As an emotion regulation method that reframes situational meaning, cognitive reappraisal is considered an antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 1998, see also Figure 1 adapted from Cutuli, 2014). In other words, tighter connectivity between OFC and amygdala activity predicted more successful emotion regulation (Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Phan, 2007). In their heuristic model of emotion regulation, the vlPFC functions as a gatekeeper of emotion regulation such that activation of the region during emotion.
Key Unaddressed Issues and Challenges
These data, in addition to a wealth of existing literature (Morawetz, Bode, Baudewig, Jacobs, & . Heekeren, 2016; Hooker & Knight, 2006; for review see Buhle et al., 2014) suggesting that vlPFC activity likely critically engage in reappraisal-based emotion regulation. For example, in one study, researchers induced excitotoxic lesions in the anterior OFC and ventrolateral PFC in marmoset monkeys. This revealed that both groups of lesioned marmosets exhibited marked anxiety behavior and fear responses in response to the presence of human intruders, which is generally considered only “mildly threatening” (Agustín-Pavón et al., 2012).
Ventrolateral PFC and Reappraisal-based Emotion Regulation
A small number of TMS studies that have targeted other regions of the PFC have examined the effect of TMS in the broader context of mood and emotion, and not necessarily emotion regulation. However, there remains a dearth of TMS studies of emotion regulation targeting the ventral frontal lobe. The effect of rTMS on emotion regulation focused specifically on down-regulation (as opposed to up-regulation) of negative affect (as opposed to positive affect).
Ventral PFC Damage and Emotion Regulation
One possible approach to exploiting ecologically valid data in the study of mood and emotion regulation is the use of experience sampling methods. Therefore, measuring emotionality and related emotion regulation efforts was a clear advantage of this study compared to previous experience sampling studies. The self-report measures collected in this experience sampling study of patients with OFC lesions may provide informative data that could more clearly examine the role of OFC in emotion regulation.
Background
The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of unilateral rTMS on down-regulation of negative affect within the context of reappraisal-based emotion regulation. It was predicted that rTMS of the vlPFC (either left or right) would interfere with participants' ability to effectively regulate negative affect using reappraisal-based emotion regulation. A comprehensive review of emotion regulation neuroimaging studies (Ochsner et al., 2012) suggests that the left ventrolateral PFC may serve a more critical role in reappraisal-based emotion regulation strategies compared to the right vlPFC, because.
Methods
Immediately after completing 30 minutes of low-frequency rTMS, participants completed an emotion regulation task (see Figure 4). Disruption of vlPFC cortical activity in both hemispheres was also predicted to result in reduced emotion regulation performance based on reappraisal. A series of analyzes were conducted to test the hypothesis that low-frequency rTMS to the vlPFC affects participants' ability to down-regulate negative emotions in a reappraisal-based emotion regulation task.
Results
These results suggested that, as expected, greater autonomic arousal was associated with images known to elicit greater levels of arousal and negative affect. Associations between self-reported ratings of negative affect and autonomic arousal as measured by SCR were examined across stimulation types and instruction types using. To test whether self-reports of negative affect were related to autonomic arousal, the phasic SCR level during image viewing was correlated with participants' self-reported assessment of negative affect.
SCR during the first 4 seconds of photo viewing was positively correlated with self-report ratings of negative affect, such that greater SCR during photo viewing predicted higher self-report ratings of negative affect r(106) =.28. TTP SCR latency immediately following image viewing was uncorrelated with self-report ratings of negative affect when examined across instructional cues (p>.1). This indicated that under passive viewing of pictures, shorter latency to peak autonomic arousal was associated with greater magnitude of negative affect.
Event-related phasic SCR activities in the 4-s window immediately preceding the assessment of negative affect (mouse click) were extracted from continuous decomposition analysis and used as the dependent measure. This lends support to the idea that although autonomic arousal as measured by SCR level and self-reported appraisal of negative affect may not be considered analogous, they show some convergence in the context of the emotion regulation task of the present study. One possibility is that the shorter SCR response latency is reflective of a stronger affective response resulting in higher levels of negative affect in the evaluation phase of the emotion regulation task.
It is possible that studies with reappraisal instructions resulted in greater decoupling of autonomic arousal and subjective experiences or reports of negative affect.
Background
They hypothesized that greater emotion regulation difficulties would be more prominent in the ventral PFC lesion sample compared to healthy controls. It was also hypothesized that greater mood swings would be observed in the ventral PFC lesion sample compared to the amygdala lesion sample and healthy controls.
Methods
All patients with amygdala lesions were cases of unilateral surgical resection (clinical resection for the treatment of intractable epilepsy). In lieu of a physical signature, individuals interested in participating in the study signed an electronic version of the consent by typing their name and the current date. Therefore, summary experience sample scores of each study participant were derived by calculating mean scores of 42 or less (if completion rate was less than 100%) and sampling event responses from the following: sum of affect ratings within the epoch, maximum within the period of influence assessments, and within an era a minimum of influence assessments.
After completing the emotion rating, participants were asked to indicate how much they were using each of the four regulation strategies on a Likert scale of 1 (“not at all”) to 5 (“extremely”). Participants were then asked to rate the effectiveness of the emotion regulation strategy used ("How effective was this in controlling or changing your emotion in this situation?"), which study participants rated on a 1-point Likert scale (“not at all.”) to 5 (“extremely”). Before beginning the 2-week experience sampling surveys, each participant completed a set of questionnaires consisting of the following: The 60-item NEO Five Factor.
After the final experience sampling, participants completed a set of questionnaires consisting of the following: the 5-item Life Satisfaction Assessment Scale (LSAS, Goldberg & Harrow, 2005), the 36-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS, ), and the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale with 43 items (Holmes & Rahe, 1967). The first aim of this study was to test whether there are group differences (control, amygdala lesion and ventral PFC lesion) in the intensity of positive and negative emotions. A square root of the MSSD score was calculated for the mood fluctuation index score used in this study (see comparison below).
Greater mood fluctuation index was predicted for both positive and negative emotionality in the frontal lesion patients compared to healthy controls.
Results
Control = Healthy control group; Amygdala = Amygdala lesion group; OFC = Ventral PFC lesion group; PA positive effect; NA negative effect. On the other hand, there was a trend toward possible group differences in negative affect, as measured by the sum of all ratings of negative affect, F p = 0.1085. See Figure 12 for a graphical illustration of positive and negative affect ratings by group and Valence.
The proportion of sampling events with an attempt to regulate negative affect was compared between the three groups. A one-way ANOVA revealed that the proportion of negative affect regulation attempts did not differ by group, F(2,23). However, a direct comparison of patients with a ventral PFC lesion and healthy controls showed that patients with a ventral PFC lesion attempted to regulate negative affect more often compared to controls, t p = 0.0816.
First, across the entire sample, regardless of the type of regulatory strategy used, individuals also tended to attempt to regulate negative affect more often. In the negative affect domain, there was a trend for a group difference in epoch-to-epoch variation in the total negative affect intensity score, F p=.0518, significant. A planned follow-up analysis directly comparing the ventral PFC lesion sample and controls revealed that the ventral PFC lesion sample showed a greater magnitude of epoch-to-epoch fluctuation in: sum negative affect intensity score, t p=.0346;.
However, there was a greater degree of fluctuation in experience of the highest level of negative affect intensity (see Figure 20A), as measured by the fluctuation index of maximum negative affect rating, in the subset of ventrals.
Discussion
Integrating these results with findings of individuals with ventral PFC damage experiencing greater fluctuations in negative affect intensity suggests that ventral PFC damage is associated with dysregulation of normative stability of emotional experience that is distinct from difficulties with volitional and conscious emotion regulation. Future studies, with the recruitment of a larger sample size, should address the question of the effect of lesion to specific subregions of the ventral PFC on emotion regulation. In summary, findings from this study provide further support for the idea that damage to the ventral PFC is associated with abnormal affective experience and differences in emotion regulation patterns compared to healthy individuals.
Future studies in patients with ventral frontal lobe damage may provide a more detailed understanding of the role of ventral PFC subregions and related regions in emotion regulation and will help us gain a more systematic understanding of the regulatory functional circuitry. of emotions. The results described in the second study aimed to examine the impact of damage to the ventral PFC on the evaluation of positive and negative emotions, as well as on patterns of emotion regulation in. assessment of negative affect, as well as included in normative models of effective emotion regulation.
Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the problems in emotion regulation scale. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation problems in adolescents using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Functional imaging studies of emotion regulation: a synthetic review and evolving model of the cognitive control of emotion.
Emotion Differentiation and emotion regulation in high and low socially anxious individuals: An experience sample study.
