATTIMENA, Singgih SAPTONO, Patrno NUGROHO

3.5 A

STUDY OF BLAST VIBRATION INDUCED FRACTURE IN LIMESTONE QUARRY

Sugeng

WAftfUDI,

Takashi SASAOKA, Hideki SHIMADA, Kikuo MATSUI

3.6

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DIFFUSION IN MINE AIRWAYS USING DISCRETE TRACERMOVEMENT METHOD AND EFFECT OF DEAD SPACES AREA

A. WIDIATMOJO, K.SASAKI, N.P. WIDODO, G. ARPA, Y. SUGAI

3,7

NUMERICAL MODELING OF DMFUSION PHENOMENA IN NARROW VEIN MINE STOPE FROM FIELD MEASUREMENT AND SCALED LABORATORY

Gabriel ARPA, Kyuro SASAKI and Yuichi SUGAI

3.8

^ROLLING RESISTANCE STUDY OF GRAVELLY SAND MATERTAL ON LABORATORY SCALE

Nuhindro Priagung \MDODO, _Suseno KRAMADIBRATA, Abdul ROHMAN, Yudtr-idya WICAKSANA, Faj ar HERMAWAI.{

IV. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

4.1.

HIGH.EFFICIENT OF SO2 REMOVAL USING ACTTVATED CARBON FIBER

Miftahul HUDA and Isao MOCHIDA

4,2.

GENERATION AND PREVENTION OF ACID DRAINAGES FROM MINE TAILINGS (REVrEw)

Keiko SASAKI

tr-l8

TT.26

T1.32

ru-1

trI-10

III-17

III-28

III.36

III47

ru-55

III-64

ry-t

v1

rv-5

4.3.

4.4.

4.5.

4.6,

4.7.

4.8.

4.9.

4.10.

4.11.

4.t2.

4.13.

MDGD

ACID A}ID NON.ACID WASTE ROCKS ASSOCIATED WITH ACID MINE DRAINAGE GENERATION: A PRELIMINARY RESULT OF COLUMN TEST EXPEzuMENT

Candra NUGRAHA, Hideki SHIIvIADA, Takashi SASAOKA, Masatomo ICHINOSE, Kikuo MATSUI, Evie H. TULAR, Imanuel MAIIEGE FTINDAMENTAL STUDY ON AMD.PREVENTION BY USING COMPACTED

WASTE ROCKS AT BE,[{AU COAL MINE, INDONESIA

Jiro OYA, Hideki SHIMADA, Takashi SASAOKA, Masatomo ICHINOSE, Kikuo MATSUI _, Rianita PERTIWI and Andi M. FAJRIN FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR SUSTAINABLE AND ENVIRONMENT CONSCIOUS INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA

Hideki SHIMADA, Hideaki NAKAGAWA, Takashi SASAOKA, ^and Kikuo MATSUI ASSESSMENT OF THE VOLCANIC DEBzuS FLOWS AND THE INLINDATION AREAS AT MERAPI VOLCANO AREA

Silmi FAUZIATI, Koichiro WATANABE IMMOBILIZATION OF MANGA].IESE FROM GROUNDWATERUSING LOW COST MATERI.ALS

Wahyu WILOPO, Keiko SASAKI, Tsuyoshi HIRAJIMA DEVELOPMENT OF CATALYST FOR TT{E REMOVAL OF PARTICULATE

MATTER FROM DIESEL EXI{AUSTS

Hajime KUSABA, I{ironobu SHIMOKAWA, Hisahiro EINAGA and Yasutake TERAOKA GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CI{ANGE AND A REVIEW OF THE CHALLENGES IN IRAN

Hossein YOUSEFI, Sachio EHARA, Amin YOUSEFI PREPARATION OF HIGHLY ACTIVE AND

TIIERMALLY

STABLE SUPPORTED PEROVEKITE.TYPE OXIDE CATALYTS FOR PROPANE COMBUSTION

Teruaki Asada, Hajime Kusaba, Hisahiro Einaga, and Yasutake Teraoka IMPROVEMENT OF THE CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF La-K-Mn-O

PEROVSKITE OXIDES FOR DIESEL SOOT COMT]USTION

Hironobu SHIMOKAWA, Hajime

KUS$A,

Hisahiro EINAGA and Yasutake TERAOKA OXYGEN REDUCTION ELECTRODE USING CARBON-SUPPORTED LaMn I - yFeyO3 NANOPARTICLES PREPARED BY ITYDROLYSIS OF

METAL-EDTA ^t

COMPLEX

Lin Shao, Masayoshi Yuasa, Tatsuya Kida, Noboru Yamazoe, and Kengo Shimanoe DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH OXYGEN PERMEABLE MEMBRANE USING

ASYMMETRIC -STRUCTURE B ASED ON ^B ao.gslao.e5FeO3 -6 P EROV S KITE-TYPE OXIDE

K. WATANABE, Iv[. YUASA, T. KIDA, N. YAMAZOE, K. SIIIMANOE

TFIE CARBON DIOXIDE ADSORPT.TON EXPERIMENTS ON INDONESIA COAL SEAM, A CASE STUDY FROM KUT,{,I BASIN

Ferian ANGGARA, Hendra

AMIJAYA,

Lucas Donny SETIJADJI, DEENDARI,IANTO, BARLIN COz SEQUESTRATION, REUSE OF SOLID WASTE OF CARBIDE WELDING

PROCESS FOR MINERAL CARBONATION

Dewi K., Effendi A:J., ^{and Syam} D.A.

IV.12

IV-19

TV.25

rv,35

IV43

TV48

IV-50

rv-62

IV-64

TV-66

tv-68

rv-70

4.t4.

...,4.15.

vll

tv

^-79

4.16, STUDY ON

TIIE

EFFECT OF MINERALS A}ID TTIEIR CHANGES IN ACID MINE DRAINAGE (AMD) _FORMING IN COAL MINE

Ginting J. KUSUMA, Rudy S.

GAUIAMA,

^and Maodor T. GULTOM

V. POLICY AND NOVEL CARBON TECHNOLOGY

5.1.

5,2,

5.3.

5.4.

STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF FLYASH AS BACKFILLING MATEzuALS Takashi SASAOKA, Hideki SHIMADA and Kikuo MATSUI UPGRADING MECHANISM OF SOLID WASTE OF PALM OIL

MILL

USING

I{YDROTHERMAL TREATMENT.

Ahmad T. YULIANSYAH, Tsuyoshi HIRAJIMA, and Keiko SASAKI DEVELOPING A MODEL OF TAX AND PERMIT POLICIES FOR ABATEMENT THE COz EMISSION OF COAL

Rudianto

EKAWAN

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF LOW RANK COAL TO SECURE SUPPLY OF

ELECTRICTTY IN INDONESIA

Aryo P. WIBOWO and Fadhila A. ROSYID

6.1.

6.2.

6.3.

u.o.

.

6.5.

6.6.

VI. THERMAL ENERGY

APPLICATION OF CARBON FIBERS TO THERMAL ENGINEERING

Jun FUKAI and Koichi NAKASO RESEARCHES ON MPROVING THE PBRFORTvIANCE OF REFRIGERATION/AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM IN OUR LABORATORY RELATED TO THE ENERGY SAVING/ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECNOLOGY

Ken KUWAHARA and Shigeru

KOYAMA

FIELD TESTS OF HORTZONTAL GROUND TIEAT EXCHANGERS USING COIL.

LIKE TUBE

Hiroaki OKUBO, [Iikari FUJII, Ryuichi ITOI, Keita NISHI, Kunio

OI{YAMA

and Naokatsu CHOU

A

PRELIMINARY DESIGN ON ADSORPTION HEA.T PUMP USING ZEOLTTE FOR RECOVERING WASTE STEAM

Erfina OKTARI"ANI, Koichi NAKASO and Jun FUKAI THERMAL STRUCTURE OF AIRA CALDERA

Keiko FUJINO, Sachio EHARA and Toshiro

YAMANAKA

WATER INJECTION MONITORING IN

TIIE

GEOTHERMAL FIELD USING

MICROGRAVITY MEASUREMENT: A CASE STUDY OF KAMOJANG GEOTHERMAL FIELD, INDONESTA

Yayan SOFYAN, Yunus DAUD, Yustin

KAMAH

and Sachio EHARA

IV-87

v-1

v-9

v-17

v-30

VI-1

VI-8

VI.1O

VI-17

vI-26

YT.29

VI-37

6,7,

ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS OF SINGLE FLASH GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT, SABALAN, IRAN

Saeid JALILINASRABADY, Ryuichi ITOI, Hikari FUJII, Toshiaki TANAKA

6.8.

INTEGRATION AND ANALYSIS OF GEOPFTYSICS AND OIL WELLS DATA ^FOR STUDYING GEOTHERMAL ACTTVMIES ON GULF OF SUEZ, EGYPT

Mohamed Abdel

ZAHE&

Mohamed El NOUB Y, Essam

GIIAMRY

and Sachio EHARA

viii

YT47

6.9,

ITYDROTHERMAL MODEL OF UNGARAN VOLCA}IO, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA

Agus SETYAWAN

VII. PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

7.T.

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON MICROBIAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY USING CO2 AS A NUTzuENT SOURCE

Isty A. PURWASENA, Yuichi SUGAI and Kyuro SASAKI

7.2.

^MICROBIAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (MEOR): LABORATORY STUDY OF EXOGENOUS BACTERTA

ABILITY

TO ATTACK CRUDE OIL HYDROCARBON AND CHANGE CRUDE OIL PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Amalia Yunita

HALM,

^Dea lndiani ASTUTI, Nuryati

fUL!

SEPTORATNO SIREGAR

7.3.

TI{E STABILITY ASSESMENT OF TIIE WELL PAD AND PIPELINE CORRIDOR IN THE GEOTHERMAL FIELD

Budi

SULISTIJO, Adrian W KUSUMO and Wayan SENGARA

7.4.

EVALUATION OF IN-SITU GAS CONTENT A}{D COALBED METHANE POTENTIAL IN QUANGNINH COALFIELD,

VIETNAM

Phung Quoc H[JY, Kyuro SASAKI, Yuichi SUGAI, Tran Tu

BA

7,5,

BASIC STUDIES ON OIL-DEGRADING AND I{YDROGEN.PRODUCING

MICROORGANISMS FOR MICROBIAL CONVERSION OF CO2 INTO CH4 IN OIL RESERVOIR

Yuichi SUGAI, Toshiya

NIIMI,

Kyuro. SASAKI, Yoshiyuki HATTOzu, Tsukasa

MUKAIDANI,

Kazuhiro FUJIWARA and Komei OKATSU

VIII. NEW MATERIALS RELATED TO CARBON RESOURCES

8.1.

CATHODE ACTIVE MATERI,ALS FOR POST

LIT}IruM-ION

BATTERY

Shigeto OKADA, Takayuki DOI and Jun-ichi

YAMAKI

8.2.

PREPARATION OF NANO-SIZED FUNCTIONAL MATERTALS USING LASER ABLATION IN LIQUIDS

Takeshi TSUJI, Masataka NAKANISHI, Takeshi MIZUKI, Masaharu TSUJI, Takayrki DOI, Junichi

YAMAKI

8.3.

^METAL NANOPARTICLES ON NANO.LEVEL-CONTROLLED CARBON

SUPPORTS AS EFFICIENT CATALYSTS FOR HYDROGENATION OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

Mikihiro TAKASAKI, Kenji HIGASHI, Yukihiro

MOTOYAI{A,

Seong-HoYOON, Isao MOCHIDA and Hideo NAGASHIMA

8.4.

ENERGY SAVING PROCESSES ACTIIEVED BY THE RU CATALYST BEARING

A

CARBON MONO-OXIDE LIGAND: LIEVELOMENT OF ENVIRONMENTALLY FzuENDLY POLYMER SYNTHESIS

Nariaki HARADA, Hideo,NAGASHIMA, Yukihiro MOTOYAMA, Jyushiro YASUHARA

VI.54

vII-1

VII-9

VII-19

VII.26

VII-32

VIII.l VI[I.3

vm-5

VIII-7

lx

coz SEQUESTRATION, REUSE OF

SOLTD

WASTE OF

CARBTDE

WELDING PROCESS FOR MINERAL CARBONATION

Dewi K., Effendi A.J., and Syam D. A

Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung

ABSTRACT

Carbon dioxide (CO) is one of Green House Gases which is usually emittedfrom various industrtal processes to the ambient air ^without further treatment. There is no certain limitation

for

^{CO2 emission to the ambient air because}

this gas was considered to have no direct efect to human beings. Because there is no control

for

CO2 emission, CO2 concentration is continue to rise, causing the global warming phenomena. There ere severel techntques to control CO2, such as forestation, oquifer ^storage, injection to the ocean, and mineral carbonation. The first ^{three methods}

are subjected to control CO2for very big sources such as oil and gas exploration and coalJ'ired power plant. For a medium or small CO2 source the mineral carbonation which changes the COz gas to be the precipitate calcium carbonate (PCC) con be chosen. PCC has a good economical value since

it

can be used as

filler

^{in chemical}

industries (e.g. papea PVC, tires, pharmacy, and toothpaste industries). The COz removal has been performed tn a fritted ^{midget tmpinger by passing the COz gas through the} liquid gas absorber which was made

fro*

^{the solid}

waste of carbide welding process. The source of CO2 was derivedfrom the COz refining facility ^{in an oil company} with concentration almost reach 90%. Various percentages of CO2 removal were achieved by varying the rate

of

CO2 gas and the moss of solid waste of carbide welding process. Very promising results were derived, and become the initial steps for further set up an appropriote design of a cheap and applicable CO2 removal reactor for ^{a small}

and medium source of CO2gas.

Keywords: Green house gases, precipitate calcium carbonate, fritted midget impinger, carbide welding process.

BACKGROUND

Carbon dioxide (CO, is considered to be the main Green House Gases (GHGs) since it constitutes about 50% of

GHGs in the atmosphere (See Figure 1). The main source of anthropogenic CO2 emissions during the past 20 years (about three quarters) is due to the combustion of fossil fuet. The rest is mainly due to land-use change, especially deforestation. Several industrial processes (such as oil refining and manufacturing of cement, lime, and steel) are significant sources of CO2. In global scale, the emission source of CO2 is described in Table

l.

Several techniques are available for carbon capture and storage (CCS) as written in Table 2. Among them, the mineral carbonation is a promising choice since it ^can utilize the waste material from industrial process and can be applied for a small to a medium scale of CO2 soul'ce. Many various types of solid alkaline waste materials are available in large amounts and are generally rich in calcium. Wastes that can be carbonated are iron and steel slag, municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator ash, concrete wastes and several types of process ashes and dusts (Huijgen et al. 2004). The mineral carbonation is the concept of an accelerated carbonation ^process for storage of COz

b&

IV-79

.a

(Lackner 2OO2). One of the ways is just simply reacting COz with the alkaline substanc?, a.E. calcium or magnesium substance to produce the precipitate calcium carbonate (PCC).

Table 1. Emission Source of ^CO2

-

^{Global Scale}

Activities

Fossil Fuel Usage Coal fired power plant Cement industry Oil and ^gas exploration Iron and steel Industry Chcmical industry Oit and gas refineries Other sources Biomass Usage Bioethanol dan bioenergy

Emission Number of

source

^(Mton

COz/year)

4,942 1,175

638 269 470 N/A 90

303

10,539 932 798 646 379 50 33

9r

50% co?

r39icl!

51t r,t20 ^{Total 7,88? 13,466}

7'h o,

iarFlain ^129,i cFC R.12

5%CFCR-il

Figure l. CO2 composition in the atmosphere

Source: IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, 2000

In this research, the solid waste of carbide welding process is chosen as the source of alkaline substance in the form of slaked lime (Ca(OH)r). The slaked lime from the waste of carbide welding process originates from the reaction

of

calcium carbide and water, i.e. CaC2 + 2H2O

*

CzHz + Ca(OH)2. This slaked lime is then reacted with CO2 to produce the PCC by the reaction as follow: Ca(OH)z + COz --* _CaCOr + HzO. PCC is used as filler in chemical industries, e.g. paper, paint, PVC, tires, Pharmacy, toothpaste, and etc. This research is a preliminary research to investigate the potential prospect of the carbonation process as alternative technology for CO2 abatement as well as the use of carbide welding process as the alternative materials f.:r the source of alkaline substance

METHODOLOGY

Carbon dioxide with the purity more than 90% taken from the CO2 removal unit in oil and gas refinery was reacted with the solid waste of carbide welding process taken from a local small welding company (see Figure 2).

IV-80

CCS Component Capture

Transportation Geological storage

Table 2. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

CCS Technology Post and Pre-combustion Oxyfuel combustion

lndustrial separation (natural gas processing, ammonia production)

Piping, shipping

Enhanced Oil Recovery GOR)

Gas or oil fields Saline formations

Enhanced Coal Bed Methane recovery (ECBM) Direct iqj ection (dissolution type)

Direct injection (lake type) Natural silicate mineral Waste material ocean storage

Mineral Cerbonation

The use of COz in industrial sector

Source

:

^{IPCC Special} Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, 2000

(a)

^(b)

Figure 2.(a) Alkaline substance from the waste of carbide welding taken from a local smail welding company. (b) CO2 form CO2 removal unit using Methylethylamine (MEA) in oil and gas refinery

IV-8I

kontainer gas Jlotvnuter ^Auto Enission Analyzer trap gas asam

trap uap air

Jr ⁱ ued bub b le r i mpe nge r

Figure 3. Configuration of Simple continuous reactor

-

laboratory scale

Table 3. Laboratory analysis

Sample

Parameter Method Emission

Gas

Acid Gas

Trap Absorber

Precipitate

CO:

Conccntration pH Temperature Alkaliniry-Acidiry Calcium hardness Carbonate precipitate

NDIR

Electrometric Thermometer Acid Base Titration EDTATitration Gravimetric

l)

2) 2) 3)

2) 2) 2) 2)

3)

Note:

(l)

Before and during the reaction, (2) Before and afte.r the reaction, (3) After the reaction

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The comparison of results of chemical composition analysis of carbide welding waste is shown in Table 4. The local carbide welding waste has the smallest content of Ca(C)H)2 compared to ^others, i.e. aroun

d

5O%. ^This indicates that the slaked lime content in the solid waste of carbirie welding is site specific, therefore for new source of ^solid

waste the analytical composition should always be pe.rformred. Other substance in the carbide wekling solid waste was also identified which may influence the overall nrineral carbonation process.

IV-82 The absorbent for mineral carbonation was prepared by diluting certain amount of solid waste of carbide welding in the water. This absorbent was then filtered to derive the true diluted Ca(OH)z (denoted as filtered Ca(OH)2.).

Another form of absorbent was called unfiltered Ca(OH)2, which is made by simply diluted Ca(OH)2 without filtering process. The mineral carbonation took place in a simple continuous reactor in a laboratory scale depicted in Figure 3. The main reactor was the modified fritted bubbler impinger where CO2 was reacted with the filtered Ca(OH)2 or by the unfiltered Ca(OH)2 slurry to form PCC at the end of the reaction. The formed PCC _{was then} measured by the gravimetric method and other physical and chemical parameters during mineral carbonations were also analyzed as shown in Thble 3.

Table 5 shows the reduction of Ca2* in the absorbent before and after mineral carbonation process in various flow

rates. The reduction of Ca2* related to the absorption of CO2 gas, therefore the reduction percentage also denotes the amount of ^{COz which} can be sequestrated. The existence reaction between Ca*2 and CO2 can also be identified by

the change of absorbent pH, as shown in Table 6. The absorbent pH decreases from around 12 before the reaction to around 6 to 7 after the reaction. The total amount of COz absorbed during mineral carbonation is shown in Figure

4. This figure also illustrates the influence of flow rates and absorbent characteristics to the amount of absorbed CO2.

The higher amount of filtered Ca(OH)2 results in a higher amount of COz absorbed, while the unfiltered of Ca(OH)2 can inhibit the absorption process. Solid in the form of Ca(OH)z slurry may increase the gas

Thble 4. Chemical Composition of Carbide welding waste (% weight, wet basis)

Parameter Source

International Industrial

Gas

^Local Carbide Welding

USAPatent

5997833 Ltd.

^Waste

Ca(OH)z CaCOr Me(oFI),

sio2 Al: O:

Fe: Or NarO PzOs

Other minerals Carbon (u coke)

Water vapor

Ca2*

Stait 130.08

r33.75 t39.24 140.87

80.5

3.4 1.9

0.2 0.7 0.7

I 3.6

8

92.s 1.8

1.5

1.6

50.280

0.236 2.4r5 0.489 0.r57 0.007

<0.01

1s.646 32.908

Thble 5. Ca2* Concentration in the absorbent used in mineral carbonation rng/ 100 mL Ca2*

l,292Lpm

Mass of Carbide Welding Waste (mg/100 ml)

2;10 5.40 8.r0 10.80

Ca2*

End 36.03

39.09 3 l.rs

26.26

94.05 94.66 108. l0

I t4.61

72.30 70.78 77.63 81.36

ACa2* %

Ca2*

Start

0,496 Lpm Ca2*

End

ACa* ^o/o

48.68 64.86 138.63

140.77

71.r5 49.47

67,48 91.30

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Thbte 6. The change of absorbent pH during mineral carbonation

Mass of Carbide Welding ^Waste pH ofAbsorbent Flow-rate (Lpm)

(mg/100 mL) Start End

0,496 ^{0 6.68} 4.48

8.1 t2.9 6.6

10.8 t2.63 6.71

1,292 ⁰ 6.78 5.48

2.7 12.26 7.39

5.4 t2.24 7.22

8.1 r2.88 6.9s

10.8 12.63 7.04

Figure

4.

Influence of Absorbent Characteristics and Gas Flowrate on Absorbed CO2

holdup and the area contact befween gas-liquid and also prevent the combine of air bubbles. A higher flowrate (1.292 Lpm compared to 0.496 Lpm) make more CO2 absorbed during the reaction.

For the future improvement of the research, another reactor shall be set up in order to ^{be able} to measure the real time measurement of pH and COz concentration during the reaction (see Figure 5).

s.rirq E tarpa erirg

ar@.00

rq,.@

3r00.m

26m.q)

2rm.00

t6m.0

il00.m

ffi

ffi

0,496 Lpm 1,292 Lpm

E

o

2.70 5,{0 8,10 10,80 1.7 5,1 E. t0 10.80 nnsse lirnbrh hr kerbld (3) / 100 rnl rir distilari

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CO2, N2 Car

furly

Figure 5. Future set up of batch reactor for mineral carbonation

CONGLUSION

Carbonation of calcium-rich materials is an interesting option for simultaneously reducing CO2 emissions and utilizes industrial waste. The use of natural calcium for mineral carbonation would require a large-scale operation.

On the other hand, industrial waste such as solid waste from carbide welding ^process could provide a ^low-cost

source of calcium rich materials. If the produced calcium carbonate could reach the purity specifications of PCC, solid waste of carbide welding could be used to produce valuable product, while also reducing CO2 emissions and preserving natural mineral resources. Although the global CO2 storage potential by carbonating solid waste of

carbide welding is small in comparison with other CO2 storage options, it can reduce the annual CO2 emissions for an individual industrial plant.

In this preliminary research,

it

can be concluded that mineral carbonation is a very promising process for ^CO2

abatement for a smatl scale source. The solid waste from carbide welding process has enough amount of Ca(OH)2 which can be used as the source of alkaline substance. However, since the amount of Ca(OH)2 in the solid waste of

carbide welding is various or site specific, the analysis of Ca(OH)2 for a new source of solid waste of carbide welding should always be performed. The carbonation process has already been done in a simple continuous reactor, which mainly consist of a modified friued bubbler impinger. The absorbent in the form of filtered Ca(OH)z gives beffer absorption capacity than unfiltered one in absorbing the CO2, and a higher reactor flowrate also gives a better absorption performance.

Another reactor set up

with

more complete and thorough la.boratory analysis for mineral carbonation using the solid waste of ^carbide welding shall be carried out in the future work to improve the performance of carbonation process.

v/

(oH)z

2t

t

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REFERENCES

IPCC, Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, (2000).

Halmann M.M ^and Steinberg M., Greenhouse Gas Carbon Dioxide Mitigation

-

Science and Technology. Florida, U.S.: Lewis publishers. (1999).

Huigen, W.J.J et al, Mineral CO2 Sequestration in Alkaline Solid Residues Q004).

Lackner K.S. Carbonate Chemistry

for

Sequestering Fossi/ Carbon. Annu. Rev.Energy Environ., 21, pp.l93-232.

(2002).

Sebastian Teir,, Reduction of CO2 Emission by Producing Calcium Carbons from ^{Calcium Silicates and Steel}

Maktng Slag, (2006).

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