They l i e i n t h e P a c i f i c Ccean d i r e c t l y s o u t h e a s t of t h e i i a r s h a l l I s l a n d s and a r e l o c a t e d between t h e p a r a l l e l s o f g045' S

No. 105

Floristic report on

the

marine benthic algae of selected islands in the Gilbert Group

by Roy

T.

Tsuda

Issued by

THE PACIFIC SCIENCE

BOARD

National Acaderny of Sciences--National Research Council Washington, D.

C.

September 30, 1964

F l o r i s t i c r e p o r t on t h e marine b e n t h i c a l g a e o f s e l e c t e d i s l a n d s i n t h e G i l b e r t ~ r o u g

Iioy T. Tsuda- 2/

The G i l b e r t I s l a n d s a r e a p a r t o f t h e G i l b e r t and E l l i c e I s l a n d s Crown Colony o f G r e a t B r i t a i n . They l i e i n t h e P a c i f i c Ccean d i r e c t l y s o u t h e a s t of t h e i i a r s h a l l I s l a n d s and a r e l o c a t e d between t h e p a r a l l e l s o f

g045' S.

and

3'30'

N. l a t i t u d e , and t h e m e r i d i a n s o f 1720301 E. and

177 15'

E. l c n g i t u d e . A l l o f t h e i s l a n d s i n t h i s groui3 a r e low i s l a n d s r e l a t e d t o a t o l l s . They a r e inlia-bited by Micronesian and i d e l m z s i a n people who are ~ r e a t l y dependent on m a t e r i a l s from t h e s e a f o r food.

P a s t e ~ p e r i e r c e s by t h e n a t i v e s hzve been ( c o o p e r , 1964) t h a t c e r t a i n s p s c i e s o f r e e f f i s h e s when e a t e n a r e extremely t o x i c i n one a r e a and n o n t o x i c i n another. -a-ea. Because f i s h i s one of t h e p r i n a r y d i e t i t e m s o f t h e n a t i v e s , v a r i o u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s have been u n d e r t a k e n t o f i n d t h e c a u s e s o f t h i s t o x i c i t y which a p p l i e s s p e c i f i c a l l y t o f i s h e s i n h a b i t i n g r e e f s . Only r e e f f i s h e s from c e r t a i n a r e a s a r e a f f e c t e d , t h e r e f o r e i t seems ( ~ m d a l l , 1958) t h a t a l i k e l y cause o f t h i s t o x i n l i e s in t h e i r food o r h a b i t s . S i n c e E e l f r i c h & 3 a n n e r (1963) have shown t h a t t h e t o x i n c a n be t r m s m i t t e d through t h e food c h a i n , and i s

l i k e l y ( H e l f r i c h ,

et &. ,

^{m s . )} t o be t r a n s m i t t e d t o t h e l a r g e c a r n i v o r e s by b o t t o o f e e d i n g h e r b i v o r e s , t h e marine a l g a e , e s p e c i a l l y t h e small f i l a m e n t o u s s p e c i e s , head t h e l i s t as t h e most l i k e l y s o u r c e s o f t h e t o x i n .

A t p r e s e n t , a s t u d y i s underway a t t h e Lawaii Marine L a b o r a t o r y , under t h e d i r e c t i o n o f D r s . A l b e r t H. Banner and F h i l i p ~ e l f r i c h y , t o f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t e t h e " t o x i c r e e f f i s h e s t t i n t h e P a c i f i c a r e a . One o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s t e p a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s p r o j e c t is t o i d e n t i f y t h e marine a l g a e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h v a r i o u s " t o x i c t t s i t u a t i o n s .

Of t h e s i x t e e n i s l a n d s i n t h e G i l b e r t (Group, o n l y f o r Onotoa A t o l l h a s a n y t h i n g e x t e n s i v e been p u b l i s h e d on t h e a l g a e . T h i s i s t h e 1957 "Pre1i:lina-y Report on t h e F l o r a of C)nototi wherein P'ioul g i v e s a l i s t o f t h e a l g a e h e c o l l e c t e d from t h i s a t o l l , t h e i d e n t i f i c a - t i o n t o s p e c i e s h a v ~ n g been done by tioul, e x c e p t f o r t h e fiyxophyta which were i d e n t i f i e d by D r . F r a n c i s Drouetk/. I n Appendix I o f h i s

Report no. 2 , H a w a i i Marine L a b o r a t o r y , U n i v e r s i t y o f Hawaii, l i o n o l u l u , H a w a i i 96822.

Y

Eotany Department, U n i v e r s i t y o f E a w a i i , Honolulu, H a w a i i ; work done and s u p p o r t e d i n ,;art by f u n d s provided by c o n t r a c t ( ~ 3 4 0 ~ t ) , between t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Iiawaii and t h e N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e Foundation.

3'

U n i v e r s i t y o f Bawaii

,

^ilonolulu

,

^Hawaii.

k/

Academy o f N a t u r a l S c i e n c e s , P h i l a d e l p h i a

,

i e n n s y l v a n i a

.

"Report on t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s : Some A s p e c t s of IIuman k ~ l o g ; r , ~ ~ Catala g i v e s (1957) a list o f a l g a e ( a l l l'l~ysopl~yta) c o l l e c t e d by h i s wife i n J u l y 1951. These were a l s o i d e n t i f i e d by D r . DroueL. Catcjla's a l g a e were c o l i e c t e d i n f i s h ponds from o n l y two i s l a n d s , fro21 t h e n o r t h e r n and s o u t h e r a f i s h ijonds on D!ulrunau and from a f i s h pond on Berv.. i ' h e r e h a s been no e x t e n s i v e c o l l e c t i o n of e l p e from t h e o t h e r i s l m d s of

t h e G i l b e r t Group. D r . V. J. Chapman (1955) h i s p u b l i s h e d a l i s t of t h e a l g a e c o l l e c t e d from F u n a f u t i A t o i l , i n t h e 3 l l i c e Group which i s s o u t h o f t h e G i l b e r t Group.

Mrs. J a n e ~ o o ~ e r v s e n t soille b o t t l e s o f :;reserved a l g a e c o l l e c t e d from sis of t h e i s l a n d s o f t h e G i l b e r t Group i n are2.s where t h e f i s h were t o x i c o r n o n t o x i c . These were s e n t t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f h w a i i d t t h e r e q u e s t of D r s . Banner and K e l f r i c f r a n d t h u s provided a n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e a u t h o r t o e x t e n d o u r knowledge o f a l g a l f l o r i s t i c s i n t h e C e n t r a l P a c i f i c and a t t h e s a n e tine cc.mtribute some phycolol;.ical i r r f o r m t i o n s p e c i f i c a l l y u s e f u l t o t h e poison f i s h s t u d i e s . The f i r s t s t e p under- t a k e n w a s t:) s o r t t h e a1ga.e i n each c o l l e c t i o n i n t o t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e g e n e r a and g i v e each e n t i t y frosl each c c J l e c t i o n a number. The numbers r u n from

13771

t o 13952 and a r e permanently r5corded i!? D r . iiaxwell S.

Dotyl s g notebook number

73.

The s l ~ e c i m e n s thelaselves m e b e i n g d e ~ l o s i t e d i n D r . Dotyl s herbarium.

I n i d e n t i f y i n g t h e a l ~ a e , i ? a r t i c u l . r l y t h o s e s p e c i e s w i t h i n t h e Riodophyta, a i d i n c i t i n g bibliogra;:.:hiea of o r i g i n z l p u b l i c a t i o n s ,

I)awsonf s

(1954,

1956) p a p e r s have been t h e most u s e f u l . Other r e f e r e n c e s which proved o f i..lt;;ense v a l u e w h i l e working witi: t h e p r e s e n t Chl-orophy'ca a r e Zgercd1 s (1952) p a p e r on t h e si]:honaceous a l z a e , Jubankl s (3.946) p a p e r on C a u l e r p a , D r . Y i l i i a a ~ J . G i l b e r t f s l / (unpub.) f i e l d manual o f Ijawaiian Chloro~;liyta, and B i l l i s ' (1959) Taper oil Hklineda. The inanu-

s c r i 2 t manual on 2 a w a i i a n i h a e o p h y t a by D r . I > O ~ ; ? and. Tir. il. J m Few- h o u s e y h a s been p r i x i r i l y used i n identifyin:; t h e s p e c i e s of Phaeophyta.

The followin;; i s a list o f t h e a t o l l s m d t h e a l g a l h a b i t a t s of each of t h e Cooper c o l l e c t i o n s f r o x t h e G i l b e r t Grcup. R e e f s in'-tzbited by " t o x i c f i s h e s i i a r e d e s i S a t e d f o r convenient r e f e r e ~ c e ilere as " t o x i c r e e f f l a t s , " o r ; ' t o x i c a r e a s . " Cooper (1964) p r o v i d e s a more complete d i s c u s s i c n o f t h e s e a r e a s .

ABEiiiL4i.A Ai'CLL

,

Abemma I s l a n d ( 0 ~ 2 1 ' N

.

^{l a t}

. ^{, 173°51'}

2. l o n g . ) : p a s s a g e between ocean and i a ~ o o n a t low t i d e i n a b o u t t h r e e f e e t of w a t e r a l o n z t h e e a s t e r n s i d e of t h e i s l a n d a t t h e Government V i l l a g e , J u l y 1962 ( 18195-18898, 18900, 1C902, 19903)

,

5'

D e ~ a r t n e n t o f Co-operative S o c i e t i e s , Suva, B i j i

.

5

'

U n i v e r s i t y o f I : a w a i i , Honolulu, H e v a i i

.

2/

Albion C o l l e g e , A l b i o n , Nichigan.

g'

Dole C o r p o r s t i o n

,

Honolulu, Hawaii,

I T O , Marakei I s l a n d (2OO3l N. l n t

. ^{, 173°251}

E. long.) :

- -

" t o x i c r e e f i ' s o u t h o f i?aw.-ulavi Vill;ige, below low water mark, J i d y 1962 (1877143786) ; I1toxic r e e f i i , taken from t h e t o p of r o c k s below low water mark which do n o t oLuite dry o u t b u t have a few i n c h e s of water on them a t low t i d e , J u l y 1362 (18787-18753); " t o x i c r e e f f1z.t" south of Rawanawi V i l l a g e , J u l y 1962 ( 1 3 7 9 4 - ~ X O O , 13940-18943, 13946); " t o x i c a r e a " s o u t h of Rawanawi V i l l a g e , s t o n e s from bottom of surge channels which a r e twenty t o t h i r t y f e e t deep, J u l y 1962 (18905-18909, 18911, 12912,

18919,

lC921, 13922, 18926, 18927, 18930) ; I1to:cic r e e f " n e a r t h e V i l l a g e of Rawanawi, J u l y 1962 (1893648938 )

.

NOBOUTI ATOLL, Nonouti I s l m d (0'49' S. l a t . , 174O29' E. long.) : ocean r e e f f l a t SUbj ec t t o c o n t i n u a l h e m y s u r f , Ju!.y 1962 (1C888-18390)

.

NUKLlIJ..U iiTOLL, Nukunau Islarid (1'191 S. l a t . , 176'23' E. long. ) : t l t o x i c r e e f ; ' n e a r t h e V i l l a g e of Rungata, J u l y 1962 (12892-16894).

TAMNA ATOLL, Tamana I s l a n d (2'39' S. l a t . , 175O58' E. long.) : bottom and s i d e o f newly b l a s t e d channel. i n t h e r e e f , J u l y 1?62

(18948, 159.52)

.

TAmrlA ATOLL, 3e t i 0 I s l a n d (1°30' N. 1st

.,

^173O0O1

^E.

^{long.) :}

western r e e f with an a r e a of mostly sand, J u l y 1962 (18801-18804, 18817- 18825); s o u t h e r n r e e f n e a r s h o r e l i n e with a l a r g e s m d y pool with few a l g a e p r e s e n t , J a l y 1962 (18805-18810, 18826-18833, 16884-15886);

s o u t h e r n r e e f a t western end which b o r d e r s t h e ocean and d r i e s o u t a t low t i d e , J u l y 1962 (12355-13845) ; s o u t h e r n r e e f below low water mark exposed t o heavy s u r f , J u l y 1962 (18857-18853); s o u t h e r n r e e f i n a s m a l l t i d e pool on t h e ocean ed.ga which does n o t d r y o u t , J u l y 1962 (188.50- 18856); northwest r e e f which i s a " t o x i c a r e a " of c o a r s e sand and s t o n e s w i t h a s t r o n g c u r r e n t , J u l y 1962 (18811-188161; western r e e f with d a z z l i n g white sand and a few l a r g e s t o n e s covered with a l g a e , J u l y 1962 (19860- 18862, 1 3 6 4 - 1 5 8 6 6 ) ; lagoon beach which i s s m d g with s m a l l s t o n e s and l a r g e s t i n g r a y h o l e s , June 1962 (18867-13874) ; beach r e e f i n lagoon about t h r e e f e e t below low water mark, June 1962 (18Z75-18883).

T'ne f o l l o w i n g i s ' , m a n n o t a t e d list of t h e blue-green, g r e e n , brown, and r e d a l g z e found i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n s from t h e i s l a n d s i n t h e G i l b e r t group l i s t e d i n t h e above paragraphs. Tfle c o l l e c t i o n numbers f o r t h e specimens a r e l i s t e d with t h e s p e c i e s . Annotations have been r e s t r i c t e d merely t o p e r t i n e n t taxonomic cvld e c o l o g i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n which t h e

a u t h o r thought of p a r t i c u l a r value.

C a l o t h r i x c r u s t a c e a

Thur.

Tarawa: 1 6 2 0 7 ~ ( e p i p h y t i c on P a d i n a ) .

---

E n t o p h y s a l i s d e u s t a : ~ e n e @ i . ) Drouet & D a i l y Tarawa :

18816.

3ormothamnion enteromorphoides Grun.

Marakei : 1G796, 18797.

1-iydrocoleum cantk?aridosmum (biont

.

^{) Gom.}

iqarakei : 18797 ; Tarawa: 12872.

I-Igdrocoleum lyn,c;;byaceuia ~ ~ t z . Marakei : 12796.

Lyngbya a e s t u a r i i ( h e r t

.

^{) Lyngb.}

Marakei : 18795, 18796,

1C807~

( e p i p h y t i c on Padina)

.

Lyngbya l u t e a ( i i g . ) Gon.

Marakei:

--

18791; Tarawa:

16885.

Lyngbya semiplena (jig. ) J

.

^{I L ~ .}

Marakei: 18731.

~ ~ l a s t i g o c o l e u s

-

t e s t a r u n ( ~ a g e r h . ) Born. C r'l&.

~ i i c r o c o l e u s c h t h o n o p l a s t e s (Piert

.

^{) Zanard}

.

Marakei : 18795, 12797 ; Tarawa :

18883.

S c h i z o t h r i x c a l c i c o l a Gomo

Nonouti :

15388

⁽ e p i p h y t i c on g r e e n a l g a e ) ; Marakei : 18795, 18797, 1 8 8 0 7 ~ ( e p i p h y t i c on ~ n t e r o m o r p h a ) ; Tarawa: 18816, lC.872,

12883,

12.334.

T h i s s p e c i e s was p r e s e n t i n most of t h e c o l l e c t i o n s s e n t t o D r . Drouet

.

Drouet s a y s t h a t t h e rncrine ecophenes ( e c o l o ~ , i c a l crowth- forms) of Z c h i z o t h r i x c a l c i c o l a (iig. ) Gom. a r e such f a m i l i a r " s p e c i e s u 2s Plectonemz t e r e b r a n s

,

Phormidiurn crosbyanurn

,

^and Lyngbya r i v u l n r i a r u m . D r . C.

Pi.

Palmer h a s fourid a v i r u s which a t t a c k s a l l ecophenes which Drouet h a s i n d i c a t e d a s

5.

c a l c i c o l a i n v a r i o u s c u l t u r e c o l l e c t i o n s .

~ y m p l o c a hydnoides lC'V~tz.

A c e t a S u l n r i a mobii Solms-Laubach,

1895:

3 0 , p l . 4 ( f i g . 1 ) ; Egerod, 1952:

411, f i g . 2 3 i .

Naralrei :

1 8 9 ~ 9

⁽ f e r t i l e )

.

T h a l l i about

5

mm h i g h , having

15-17

r a y s a d h e r i n g t o each o t h e r . , w i t h approximately 25-35 s p h e r i c a l c y s t s i n each r a y .

Boodlea composita ('darvey) Brand, 1,;04:

127;

Zgerod, 1952: 362, f i g .

6a

and p l . 32a.

Mardcei :

18773;

Tarawa : 1G862.

Both c o l l e c t i o n s forming densc spongy mats i l t e r m i x e d w i t h Hypnea.

Caulerpa racemosa v a r . p e l t a t ; (L~w:.) Eubanl-,, 1946: 421, f i g s . 2r-s.

Caulerph racemosa v a r . t u r b i n c t a (J.

AX.)

Lubank, 1946: 420, f i g s . 20p-q.

C a u l e r ~ s e r r u l a t a v a r . t;rpica f

. ^lata

( Weber-var, ~ o o s e ) "I'seng

,

1936:

1 7 6 , p l . 1 ; Eubank, 1946: 418, f i g . 2h.

Marakei : 18783; Tarawa :

121810.

Caul-r. a s e r r u l a t a v a r . t y p i c a f

.

a n g u s t a (Weber-van Boose) Eubanlc, 1946 :

8 ,

f i g . 25.

Caulerpa s e r t u l a r i o i d e s ( ~ m e l . ) Eowe

,

^1905b:

^576;

^Dawson,

^{1956: 38,}

f i g . 22.

Tarawa : 18G02, 18?,06, l8S20, 18827,

1C853.

Caulerpa u r v i l l i a n a Montagne, 1345: 21; Dawson, 1956:

37,

f i g . 21.

Maralrei : 18783, 18739.

Both c o l l . e c t i o n s c o n s i s t i n g of s m a l l t h a l l i which were i d e n t i f i e d by D r . idilliam J. G i l b e r t .

Chlorodesmis h i l d e b r a n d t i i A. & 2. S. Gepp,

1911: 16, 137,

f i g s . 74, 75;

Egerod

,

1952 : 377, f i g . 9b and p l

.

^{34a ; Dawson}

,

1954: 394, f i g . l l f

.

Tarawa: 18821.

F i l a m e n t s about 20 ^imil i n l e n g t h and

60 in

width having a d i s t i n c t b e a d - l i k e s w e l l i n g above each c o n s t r i c t i o n . T h i s c o l l e c t i o n resembles Egerod's i1lustr::ltion c i t e d above which shows f i l a m e n t s c o n s t r i c t e d a t f r e q u e n t i n t e r v a l s , a s opposed t o Dawaon's i l l u s t r a t i o n which h a s fewer c o n s t r i c t i o n s .

Cladophora r e p e n s (J. ~ g . 1 Harvey, 1958: 236; T a y l o r , 1960: 82.

Marakei : 18942.

Small dichotomously branched f i l a m e n t s about 1 cm t n l i which seem t o f i t T a y l o r ' s d e s c r i p t i o n .

Cladophora sp.

Nonouti:

18890.

F i l a m e n t s matted forming a small brown clump a b o u t 1 cm high.

Codium e d u l e S i l v a Egerod, 1952: 392, f i s . 18a-c and p l .

35.

Tarawa:

18857.

T h a l l i r e p e n t w i t h t h e branches a d h e r i c g t o each o t h e r m d v i t h numerous h a i r s p r o j e c t i n g from t h e u t r i c l e s .

odium

r e e d i a e S i l v a Lgerod, 1952: 373, f i g . 1 7 and p l .

36.

Tarawa: 1C840.

T h a l l u s

9

cm t a l l with dichotomous and i r r e k ~ l a r branches n o t a d h e r i n g t o each o t h e r . The upper p o r t i o n of t h e t h a l l u s is s l i g h t l y compressed and numerous h a i r s cza be seen upon m a c r o s c o ~ i c examination.

The ~ t r i c l e s a r e pgriforin t o t r u n c a t e i n s h a p e , o f t e n 532 p, i n l e n g t h and 226 p, i n width.

D i c t g o s p h a e r i a cavernosa ( ~ o r s k . ) iloergesen

,

1932: 2 , p l . 1 ( f i g . 1 ) ; Egerod, 1952: 350, f i 5 . le-g.

Nonou t i :

13889.

Clump approximately 2.5 cm broad comprised o f one l a y e r of c e l l s , which l a c k s p i n e - l i k e p r o c e s s e s on t h e i n t e r i o r s u r f a c e s of t h e i r walls.

Segments p o l y g o n a l ,

7QO

i n diameter with h a p t e r o i d c e l l s p r e s e n t as

211 f i g . l f - g , of Egerod' s paper.

i t i s s u r p r i s i n g t h a t D i c t y o s p h a e r i a v e r s l u g s i i Weber-van Bosse was n o t found among t h e s e c o l l ~ e c t i o a s .

Znteromor-?ha

-

i n t e s t i n a l i s

(L.

) L i n k , 1820:

5;

Dawson,

1354: 323,

f i g . 6c.

m l a r a v a : 16228, 18871.

F i l a m e n t s about

3

cm t a l l c o v e r i n g a small p i e c e of c o r a l . S h t e r o m o ~ p h a s p .

Tamma : 18948,

This c o l l e c t i o n c o n s i s t s of m a l l lrnmature f i l a m e n t s c o v e r i n g a p i e c e of c o r a l .

Nukunau : 18892,

No d i s t i n c t h o l d f a s t v i s i b l e . Secments c y l i n d r i c a l i n shape toward t h e ban?, with tear-shaped seg;:en"t i n t h e a p i c a l p o r t i o n s of t h e t h a l l i .

Halimeda i n c r a s s a t a ( E l l i s ) Lamouroux, 1C12:

186;

H i l l i s , 1959:

3 6 5 ,

p l .

4

( f i g s . - 2 p l .

5

( f i g . 2 1 ) . p1.

6

( f i g s . 21-24), p l . 12.

Abemama:

12898

; Tarava:

-- 10801,

18817.

Hdimeda o p u n t i a (L.) Lamx., 1?,1;2:

136;

I i i l l i s , 1959: 359, p l . 2 ( f i g s . 7-81, p l .

5

( f i g s . 3-1;), p l .

6

( f i g .

61,

p l . 7 ( f i g .

31,

21. 10.

Marakei : 18771, 18790, 18907.

This s p e c i e s m a k ~ s u p t h c b u l k o f t h e a l g z e c o l l e c t e d from p!arakei.

Ulva l a c t u c a L., 1753:

1163;

D~.wson, 1954:

j83,

c i g . 4.

-

Tarawa: 16233, 13843, 13654.

Nost of t h e s e c o l l e c t i o n s a r e mere f r a p e n t s =d a t f i r s t g l a n c e l o o k l i k e s m a l l specimens of

-

31va f a s c i a t a D e l i l l e . Vpon microscoplc e x a m i m t i o n of c r o s s - e e c t i o r s , t h e c e l l s seem t o be r e l a t i v e l y uniform i n s i z e and s l i g h t l y t a l l e r t h e n v i d e . I n s u - f a c e v i e t ~ t h e c e l l s a r e polygonal a d comp;lct. These specimens f i t t h e d e s c r . i p t i o n o f t h i s e n t i t y i n G i l b e r t ' s f i e l d manual.

Valonia a e g a g r o p i l a C

. ^{Ag. ,}

1822: 429 ; Xgerod

,

1952: 348, p1. 29b.

Tarawa: 12844.

V e s i c l e s 4-6 cm which b o t h Ijypnea an6

l o n g and 1-2 crn wide forming a dense cushion i n J m i a a r e i n t crmixed

.

D i c t y o t a c r e n u l a t a J.

Marakei: 18919;

---

A l l c o l l e c t i o n s

Tarawa : 1 8 8 8 0 ~ .

a r e fragments a b m t 2 cm h i g h with t h e charac- t e r i s t i c p r o l i f e r a t i o n s on only a few p o r t i o n s of t h e edges.

D i c t y o t a f r i a b i l i s B e t c h e l l , 1926: 91, p l .

13

( f i g s . 4-71, p1. 20

( f i r -

Wsrakei: 18735, 18792,

18300,

18906, 13943; Mukunau: l l G 9 4 ; Tamaxa: 18952 ; Tarawa:

12836, 18G5G,

1 8 2 8 0 ~ .

T h i s s ~ e c i e s of X c t y o t a o c c u r s throughout t h e P a c i f i c a r e a growing e i t h e r a s an epipllyte on o t h e r a l g a e o r on c o r a l o r b a s a l t r o c k s . I t u s u a l l y p o u s i n c l u n q s b u t can be found growing as

i n d i v i d u a l t h a l l i a s s e e n i n t h e s e c o l l e c t i o n s from t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s . Z c t o s a r p u s sp.

Marakei: 18777; Tarawa: 188788.

These c o l l e c t i o n s a r e of b u t a few f i l ~ n e n t s each. The f i l a m e n t s of 18777 were found growing on a p i e c e of c o r d , while 132733 was found e ~ i p l i y t i c on Padinz. These specimens, b o t h o n l y about one m i l l i m e t e r t a l l , have s e s s i l e ; ~ l u r i l o c u l a r o r g a n s up t o 50 p l o n g and 20 wide,

which a r e s l e n d e r and g e n e r a l l y o b l o n s i n shape. The f i l m e n t s are narrow about 20 ^,J, wide acd t h e c e l l s a r e almost s q u a r e i n shape a t

t h e i n t e r c a l a r y r e g i o n . These f i l a r n e n t s a r e t o o minute t o be

.

i n d i c u s Sander w h i l e t h e p l u r i l o c u l a r o r g a n s a r e n o t p y r i f o r u as i n

2.

^padinae

(Buf fham! S a v a ~ e a u . Padina sp.

--

Tarawa: 1C807,

1S813,

1 5 3 7 8 ~ .

These c o l l e c t i o n s a r e of fragments two c e l l s t h i c k throughout and producing oogonia.

T u r b i n a r i a o r n a t a ('Turner) J. kg.

,

1348 : 266 ; Dawson,

1954: 4-05,

f i g . 2 1

-

Abemarna:

18395.

-..-

T y p i c a l of 'the s p e c i e s as o f t e n c o l l e c t e d i n i-iawaii.

Acanthophora s 2 i c i f e r a ( ~ a h l ) a o e r g e s e n , 1910: 201, f i g s .

1 6 , 19.

Tarnva : 1 3 2 5 ,

18631, 1%65, 18268,

12276.

-- -

t i l l c o l l e c t i o n s shrubby a b o u t 4-7 cm t a l l w i t h Jcmia as t h e predominant e p i p h y t e .

Ceramilm fimbriatum S e t c h e l l & Gardner, 1924: 7'77, p l . 26 ( f i g s . 43-44);

Dawson, 1954:

446,

f i g .

5%.

Marakei : 18779.

T h a l l i about 4 mrn high with d i s t i n c t l y bulbous h n i r s p o t r u d i n g from t h e nodes.

Chondria r e y e n s a o e r g e s e n , 1920: 500, f i g . 40.

Nu1;unau :

1c6 93.

1: small mass oi' entansled. " U a l l i , with t h e l a r g e s t t h a l l u s about 1 cm long. The h a b i t o f t h i s alsa resembles E o e r g e s e n ' s iq2O d e s c r i p - t i o n and i l l u s t r a t i o n o f h i s s p e c i e s i n a l l b u t one p o i n t . The t i p s o f t h e branches of t h e Nukunau specimen a r e much more rounded t h a n t r u n c a t e d .

Chondrococcus h o r n e m m i (Mert.) S c l m i t z ,

1395:

170.

Marakei : 18912.

T h i s s m a l l p i e c e of a t h a l l u s probably belongs t o t h i s s p e c i e s . F a l k e n b e r g i a h i l l e b r a n d i i orne net) Falkenberg = sporophyte g e n e r a t i o n

---

of Aspara.gopsis t a x i f o r m i s ( D e l i l l e ) C o l l i n s S Bervey; Feldmann

& Feldmann, 1942:

89;

Dawson, 1954:

414,

f i g .

25L;

T a y l o r ,

1960:

571,

p l . 72 ( f i g . 8 ) . huxdcei :

18776.

T h a l l i about

1.5

cm l o n g 'and

30

^I?, wide w i t h t h e three p e r i c e n t r a l c e l l s about

1.3

t i m e s as l o n g t h a n wide. Although b o t h Dawson and T a y l o r

c i t e d above have i l l u s t r a ' i e d t h i s s p e c i e s , Dawson's i l l u s t m t i o n i s much more r q r e s e n t a t i v e a f t h e rizrakei specimen.

G e l i d i o p s i s i n t r i c % s ( ~ g . 1 V i c k e r s , 1905: 61; Dawson,

1954:

427, f i g s . 34s-d.

n lwswa:

1c.355.

T h a l l i c y l i n d i - i c a i abcjut 2-3 ci? l o n , ~ b e a r i c g t e r w i n a l s t i c h i d i a . Rhizoids and a p i c a l c e l l s a b s e n t from t h e s e t h a l i i .

G e l i d i o p s i s sp.

Tarava : 18852,

1%66.

Very similar t o G e l i d i o p s i s i n t r i c a t a (i,g.) V i c k e r s except t h a t t h e t h a l l i a r e i n t e r t a n g l e d with each o t h e r .

Gelidium -oulchellum h i m . ) Kutz. 11

&

Fe1dma.m ei I i a i e l ,

1936: 119,

f i g . 2 3 a n d m g s . 2 ,

3

; Dawson,

1954:

421, f i g . 32b.

T=vawa:

1G873.

T h a l l u s about 2 cm i n h e i g 3 t r a d i a t i n g from a common 2oi.nt o f attachment.

Gelidium pusillum ( ~ t a c k h . ) Le J o l i s , 1864:

139;

Dawson, 1954: 420, fig. 31a-c.

Marakei: 1877G,

18908,

18946; Tarawa:

-- ^18615a,

12829, 1G845.

Most of t h e c o l l e c t i o n s a r e of immature forms b u t seem t o f i t Dawsonqs i l l u s t r a t i o n .

Hypnea c e r v i c o r n i s J .

Ag.,

1852: 451; Dawson, 1954: 435

,

f i g * 4Gd.

Tarawa: 18g77.

The s h o r t branches of t h i s specimen a r e n o t o u t s t a n d i n g l y c o r n u a t e o r a n t l e r - l i k e i n shape a s t h e y a r e i n Tanzka's i l l u s t r a t i o n (1941, f i g . l 3 c ) but seem t o be more siriiilar t o Dawson' s i l l u s t r a t i o n .

Ilypnea e s p e r i Bory, 1829:

157;

Dawson, 1954: 436, f i g . 46h-j, Nardcei :

ltXogB,

^18374,

18835.

Long t h a l l i with numerous s h o r t b r a n c h e s on t h e main a x i s .

Hgpnea n i d u l a n s S e t c h e l l , 1924:

161,

f i g , 3 0 ; Tanaka, 1941: 246, f i g .

18.

Narakei : 18772, 18784,

i8791, 1 3 7 9 8 ~ ,

18927,

16936,

18941 ; Tarawa:

18814,

18616,

18841,

12851, 18875.

T h a l l i compressed, about 2 cm h i g h , and with p o i n t e d s h o r t b r a n c h e s s i n i l z r t o S e t c h e l l s s i l l u s t r a t i o n .

1-Iypnea v a l e n t i a e (Turr,. ) Nontagne

, 1840a:

1.61, Dawson, 1954:

436,

f i g . 4 6 ~ , 47.

Tarawa : 1.2812,

18867.

Forming t h a l l i a b o u t

3

cm long.

Hypnea sp.

Abemrnams: 18896 ; I~imalrei : 18922 ; Tarava : 13832.

Forming a v e r y compact mass of t h a l l i up t o 2 cm high with b r a n c h e s about 1 cm long.

J a n i a a d h a e r e n s Lamx.

, 1216:

270; Boergesen,

1917: 195,

f i g

184 , 185 , ^187.

-

Tarawa:

1 3 5 6 .

--.---

F o r c i n g a c o a p a c t mass o f t h a l l i and sand p a r t i c l e s .

J a n i a c a p i l l a c e a Barvey

, ,1855:

34; Boergesen,

1917: 198,

f i g . 183.

- ^--- --

J a n i s

---

t e n e l l a I < U t z i n ~ ,

1858:

41, p l .

85

( f i g . 2 ) ; Dawson,

1956:

43, f i g . 43.

J a n i a

-

^ungul.ata

---

Yer~do, 1902: 26, p l .

3

( f i g s . 7-81, p l . 7 ( f i g . 8 ) . Tarava : 18224.

-<." "

Small compact clumps c o n s i s t i n g of t h a l l i and sand p a r t i c l e s . L a u r e n c i a

---

o b t u s a (8uds.I Lamouw.,

1813:

130; T a y l o r , 1960: 626.

Marakei: 18787, 18926; Tarawa:

18219.

' T h a l l i f o r n i n g c l u m l ~ s , c e l l s c y l i n d r i c a l i n c r o s s - s e c t i o n with t h e l a r g e r c e l l s i n c e n t e r of t h a l l i about

66 v

i n d i a m e t e r and t h o s e i n t h e c o r t e x zbou.t 27 p

.

L a u r e n c i a pkamurai Yarnada,

1331:

2C0, p l .

5

( f i g . b ) , t e x t f i g s . F , G ; T a y l o r , 1950: 144; Dawson,

1956:

60, f i g .

66.

Tarawa:

18369, 15881.

The s u r f a c e c e l l s which p r o j e c t st t h e apex of the branches a r e v e r y conspicuous.

Laurencia panicul-ata (Ag.) J. Ag.,

1X3: 753;

Dawson, 1954: 458$ f i g . 6lc-d.

Abernmana : lg9O2.

T h a l l i s l i g h t l y compressed v ~ i t h c e l l s c y l i n d r i c a l i n cross-section., Lophosiphonia o b s c u r a (Ag

.

⁾ Falkenberg

,

^{1901 : 500 ; Dawson}

,

1954: 451,

f i g .

5Gd-e .

Abemmaina: 18900.

I h i n t h a l l i p r o s t r a t e with r h i z o i d s p r e s e n t a l o n g t h e b a s a l s i d e .

Polrysiphonia c o a c t a Tseng

,

^l944b:

^71,

p l . 2 ; Dawson, 1954: 456, f i g .

60g-h .

Nar&ei : 1.6774, 127G2, 18921.

T h a l l i about 101; ~_c wide a t t h e w i d e s t mc! c o r t i c a l c e l l s s h o r t e r tlian broad.

P o l y s i h o n i a f r a a i l i s S u r i n q ~ r ,

1870:

3 7 , p l . 25B ( f i g s . 1-41; Dawson,

--*452, f i g . 60a-b.

Abemmama : 18897 ; Marakei : 12780, lG937.

I n t e r n i x e d w i t h blue-&,.reen a l g a e . These t h n l l i seem t o a g r e e w i t h 3awson1s d i s c u s s i o n m d i l l u s t r a t i o n ,

P o l y s i p h o n i a

----

subti1isc;ima iuiontagne

,

^184Qb:

^i99;

Tseng, 191t4b: 70, p l . 1.

r::

~ a , . a k e i : -..

i C g l l .

Growing ss brcwn t u f t s about

5

^Em h i g h on c o r a l p i e c c s .

Po3.ysiphonia t o n g a t e n s i s Eiarvea

2

K u e t ~ i n g

,

1264 : 1 4 , p l

.

^{4 1 ; Damon,}

1954:

1154, f i g . 60d-e, Tarava : 18205, 1352.58.

T e t r a s p o r i c t h a l 1 i bout 1-2 cin t a l l ,

T o l j p i o c l a d i a calodictgori (Ilsrv. ) S i l v a

,

1952 :

308,

Dawson, 1956 :

58,

f i g . 62,

Terabia : 18870.

--

T h a l l i i n t e r m i x e d with sarA g r a i n s forming one i n t e r t a n g l e d mass.

T h i s specimen i s w e l l r e p e s e n t a t i v e o f Dawsonls i l l u s t r a t i o n .

Wurdemannia m i n i a t a ( ~ m k .

G

DC) Fzldmarin &: Hamel,

1934:

544, f i g s . 9-11;

Dawson, 1954: 424, f i g .

35.

n o o

Tarawa : loo0o.

T h d - l i about 1-2 cm l o n g with an.astoaoses p r e s e n t a s seen i n Gawson' s i l l u s t r a t i o n ,

The w r i t e r i s g r a t e f u l t o Drs..l~iaxweli S. Doty and A l b e r t

H,

Banner o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y a f Hawaii f o r t h e i r support. which made t h i s work p o s s i - b l e . He i s a l s o i n d e b t e d t o D r . F r a n c i s Drouet of t h e Academy of N a t u r a l S c i e n c e s of P h i l a d e l p h i a who s o u n s e l f i s h l y found time t o provide t h e l i s t o f i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s of blue-green a l g a e ; t o Mrs. J m e Cooper of t h e Department o f Cooperative S o c i e t y , Suva, F i j i , who made t h e c o l l e c t i o n s i n c l u d i n g t h e v a l u a b l e f i e l d n o t e s ; t o D r . William J. G i l b e r t lr~ho h e l p e d

, t h e w r i t e r i d e n t i f y some of t h e g r e e n a l g a e ; t o Xr. llichard. Buggeln, Piiss 2 r n e s t a G a l u t i r a , W r . J a n Newhouse, and ib. Gavino "I'ono, Jr., a l l connected with t h e Botany Del>artment, U n i v e r s i t y of H a w a i i , who gave a t one time o r a n o t h e r h e l p f u l a d v i c e i n t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of c e r t a i n s p e c i e s of a l g a e ; and t o D r . L l e w e l l y a H i l l i s Colinvaux of t h e Department of

Biology, Yale U n i v e r s i t y , who v e r i f i e d a n d a t t i m e s changed t h e w r i t e r ' s d e t e r m i n z t i o n s of t h e s p e c i e s w i t h i n t h e genus Halimeda,

S e l e c t e d B i b l i o g ~ a p h y

Catala, X.L.A.

1957.

Report on t h a G i l b e r t I s l a n d s : some a s p e c t s of human ecology. A t o l l Res. B u l l . (59) :

1-1S7.

Chapman, V . J .

1955.

A l g a l c o l l e c - t i o n from F u n a f u t i A t o l l . Pac. S c i . I X :

354-356.

Cooper,

M.J.

1964. C i g u a t e r a and o t h e r m z i n e p o i s o n i n g i n t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s . (Scheduled f o r p u b l i c a t i o n , Fac

.

^{S c i}

. ^,

^Oct

.

^1964).

Dawson

, ^E.Y .

^{1954. brine} p l a n t s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of graphique de I\ha Trang, V i e t Ham. F'ac. S c i . V I I I f i g s .

1-63.

--- . ^1956.

Some marine a l g a e of t h e Southern Pac. S c i .

X

(1): 25-66, f i g s .

1-66.

t h e I n s t i t u t 0c6ano- (4) :

373-469,

1 map,

Marshall I s l a n d s .

Dawson, E . Y . , ^L..,'!. d e e m , & l3.d. H a l s t e a d .

1955.

i ~ a r i n e a l ~ z e from Palmyra i s l a n d with s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e to t h e f e e d i n g h a b i t s and t o x i c o l o g y of r e e f f i s h e s . B l l a n IIancocIc Found. i-ubl.

,

Occ. P a p e r s ( 1 7 ) :

1-39,

1 map, f i g s .

1-13.

Doty, Pi.S., & J . Zewhouse ( u n p u b l i s h e d ) . Wmual on Hawaiian Phaeophyta.

Drouet, F.

1963.

Zcophenes of S c h i z o t l x i x c a l c i c o l a . Proc. kcad. Nat.

S c i . , P h i l .

115 (9):

261-281.

Egerod, L. 1952. An a n a l y s i s of t h e siphonous Chlorophycophyta. C a l i f . Univ.

,

Fubl., Eot. 25: 325-454, f i g s . 1-23, p l s . 29-42.

&bank, L.

1946.

Eawaiian r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e genus Caulerpa. C a l i f . Univ., Publ., Bot.

1s:

409-432, f i g s . 1-2.

G i l b e r t , V.J. ( u n p u b l i s h e d ) . F i e l d manual on Xauaiian Cblorophyta.

H e l f r i c h ,

F.

1961. F i s h p o i s o n i n g i n t h e t r o p i c a l Z a c i f i c . H a w . ilar.

Lab.

,

^{Univ. of Hawaii,}

^1-16.

H e l f r i c h , '2.

,

& A.H. Banner.

1963.

Zxperirnental i n d u c t i o n of C i g u a t e r a t o x i c i t y i n f i s h through d - i e t . Nature

197

(4871): 1025-1026.

H e l f r i c h , ?.

,

T. P i y a r k a r n c h a n a , & P. Miles. ( u s . i n p r e p a r a t i o n ) . R e l a t i o n s h i p of c e r t a i n a s p e c t s of t h e b i o l o g y of r e e f f i s h e s of t h e L i n e I s l a n d s ( C e n t r a l P a c i f i c ) t o t h e problem of C i ~ ~ u a t e r a f i s h poisoning.

1 ,L. . 1959. A r e v i s i o n of t h e genus Halimeda. I n s t . llar. 3 c i . V I : 421-403, p l . 1-12.

Noul, E.T.

1357.

P r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t on t h e f l o r a o f Onotoa A t o l l , G i l b e r t I s l a n d s . A t o l l Res. B u l l . (57) :

1-48.

R a n d a l l , J.E.

1958.

A review of C i g u a t e r a , t r o p i c a l Bish p o i s o n i n g , w i t h t e n t a t i v e e x p l a n a t i o n of i t s cause. EuLl. i.iar. S c i . Gulf and Caribbean ^:( ( 3 j : 236-257.

S e t c h e l l

,

51.k. 1924. V e g e t a t i o n o f T u t u i l a I s l z n d , Carn. I n s t . , 'dash.

jC: ( p r t 1 ) :

l-lG,

f i g s . 1-46.

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Tlie genus 3 - ; n e a froin Japan. Holdc. Univ.

,

I n s t . Algol. Res

. ^,

^Gci

.

P a p e r s 2

t-

2 ) : 227-250, f i z s

.

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o , 1 . 1950. F l n n t s of B i k i n i . Univ. Mlch. i . r e s s , 1-22?, p l s .

1-79

--- .

1960. i i a r i n e a l g a e of t h e e z s t e r n t r o p i c e l cand s u b t r o p i c a l c o a s t s of t h e Americes. Univ. Piich. P r e s s , 1-;70, f i g s . 1 - l L t ,

p l s . 1-80.